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Raju

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Raju
ReligionsHinduism
LanguagesTelugu
Populated statesAndhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Orissa

The Raju (or Rajulu) are a Telugu caste inhabiting Andhra Pradesh, India.

Etymology

Raju Literally means King in Telugu. Raju is used as a Telugu language variant of the Sanskrit title Raja, which Cynthia Talbot describes as being "most often used by members of noble or princely lineages. [But it] could also designate an individual employed by a lord or prince." In medieval Andhra Pradesh, the title was used in both senses and was very likely adopted by some secular Brahmins, who occupied important advisory functions. The royal usage at that time was particularly prevalent in the northern coastal areas of the region. Talbot also notes that the title, and others in use at that time, do not align with the Vedic four-fold varna system and in that sense could not refer to a caste.[1] However, they do appear to have conformed to "the existence of broad social categories based primarily on occupation. Although [the title] did not necessarily designate a distinct class, much less a bounded community, or a hereditary grouping, various sets of these titles differentiated social types marked by a common status and shared occupation".[2]

The Raju or Varma term is today used to refer to a Telugu Kshatriya caste in Andhra Pradesh.[3] From the medieval period, the term "Andhra Kshatriya" has been used synonymously with Rachavaru, Rajus and Telugu Kshatriya.[4]

A. Satyanarayana, an author from a Dalit community, opinions that "locally dominant landed gentry", claims Kshatriya status in the varna system despite there being "no real Kshatriya varna" in the Andhra region.[5] Rajus claim descent from the ancient royal dynasties of India such as the Eastern Chalukyas,[6] Chalukya-Cholas, Vishnukundina, Gajapati, Chagi, Paricheda and Kota Vamsa.[4]

Rajus are classified into two sects (as per ancient Kshatriya tradition based on Vamsam):

  • Suryavanshi (Sun Dynasty) include Vishnukundina, Paricheda, Chola-Chalukyas (Cholas claimed Suryavanshi and Chalukyas were Chandravanshi, the two families merged).
  • Chandravanshi (Moon Dynasty) includes Eastern Chalukyas, Kota Vamsa, Hoysala, Saluva and Aravidu dyanasties of Vijayanagar.

Kshatriya Gotra (clan), Vamsam means heredity. The Vamsams are of two types:

Those Kshatriyas who were educated under certain Sages (Sapta Rishis) became their Vamsiyas (Gotras). They belong to the respective Vidya Vamsams. Sage Apastamba wrote a book named Apastamba Sutramulu incorporating the traditions of persons wearing the sacred thread (Dvija). All the traditions and ceremonies of Rajus are based on these Gotras. The Rajus of Northern Circars belong to these Four Gotras:

The Rajus of Vijayanagar have these additional Gotras:

Ethnonyms

Over the centuries they have been called by various alternative names that signified their military status. During the British Raj they were known as Ratsas and Rajavars, which means of or belonging to the caste of Ratsawars[7] (Raja Caste),[8] using the title of Raju.[9] As of 2002 the Rajus constituted less than 1 per cent of the population in Andhra Pradesh, concentrated mainly in the coastal region.[10]

History

There have been varying accounts about the origins of the Raju community. Historians surmised that after the initial settlement of the four clans of the migrated Kshatriyas in Andhra region, they had few marital alliances with powerful local ruling clans like Kakatiyas and have amalgamated them into the Kshatriya fold. Regarding this community Edgar Thurston says:

The Maharajas of Vizianagaram claim to be Kshatriyas from the Rajputana and the leaders of the people of gotrams said to have come to the Northern Circars centuries ago. It is noted in connection with the battle of Padmanabham(in present Visakhapatnam district) in 1794 AD that Rajputs formed a rampart round the corpse of Vijay Rama Raju. Padmanabham will long be remembered as the Flodden of the Rajputs of Vizianagaram...as a class they are the handsomest and best developed men in the country and differ so much in feature and build from other Hindus that they may usually be distinguished at a glance...they are mostly Vaishnavites, and their priests are Brahmans...Rajus of course assume the sacred thread, and are very proud and particular in their conduct. Brahmanical rites of Punya Havachanam (Purification), Jata Karma (Birth ceremony), Nama Karanam (Naming ceremony), Chaulam (Tonsure), and Upanayanam (Thread ceremony) are performed...at weddings the Kasi Yatra (Mock flight to Benares) is performed...at their wedding they worship a sword, which is a ceremony usually denoting a soldier caste...they use a wrist string made of cotton and wool, the combination peculiar to Kshatriyas, to tie the wrists of the happy couple...in some villages, Rajus seem to object to the construction of a pial, or raised platform, in front of their houses. The pial is the lounging place where visitors are received by day.[11]

Legends

According to most historians and by the inscriptional evidences of Paricchedi and Chagi ruling clans, during 4th - 5th century AD few Kshatriyas of four clans travelled from northern India to the south, where they initially worked as feudatories of Vakatakas before establishing the Vishnukundina Kingdom.[12] While some Kshatriyas of Andhra are said to be descendants of Eastern Chalukyas and few other Kshatriya dynasties.[13]

Vijayanagara period

Out of the four clans that ruled the Vijayanagara empire, two clans Saluva Dynasty and Aravidu Dynasty trace their origin to Rajus of Godavari.[14] The founding brothers of the Aravidu dynasty were the son-in-laws of Krishna Deva Raya of the Tuluva Dynasty and were also related previously through marriage with the Saluva dynasty. Gobburi Narasaraju was the nephew of Aliya Ramaraju and[15] After the death of King Venkatapathi Raju, from 1614 to 1616 there was a great war of succession. Amongst the claimants to the throne was Gobburi Jaga Deva Raju, the brother-in-law of the emperor and also a relative of the Raja of Karvetinagar, Saluva Makaraju.[16][17]

Modern community

After the independence of India, Zamindari was abolished. During this time many Raju zamindars donated their property and land liberally for the upliftment of poor and education. Vizianagaram is the oldest and largest Hindu Princely State of Andhra Pradesh (Samsthanam). Maharaja PVG Raju donated his Royal State to Republic of India. He also donated enormous wealth, Khazana, land, gold, diamonds, properties, palaces to Korukonda Sainik school, Andhra University, Mansas Trust and to poor and needy for schools, colleges and hospitals.[18]

References

  1. ^ Talbot, Cynthia (2001). Precolonial India in practice: Society, Region and Identity in Medieval Andhra. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-0-19-513661-6. Retrieved 2012-02-29.
  2. ^ Talbot, Cynthia (2001). Precolonial India in practice: Society, Region and Identity in Medieval Andhra. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-19-513661-6. Retrieved 2012-02-29.
  3. ^ K. Ramachandra Murty (1 January 2001). Parties, elections, and mobilisation. Anmol Publications. pp. 158–. ISBN 978-81-261-0979-1. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
  4. ^ a b Krishnarao, B.V (1942). A History of the Early Dynasties of Andhradesa. V. Ramaswami Sastrulu. p. 149,159.
  5. ^ Satyanarayana, A. (2002). "Growth of Education among the Dalit-Bahujan Communities in Modern Andhra, 1893-1947". In Bhattacharya, Sabyasachi (ed.). Education and the Disprivileged: Nineteenth and Twentieth Century India. Orient Blackswan. p. 53. ISBN 978-81-250-2192-6. Retrieved 2012-02-29.
  6. ^ Krishnarao, B.V (1942). A History of the Early Dynasties of Andhradesa. V. Ramaswami Sastrulu. p. 258.
  7. ^ C. D. Maclean (1877). Standing information regarding the official administration of the Madras presidency in each department: in illustration of the yearly administration reports. E. Keys. pp. 341–. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
  8. ^ Satish Chandra; Sri Venkatesvara University (1977*). Sri Rebala Lakshminarasa Reddy Endowment lectures, 1976. Sri Venkateswara University. Retrieved 25 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ Krishnarao, B.V (1942). A History of the Early Dynasties of Andhradesa. V. Ramaswami Sastrulu. p. 269.
  10. ^ Suri, K. C. (September 2002). "Democratic Process and Electoral Politics in Andhra Pradesh, India" (PDF). London: Overseas Development Institute. p. 10. ISBN 0-85003-613-5. Retrieved 2012-02-29.
  11. ^ Edgar Thurston: Castes and Tribes of Southern India Vol 6 pg. 247-256
  12. ^ A History of Telugu Literature. Pg. 36
  13. ^ KR Subramanian. (1989). Buddhist remains in Āndhra and the history of Āndhra between 224 & 610 A.D, p.71
  14. ^ Journal of the Andhra Historical Society By Andhra Historical Research Society pg 61 [1]
  15. ^ Questioning Ramayanas: A South Asian tradition by Paula Richman
  16. ^ Gazetteer of the Nellore District : brought upto (sic) 1938. Pg 61
  17. ^ Vriddhagirisan, V. (1995) [1942]. Nayaks of Tanjore (Reprinted ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. 57. ISBN 978-81-206-0996-9.
  18. ^ http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2002080501120200.htm&date=2002/08/05/&prd=mp&
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