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George Ellery Hale

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For other uses, see George Hale (baseball).
George Ellery Hale
Born(1868-06-29)June 29, 1868
Chicago, Illinois
DiedFebruary 21, 1938(1938-02-21) (aged 69)
NationalityAmerican
Known forspectroheliograph
AwardsHenry Draper Medal (1904)
Bruce Medal (1916)
Copley Medal (1932)
Scientific career
FieldsAstronomy

George Ellery Hale (June 29, 1868 – February 21, 1938) was an American solar astronomer.

Biography

Hale was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was educated at MIT, at the Observatory of Harvard College, (1889–90), and at Berlin (1893–94). As an undergraduate at MIT, he is known for inventing the spectroheliograph, with which he made his discovery of solar vortices. In 1908, he used the Zeeman effect with a modified spectroheliograph to establish that sunspots were magnetic.[1] Subsequent work demonstrated a strong tendency for east-west alignment of magnetic polarities in sunspots, with mirror symmetry across the solar equator; and that the polarity in each hemisphere switched orientation from one sunspot cycle to the next.[2] This systematic property of sunspot magnetic fields is now commonly referred to as the "Hale-Nicholson law,"[3] or in many cases simply "Hale's law."

In 1890, he was appointed director of the Kenwood Astrophysical Observatory; he was professor of Astrophysics at Beloit College (1891–93); associate professor at the University of Chicago until 1897, and full professor (1897–1905). He was coeditor of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1892–95, and after 1895 editor of the Astrophysical Journal. He also served on the board of trustees for Science Service, now known as Society for Science & the Public, from 1921-1923.

Hale was a driven individual who worked to found a number of significant astronomical observatories, including Yerkes Observatory, Mount Wilson Observatory, Palomar Observatory, and the Hale Solar Laboratory. At Mount Wilson, he hired and encouraged Harlow Shapley and Edwin Hubble toward some of the most significant discoveries of the time. He was a prolific organizer who helped create a number of astronomical institutions, societies and journals. Hale also played a central role in developing the California Institute of Technology into a leading research university. After retiring as director at Mount Wilson, he built the Hale Solar Laboratory in Pasadena, California, as his office and workshop, pursuing his interest in the sun.[4][5]

Hale suffered from neurological and psychological problems, including insomnia, frequent headaches, and schizophrenia[citation needed], claiming to have regular visits from an elf who acted as his advisor. He used to take time off to spend a few months at a sanatorium in Maine. These problems forced him to resign as director of Mount Wilson.[6]

Honors

Awards

Legacy

Fox Mulder uses the pseudonym "George E. Hale" on several occasions in the TV Series The X-Files, most notable in Season 2, Episode 1 "Little Green Men", and Season 2 Episode 4 "Sleepless"

References

  1. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1086/141602, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1086/141602 instead.
  2. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1086/142452, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1086/142452 instead.
  3. ^ Astrophysics of the sun, Harold Zirin, Cambridge University Press, 1988, p.307; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988assu.book.....Z
  4. ^ "George Ellery Hale". Mount Wilson Observatory Association. Retrieved 2010-04-11.
  5. ^ "Hale Solar Laboratory". Astronomy and Astrophysics. U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved 2010-04-11.
  6. ^ http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Hale.html
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Franklin Institute:: The Case Files: George Ellery Hale
  8. ^ "Henry Draper Medal". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  9. ^ Caltech archives
  10. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1098/rsbm.1939.0013, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1939.0013 instead.
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George Ellery Hale

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