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Francis
File:Francisco (20-03-2013).jpg
Pope Francis in March 2013
Papacy began13 March 2013
PredecessorBenedict XVI
Previous post(s)Provincial Superior of the Society of Jesus in Argentina (1973–1979)
Auxiliary Bishop of Buenos Aires (1992–1997)
Titular Bishop of Auca (1992–1997)
Archbishop of Buenos Aires (1998–2013)
Cardinal-Priest of St. Roberto Bellarmino (2001–2013)
Ordinary of the Ordinariate for the Faithful of the Eastern Rites in Argentina (1998–2013)
President of the Argentine Episcopal Conference (2005–2011)
Orders
Ordination13 December 1969
Consecration27 June 1992
by Antonio Quarracino
Created cardinal21 February 2001
by John Paul II
Personal details
Born
Jorge Mario Bergoglio

(1936-12-17) 17 December 1936 (age 87)
Buenos Aires, Argentina
NationalityArgentine with Vatican citizenship
MottoMiserando atque Eligendo[a]
SignatureFrancis's signature
Coat of armsFrancis's coat of arms

Francis (Latin: Franciscus [franˈtʃiskus], Italian: Francesco [franˈtʃesko]; born Jorge Mario Bergoglio[b] on 17 December 1936) is the 266th and current Pope of the Catholic Church, elected on 13 March 2013. As such, he is Bishop of Rome, the head of the worldwide Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State.

Born in Buenos Aires of Italian descent, Bergoglio worked briefly as a chemical technician before entering seminary; he was ordained in 1969. From 1973 to 1979 he was Argentina's Provincial superior of the Society of Jesus, became Archbishop of Buenos Aires in 1998, and was created cardinal in 2001. Following the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI, on 13 March 2013 the papal conclave elected Bergoglio, who chose the papal name Francis in honour of Saint Francis of Assisi. He is the first Jesuit pope, the first from the Americas, and the first from the Southern Hemisphere.

Early life

Student: Jorge Mario Bergoglio, circled, studied chemistry before joining the priesthood

Jorge Mario Bergoglio was born in Flores,[2] a district of Buenos Aires. He was the eldest[3] of five children of Mario José Bergoglio, an Italian immigrant railway worker born in Portacomaro (Province of Asti) in Italy's Piedmont region, and his wife Regina María Sívori,[4] a housewife born in Buenos Aires to a family of northern Italian (Piedmontese-Genoese) origin.[5][6][7][8][9] Bergoglio's sister María Elena told reporters decades later that her father often said that "the advent of fascism was the reason that really pushed him to leave" Italy. She is the pope's only living sibling.[10][c]

Bergoglio has been a supporter of the San Lorenzo de Almagro football club since his childhood.[12][13] Bergoglio is also a fan of the films of Tita Merello and of neorealism and of tango dancing, with an "intense fondness" for the traditional music of Argentina and Uruguay known as the [[::es::Milonga (música)|milonga]].[14]

As a sixth-grade pupil, Bergoglio attended Wilfrid Barón de los Santos Ángeles, a Don Bosco Salesian school in Ramos Mejía in Greater Buenos Aires.[15]

He attended the technical secondary school Escuela Nacional de Educación Técnica N° 27 Hipólito Yrigoyen[16] and graduated with a chemical technician's diploma.[17] He worked for a few years in that capacity in the foods section at Hickethier-Bachmann Laboratory.[18] In the only known health crisis of his youth, at the age of 21 he suffered from life-threatening pneumonia and cysts and had part of a lung removed shortly afterwards.[16][19]

Pre-papal career

Jesuit

Ordination history of
Pope Francis
History
Priestly ordination
Ordained byRamón José Castellano
Date13 December 1969
Episcopal consecration
Consecrated byAntonio Quarracino[20]
Date27 June 1992
PlaceBuenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral Edit this on Wikidata, Buenos Aires Edit this on Wikidata
Episcopal succession
Bishops consecrated by Pope Francis as principal consecrator
Horacio Ernesto Benites Astoul[21]1 May 1999
Jorge Rubén Lugones30 July 1999
Jorge Eduardo Lozano25 March 2000
Joaquín Mariano Sucunza21 October 2000
José Antonio Gentico28 April 2001
Fernando Carlos Maletti18 September 2001
Andrés Stanovnik16 December 2001
Mario Aurelio Poli20 April 2002
Eduardo Horacio García16 August 2003
Adolfo Armando Uriona8 May 2004
Eduardo Maria Taussig25 September 2004
Raúl Martín20 May 2006
Hugo Manuel Salaberry Goyeneche21 August 2006
Óscar Vicente Ojea Quintana2 September 2006
Hugo Nicolás Barbaro4 July 2008
Enrique Eguía Seguí11 October 2008
Ariel Edgardo Torrado Mosconi13 December 2008
Luis Alberto Fernández27 March 2009
Vicente Bkalic Iglic29 May 2010
Alfredo Horacio Zecca17 September 2011

Bergoglio studied at the archdiocesan seminary Inmaculada Concepción in Villa Devoto, Buenos Aires City, and after three years entered the Society of Jesus on 11 March 1958.[14] Bergoglia says that as a young seminarian, he "was dazzled by a girl I met at an uncle's wedding", so much so that he "could not pray for over a week" because he could not help thinking of her, and so he "had to rethink what I was doing".[22] As a Jesuit novice he studied humanities in Santiago, Chile.[23] In 1960, Bergoglio obtained a licentiate in philosophy from the Colegio Máximo San José in San Miguel, Buenos Aires Province; in 1964 and 1965, he taught literature and psychology at the Colegio de la Inmaculada, a high school in the Province of Santa Fe, Argentina, and in 1966 he taught the same courses at the Colegio del Salvador in Buenos Aires City.[24]

In 1967, Bergoglio finished his theological studies and was ordained to the priesthood on 13 December 1969, by Archbishop Ramón José Castellano. He attended the Facultades de Filosofía y Teología de San Miguel (Philosophical and Theological Faculty of San Miguel),[25] a seminary in San Miguel. He served as the Master of novices for the Province there and became a professor of theology.

Father Bergoglio completed his final stage of spiritual formation as a Jesuit, tertianship, at Alcalá de Henares, Spain, and took his perpetual vows in the Society of Jesus on 22 April 1973.[26] He was named Provincial Superior of the Society of Jesus in Argentina on 31 July 1973 and served until 1979.[27] After the completion of his term of office, in 1980 he was named the rector of the seminary in San Miguel (it is unclear which one), and served in that capacity until 1986. He spent several months at the Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology in Frankfurt, Germany, while considering possible dissertation topics,[28] before returning to Argentina to serve as a confessor and spiritual director to the Jesuit community in Córdoba.[29] In Germany he saw the painting Mary Untier of Knots in Augsburg and brought a copy of the painting to Argentina where it has become an important Marian devotion.[30][31][d]

According to Ukrainian Catholic Major Archbishop Sviatoslav Shevchuk, before becoming a bishop[when?] Bergoglio was mentored by Salesian Ukrainian Greek Catholic priest Stefan Czmil and while at the Salesian school, often woke up hours before his classmates so that he could concelebrate Mass with Czmil.[34]

Bishop

Bergoglio was named Auxiliary Bishop of Buenos Aires in 1992 and was ordained on 27 June 1992 as Titular Bishop of Auca,[35] with Cardinal Antonio Quarracino, Archbishop of Buenos Aires, serving as principal consecrator.[20] On 3 June 1997, Bergoglio was appointed Coadjutor Archbishop of Buenos Aires with right of automatic succession.[21] His episcopal motto was Miserando atque eligendo.[36] It is drawn from Bede's homily on Matthew 9:9-13: "because he saw him through the eyes of mercy and chose him".[37]

Upon Quarracino's death on 28 February 1998, Bergoglio became Archbishop and was concurrently named ordinary for those Eastern Catholics in Argentina who lacked a prelate of their own rite.[20] As Archbishop of Buenos Aires, Bergoglio created new parishes and restructured the archdiocese administrative offices, led pro-life initiatives, and created a commission on divorces.[38] Archbishop Shevchuk has said that Bergoglio understands the liturgy, rites, and spirituality of his Greek Catholic Church and always "took care of our Church in Argentina" as ordinary for Eastern Catholics during his time as Archbishop of Buenos Aires.[34]

In 2000, Bergoglio was the only church official to reconcile with a former bishop and defrocked priest, Jerónimo Podestá, and he defended Podestá's wife from Vatican attacks on their marriage.[39][40][41]

In 2000, according to a report in L'espresso, Bergoglio "asked the entire Church in Argentina to put on garments of public penance for the sins committed during the years of the dictatorship".[42]

Bergoglio made it his custom to celebrate the Holy Thursday ritual washing of feet in "a jail, a hospital, a home for the elderly or with poor people".[43] One year he washed the feet of newborn children and pregnant women.[44]

In 2007, just two days after Benedict XVI issued new rules for using the liturgical forms that preceded the Second Vatican Council, Cardinal Bergoglio was one of the first bishops in the world to respond by instituting a Tridentine Mass in Buenos Aires.[45][46] It was celebrated weekly.[47]

On 8 November 2005, Bergoglio was elected president of the Argentine Episcopal Conference for a three-year term (2005–08).[48] He was reelected to another three-year term on 11 November 2008.[49] He remained a member of that Commission's permanent governing body, president of its committee for the Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina, and a member of its liturgy committee for the care of shrines.[20]

According to the Washington Post, "In one of his last acts as head of the Argentine Catholic bishops' conference, ... Bergoglio issued a collective apology for the church's failure to protect its flock" from Argentina's military dictatorship decades earlier.[50]

When he turned 75 in December 2011, Bergoglio submitted his resignation as Archbishop of Buenos Aires to Pope Benedict XVI as required by Canon Law.[51]

Cardinal

At the consistory of 21 February 2001, Archbishop Bergoglio was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II with the title of cardinal-priest of San Roberto Bellarmino, a church served by Jesuits and named for one. When he traveled to Rome for the ceremony, he and his sister María Elena visited the village in northern Italy where their father was born.[10]

As cardinal, Bergoglio was appointed to five administrative positions in the Roman Curia:

Cardinal Jorge Bergoglio in 2008

Later that year, when Cardinal Edward Egan returned to New York following the September 11 attacks, Bergoglio replaced him as relator (recording secretary) in the Synod of Bishops and, according to the Catholic Herald, created "a favourable impression as a man open to communion and dialogue".[52][53]

Cardinal Bergoglio became known for personal humility, doctrinal conservatism and a commitment to social justice.[54] A simple lifestyle contributed to his reputation for humility. He lived in a small apartment, rather than in the elegant bishop's residence in the suburb of Olivos. He took public transportation and cooked his own meals.[55] He limited his time in Rome to "lightning visits".[56]

On the death of Pope John Paul II, Bergoglio was considered one of the papabile cardinals.[57] He participated as a cardinal elector in the 2005 papal conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI. In the National Catholic Reporter John L. Allen, Jr. reported that Bergoglio was a frontrunner in the 2005 Conclave.[54][58] In September 2005, the Italian magazine Limes published claims that Bergoglio had been the runner-up and main challenger to Cardinal Ratzinger at that conclave and that he had received 40 votes in the third ballot, but fell back to 26 at the fourth and decisive ballot.[59][60] The claims were based on a diary purportedly belonging to an anonymous cardinal who had been present at the conclave.[59] La Stampa reported that Bergoglio was in close contention with Ratzinger during the election, until he made an emotional plea that the cardinals should not vote for him.[61] Earlier, he had participated in the funeral of Pope John Paul II.

During the 2005 Synod of Bishops, he was elected a member of the post-synodal council.[citation needed]

As a cardinal, Bergoglio was associated with Communion and Liberation, a Catholic evangelical lay movement of the type known as associations of the faithful.[54][62] He has sometimes made appearances at the annual gathering known as the Rimini Meeting held during the late summer months in Italy.[54]

In 2005, Cardinal Bergoglio authorized the request for beatification—the first step towards sainthood—for six members of the Pallottine community murdered in 1976.[63][64] At the same time, Begoglio ordered an investigation into the murders themselves, which had been widely blamed on the military regime that ruled Argentina from 1976 to 1983.[64]

Relations with Argentine governments

Dirty War

In the 1970s Argentina was governed by a dictatorship that carried out many illegal acts; a confrontation between the government and dissidents ranging from critics to guerrillas that left tens of thousands dead was called the "Dirty War". Bergoglio was the subject of allegations regarding the kidnapping of two priests in 1976.[65][66] Bergoglio feared for the priests' safety and had tried to change their work prior to their arrest; however, contrary to reports, he never tried to throw them out of the Jesuit order.[67] In 2005, a human rights lawyer filed a criminal complaint against Bergoglio, as superior in the Society of Jesus of Argentina, accusing him of involvement in the kidnapping by the Navy in May 1976 of the two Jesuit priests.[68] The lawyer's complaint did not specify the nature of Bergoglio's alleged involvement, and Bergoglio's spokesman flatly denied the allegations. The lawsuit was ultimately dismissed.[65] The priests, Orlando Yorio and Franz Jalics, had been tortured,[69] but found alive five months later, drugged and semi-naked. Yorio accused Bergoglio of effectively handing them over to the death squads by declining to tell the regime that he endorsed their work. Yorio (who died in 2000) said in a 1999 interview that he believed that Bergoglio did nothing "to free us, in fact just the opposite".[70] Jalics initially refused to discuss the complaint after moving into seclusion in a German monastery.[71] However, two days after the election of Pope Francis, Jalics issued a statement confirming the kidnapping and attributing the cause to a former lay colleague who became a guerrilla, was captured, and named Yorio and Jalics when interrogated.[72] The following week, Jalics issued a second, clarifying statement: "It is wrong to assert that our capture took place at the initiative of Father Bergoglio ... the fact is, Orlando Yorio and I were not denounced by Father Bergoglio."[73][74] Alicia Oliveira, a former Argentine Judge, states that she has known Bergoglio for decades, and that during the "Dirty War" the future Pope "was anguished" and "very critical of the dictatorship".[75] Oliveira met with him at the time and urged Bergoglio to speak out — he told her that "he couldn't. That it wasn't an easy thing to do."[70]

Bergoglio told his authorized biographer, Sergio Rubin, that after the priests' imprisonment he worked behind the scenes for their release; Bergoglio's intercession with dictator Jorge Rafael Videla on their behalf may have saved their lives.[76] In 2010, Bergoglio told Sergio Rubin that he had often sheltered people from the dictatorship on church property, and once gave his own identity papers to a man who looked like him, so he could flee Argentina.[69] The interview with Rubin, reflected in the biography El jesuita, is the only time Bergoglio has spoken to the press about those events.[77] Oliveira also stated that Bergoglio helped people flee Argentina during the military regime.[78]

The artist and human rights activist Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1980, said: "Perhaps he didn't have the courage of other priests, but he never collaborated with the dictatorship ... Bergoglio was no accomplice of the dictatorship." [79][80] Graciela Fernández Meijide, member of the Permanent Assembly for Human Rights, also said that there was no proof linking Bergoglio with the dictatorship. She told Clarín: "There is no information and Justice couldn't prove it. I was in the APDH during all the dictatorship years and I received hundreds of testimonies. Bergoglio was never mentioned. It was the same in the CONADEP. Nobody mentioned him as instigator or as anything."[81]

Relationship with Kirchners

Cardinal Jorge Bergoglio meets Argentine president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner.

When Bergoglio celebrated Mass in 2004 at the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral to mark Argentina's First National Government holiday, then President Néstor Kirchner attended and heard Bergoglio request more political dialogue, reject intolerance, and criticize exhibitionism and strident announcements.[82] Kirchner celebrated the national day elsewhere the following year and the Mass in the Cathedral was suspended.[83] Kirchner considered Bergoglio as a political rival ever since.[84] Bergoglio's relations with Kirchner's widow and successor, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, have been similarly tense. In 2008, Bergoglio called for national reconciliation during disturbances in the country's agricultural regions, which the government interpreted as a support for anti-government demonstrators.[84] The campaign to enact same-sex marriage legislation was a particularly tense period in their relations.[84] In 2006 Bergoglio publicly opposed an attempt by the Argentine government to legalize some cases of abortion.[85] In 2012 Bergoglio participated in the 30th anniversary commemoration of the Falkland Islands War.[86]

Relations with other religious communities

Eastern Orthodox communities

Bergoglio is recognized for his efforts "to further close the nearly 1,000-year estrangement with the Orthodox churches".[87] Antoni Sevruk, rector of the Russian Orthodox Church of Saint Catherine the Great Martyr in Rome, said that Bergoglio "often visited Orthodox services in the Russian Orthodox Annunciation Cathedral in Buenos Aires" and is known as an advocate on behalf the Orthodox Church in dealing with Argentina's government.[88]

Bergoglio's positive relationship with the Eastern Orthodox churches is reflected in the fact that Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople attended his installation.[89] According to George Demacopoulos, this is "quite likely the first time in history" that the Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, a position considered first among equals in the Eastern Orthodox Church organization, has attended a papal installation.[89] Orthodox leaders state that Bartholomew's decision to attend the ceremony shows that the relationship between the Orthodox and Catholic churches is a priority of his, but they also note that Francis's "well-documented work for social justice and his insistence that globalization is detrimental to the poor" may have created a "renewed opportunity" for the two church communities to "work collectively on issues of mutual concern".[89][e]

Oriental Orthodox Community

Attempts to reunite the Old Churches into One Holy Catholic & Apostolic Church have been made frequently throughout the 20th & 21th century, as Clergies from all over the world join discussions about the division that exists in Christianity. Although the Pope/Patriarch of Alexandria have not met with Pope Francis in person, The Patriarchate of Alexandria sent representatives to wish him good luck in connection with his inauguration. Pope Francis subsequently wrote a letter addressed to Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria on the 13th March 2013, which stated the following;

"Grace to you & peace from God our Father and The Lord Jesus Christ (ROM 1:7) Upon my election as Bishop of Rome and supreme pastor of the catholic church, I greet you with these words of The Apostle Paul and announce the solemn inauguration of my pontificate on 19 March next. Trusting in the Holy Spirit's guidance of my ministry as successor of Peter and servant of the servants of God, and kindly requesting a remembrance in your prayers, I offer you a brotherly embrace in the name of Jesus Christ our Saviour."

[91]

This marks an even further step to a unifying of Christians around the world as the pope of the catholic Church addresses the Ancient Non-Chalcedonian Oriental Orthodox Christians & one of their clergies, which split from the european Church in 451 A.D. after the Council of Chalcedon proclaimed the separated nature of Jesus Christ.

Mainline Protestant community

Gregory Venables, Anglican Bishop of Argentina, has called Bergoglio a "devout Christian and friend to Anglicans".[92] Mark Hanson, presiding bishop of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America (ELCA) greeted the news of Bergoglio's election with a public statement that praised his work with Lutherans in Argentina.[93]

Evangelical Protestant community

Evangelical leaders including Argentine Luis Palau, who moved to the US in his twenties, have welcomed the news of Bergoglio's election as Pope based on his relations with Evangelical Protestants, noting that Bergoglio's financial manager for the Archdiocese of Buenos Aires was an Evangelical Christian whom Bergoglio refers to as a friend.[94] Palau recounts how Bergoglio would not only relax and "drink mate" with that friend, but would also read the Bible and pray with him, based on what Bergoglio called a relationship of friendship and trust.[94] Palau describes Bergoglio's approach to relationships with Evangelicals as one of "building bridges and showing respect, knowing the differences, but majoring on what we can agree on: on the divinity of Jesus, his virgin birth, his resurrection, the second coming."[94] As a result of Bergoglio's election, Palau predicts that "tensions will be eased."[94]

Juan Pablo Bongarrá, president of the Argentine Bible Society, recounts that Bergoglio not only met with Evangelicals, and prayed with them—but he also asked them to pray for him.[95] Bongarrá notes that Bergoglio would frequently end a conversation with the request, "Pastor, pray for me."[95] Additionally, Bongarrá tells the story of a weekly worship meeting of charismatic pastors in Buenos Aires, which Bergoglio attended: "He mounted the platform and called for pastors to pray for him. He knelt in front of nearly 6,000 people, and [the Protestant leaders there] laid hands and prayed."[95]

Other Evangelical leaders agree that Bergoglio's relationships in Argentina make him "situated to better understand Protestantism".[96] Noting that the divide between Catholicism and Protestantism is often present among members of the same families in Argentina, and is therefore an extremely important human issue, "Francis could set the tone for more compassionate conversations among families about the differences between Protestantism and Catholicism."[96]

Jewish community

Bergoglio has close ties to the Jewish community of Argentina, and attended Jewish Rosh Hashanah services in 2007 at a synagogue in Buenos Aires. Bergoglio told the Jewish congregation during his visit that he went to the synagogue to examine his heart, "like a pilgrim, together with you, my elder brothers".[97] After the 1994 AMIA bombing of a Jewish Community Center there that killed 85 people, Bergoglio was the first public figure to sign a petition condemning the attack and calling for justice. Jewish community leaders around the world noted that his words and actions "showed solidarity with the Jewish community" in the aftermath of this attack.[97]

A former head of the World Jewish Congress, Israel Singer, reported that he worked with Bergoglio in the early 2000s, distributing aid to the poor as part of a joint Jewish-Catholic program called "Tzedaka". Singer noted that he was impressed with Bergoglio's modesty, remembering that "if everyone sat in chairs with handles [arms], he would sit in the one without."[97] Bergoglio also co-hosted a Kristallnacht memorial ceremony at the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral in 2012.[97]

Abraham Skorka, the rector of the Latin-American Rabbinical Seminary in Buenos Aires, and Bergoglio published their conversations on religious and philosophical subjects as Sobre el cielo y la tierra (On Heaven and Earth).[98] An article in Israel's The Jerusalem Post notes that "Unlike John Paul II, who as a child had positive memories of the Jews of his native Poland but due to the Holocaust had no Jewish community to interact with in Poland as an adult, Pope Francis has maintained a sustained and very positive relationship with a living, breathing [Jewish] community in Buenos Aires."[98]

Bergoglio joined a group of clerics from a number of different religions to light candles in a 2012 synagogue ceremony on the occasion of the Jewish festival of Hanukkah.[99]

Islamic community

Leaders of the Islamic community in Buenos Aires welcomed the news of Bergoglio's election as pope, noting that he "always showed himself as a friend of the Islamic community", and a person whose position is "pro-dialogue".[100]

Buenos Aires Islamic leaders praise Bergoglio's close ties with the Islamic community by citing his reactions to an incident when Pope Benedict XVI quoted a medieval document that described Muhammad as "evil and inhuman".[101] According to them, Bergoglio immediately distanced himself from the quotes, noting that statements that create outrage within the Islamic community "will serve to destroy in 20 seconds the careful construction of a relationship with Islam that Pope John Paul II built over the last 20 years.”[101]

Bergoglio visited both a mosque and an Islamic school in Argentina, visits that Sheik Mohsen Ali, the Director for the Diffusion of Islam, called actions that strengthened the relationship between the Catholic and Islamic communities.[100] Dr. Sumer Noufouri, Secretary General of the Islamic Center of the Argentine Republic (CIRA), added that Bergoglio's past actions make his election as pope a cause within the Islamic community of "joy and expectation of strengthening dialogue between religions".[100] Noufouri said that the relationship between CIRA and Bergoglio over the course of a decade had helped to build up Christian-Muslim dialogue in a way that was "really significant in the history of monotheistic relations in Argentina".[100]

Interfaith dialogue

Bergoglio has also written about his commitment to open and respectful interfaith dialogue as a way for all parties engaged in that dialogue to learn from one another.[102] In the 2011 book that records his conversations with Rabbi Abraham Skorka, Sobre el cielo y la tierra, Bergoglio said:[102]

Dialogue is born from an attitude of respect for the other person, from a conviction that the other person has something good to say. It assumes that there is room in the heart for the person’s point of view, opinion, and proposal. To dialogue entails a cordial reception, not a prior condemnation. In order to dialogue it is necessary to know how to lower the defenses, open the doors of the house, and offer human warmth.

Religious leaders in Buenos Aires have stated that it was Bergoglio who "opened up the Cathedral in Buenos Aires for interfaith ceremonies".[103] For example, in November 2012 he brought "leaders of the Jewish, Muslim, evangelical, and Orthodox Christian faiths" together in the Cathedral to pray for peace in the Middle East.[103] Leaders quoted in a 2013 Associated Press article said that Bergoglio has a "very deep capacity for dialogue with other religions", and considers "healing divisions between religions a major part of the Catholic Church's mission".[103]

Papacy

As pope his manner is less formal than those of his predecessors. On the night of his election he took the bus back to his hotel with the cardinals, rather than be driven in the papal car.[107] The next day he visited Cardinal Jorge María Mejía in the hospital and chatted with patients and staff.[108] At his first media audience, the Friday after his election, the Pope said of Saint Francis of Assisi: "The man who gives us this spirit of peace, the poor man," and he added "How I would like a poor Church, and for the poor".[109]

In addition to his native Spanish, Francis is conversant in Latin (the official language of the Holy See), Italian (the official language of Vatican City), English,[110] French,[111] German,[112] and Ukrainian.[113]

Election to the papacy

Main article: Papal conclave, 2013

Bergoglio was elected pope on 13 March 2013,[114][115] the second day of the 2013 papal conclave, taking the papal name Francis.[116] Francis was elected on the fifth ballot of the conclave.[117] The Habemus Papam was delivered by Cardinal protodeacon Jean-Louis Tauran.[118]

Francis appears to the public for the first time as pope, at the balcony of St. Peter's Basilica, 13 March 2013.

Instead of accepting his cardinals' congratulations while seated on the Papal throne, Francis received them standing, reportedly an immediate sign of a changing approach to formalities at the Vatican.[119][120] During his first appearance as pontiff on the balcony of Saint Peter's Basilica, he wore a white cassock, not the red, ermine-trimmed mozzetta[119][121] used by the previous Pope Benedict XVI.[122] He also wore the same iron pectoral cross that he had worn as Cardinal Archbishop of Buenos Aires, rather than the gold one worn by his predecessors.[121]

After being elected and choosing his name, his first act was bestowing the Urbi et Orbi blessing to thousands of pilgrims gathered in St. Peter's Square. Francis began with "Buonasera" ("good evening"), breaking with the traditional formality at this event. Before blessing the pilgrims, he asked those in St. Peter's Square to pray for the pope emeritus, Benedict XVI and for himself.[123][124]

Among the people at St. Peter's Square

Choice of name

At his first audience on 16 March 2013, Francis told journalists that he had chosen the name in honor of Saint Francis of Assisi, and had done so because he was especially concerned for the well-being of the poor.[125][126][127] He explained that, as it was becoming clear during the conclave voting that he would be elected the new pontiff, the Brazilian Cardinal Cláudio Hummes had embraced him and whispered "don't forget the poor", which had made him think of the saint.[128][129] Author and Vatican reporter John Allen remarked that the choice of the name Francis sent a clear message to the Church about the new Pope's intention to let "the church of the spirit, a humble and simple community of equals with a special love for the least of this world.... shine through."[130] This is the first time that a pope has been named Francis[f] and the first time since Pope Lando's 913–914 reign that a serving pope held a name not used by a predecessor.[g]

Francis also mentioned at the audience that some cardinal-electors had jokingly suggested to him that he should choose either "Adrian", since Pope Adrian VI had been a reformer of the church, or "Clement" as "payback" to Pope Clement XIV who had suppressed the Jesuit order.[133][134]

Inauguration

Inauguration of Pope Francis, 19 March 2013
Main article: Papal inauguration of Pope Francis

Pope Francis held his Papal inauguration on 19 March 2013 in St. Peter's Square in the Vatican. He celebrated Mass in the presence of various political and religious leaders from around the world.[135] In his homily Pope Francis focused on the Solemnity of Saint Joseph, the liturgical day on which the Mass was celebrated.[136]

Health

Pope Francis, elected at the age of 76, is reported to be in good health due to his austere and healthy lifestyle. Physicians say that his missing lung tissue (which was removed in 1957)[16] does not have a significant impact on his health.[137] The only concern would be decreased respiratory reserve if he had a respiratory infection.[138]

An attack of sciatica in 2007 prevented him from attending a consistory and delayed his return to Argentina for several days.[56]

Curia

On 16 March 2013, Pope Francis asked all those in senior positions of the Curia to "provisionally continue" in office "until other provisions are made".[139] He named Alfred Xuereb as his personal secretary.[140]

Teachings

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Encountering Jesus and rejecting worldliness

In both his first homily as Pope and in his first address to the cardinals, Francis talked about walking in the presence of Jesus Christ and stressed the church mission to announce him. In the audience with the cardinals, he emphasized the concept of "encounter with Jesus":

Stimulated by the Year of Faith, all together, pastors and faithful, we will make an effort to respond faithfully to the eternal mission: to bring Jesus Christ to humanity, and to lead humanity to an encounter with Jesus Christ: the Way, the Truth and the Life, truly present in the Church and, at the same time, in every person. This encounter makes us become new men in the mystery of Grace, provoking in our hearts the Christian joy that is a hundredfold that given us by Christ to those who welcome Him into their lives.[141]

In his homily, he stressed that "if we do not profess Jesus Christ, things go wrong. We may become a charitable NGO, but not the Church, the Bride of the Lord." He went on to teach that "When we do not profess Jesus Christ, we profess the worldliness of the devil... when we profess Christ without the Cross, we are not disciples of the Lord, we are worldly".[142]

The theme of rejecting "spiritual worldliness", has been described as a "leitmotif" of his teachings even before he became Pope.[143] Understanding this worldliness as "putting oneself at the center", he said that it is the "greatest danger for the Church, for us, who are in the Church".[144]

Morality as response to God's mercy

Francis preached on his first visit to a parish that "this is the the Lord’s most powerful message: mercy."[145] His motto, Miserando atque eligendo, is about Jesus' mercy towards sinners. The phrase is taken from a homily of St. Bede, who commented that Jesus "saw [St. Matthew] the tax collector and, because he saw him through the eyes of mercy and chose him, he said to him: 'Follow me'" (italics added to refer to English translation of the Latin motto).[37]

The motto is a reference to the moment he changed his life when he was 17 years old and found his vocation to the priesthood. He started a day of student celebrations by going to confession. "A strange thing happened to me...It was a surprise, the astonishment of an encounter...This is the religious experience: the astonishment of encountering someone who was waiting for you... God is the one who seeks us first."[146]

As cardinal he viewed morality in the context of an encounter with Christ that is "triggered" by mercy": "the privileged locus of the encounter is the caress of the mercy of Jesus Christ on my sin." And thus, he says, a new morality—a correspondence to mercy—is born. He views this morality as a "revolution": it is "not a titanic effort of the will", but "simply a response" to a "surprising, unforeseeable, and 'unjust' mercy". Morality is "not a 'never falling down' but an 'always getting up again.'"[147]

The Gospel reading for the Sunday he was scheduled to give his first public address as Pope was on Jesus' forgiveness of the adulteress woman. This allowed him to discuss ideas such as: God never wearies of forgiving us; hearing the word mercy, this word changes everything; mercy is beautiful; never tire in asking for forgiveness.[148]

Creative transformation in evangelization

Another theme Pope Francis emphasized in his first address to the cardinals[141] is the new evangelization. He talked about "the certainty that the Holy Spirit gives His Church, with His powerful breath, the courage to persevere and to search for new ways to evangelise."

It is a theme he has repeated in other occasions, specifically in his biography, where he spoke about "transforming pastoral modes" and "revising the internal life of the church so as to go out to the faithful people of God," with "great creativity." He observed that church cannot be passively waiting for clientele among people who are no longer evangelized and who "will not get near structures and old forms that do not respond to their expectations and sensibilities." He asked for pastoral conversion from a church that regulates the faith to a church that transmits and facilitates the faith.[146]

He said that the heart of the mission is summarized in this: "if one remains in the Lord one goes out of oneself... Fidelity is always a change, a blossoming, a growth." Key to evangelization is the role of the laity who should avoid the "problem" of being clericalized as their "baptism alone should suffice".[149]

Poverty and economic inequality

At a meeting of Latin American bishops in 2007 Bergoglio said "[w]e live in the most unequal part of the world, which has grown the most, yet reduced misery the least" and that "[t]he unjust distribution of goods persists, creating a situation of social sin that cries out to Heaven and limits the possibilities of a fuller life for so many of our brothers".[150] On 30 September 2009, Bergoglio spoke at a conference organized by the Argentina City Postgraduate School (EPOCA) at the Alvear Palace Hotel titled "Las deudas sociales de nuestro tiempo" ("The Social Debts of Our Time") in which he quoted the 1992 "Documento de Santo Domingo"[151] by the Latin American Episcopal Conference, saying "extreme poverty and unjust economic structures that cause great inequalities" are violations of human rights.[152][153] He went on to describe social debt as "immoral, unjust and illegitimate".[154]

During a 48-hour public servant strike in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Bergoglio observed the differences between "poor people who are persecuted for demanding work, and rich people who are applauded for fleeing from justice".[155] In 2002, during an economic crisis, Bergoglio harshly criticized those in power, saying, "Let's not tolerate the sad spectacle of those who no longer know how to lie and contradict themselves to hold onto their privileges, their rapaciousness, and their ill-earned wealth."[156] During a May 2010 speech in Argentina regarding the poor, he directed his message to the wealthy by saying: "You avoid taking into account the poor. We have no right to duck down, to lower the arms carried by those in despair. We must reclaim the memory of our country who has a mother, recover the memory of our Mother".[157] In 2011, Bergoglio stated: "There is a daily anesthesia that this city knows how to use very well, and it is called bribery, and with this anesthesia the conscience is numbed. Buenos Aires is a bribe-taking city."[158]

In 2011, Bergoglio decried sweatshops and homelessness in Buenos Aires as forms of slavery:

In this city, slavery is the order of the day in various forms, in this city workers are exploited in sweatshops and, if immigrants, are deprived of the opportunity to get out. In this city, there are kids on the streets for years....... The city failed and continues to fail in the attempt to free them from this structural slavery that is homelessness.[158]

In line with the Catholic Church's efforts to care for AIDS victims, in 2001 he visited a hospice and he washed and kissed the feet of 12 AIDS patients.[150]

Celibacy of priests

As Cardinal, Bergoglio's views regarding the celibacy of priests were recorded in the book On Heaven and Earth, a record of conversations conducted with a Buenos Aires rabbi.[159] He commented that celibacy "is a matter of discipline, not of faith. It can change" but added: "For the moment, I am in favor of maintaining celibacy, with all its pros and cons, because we have ten centuries of good experiences rather than failures [...] Tradition has weight and validity."[160] He noted that "in the Byzantine, Ukranian, Russian, and Greek Catholic Churches [...] the priests can be married, but the bishops have to be celibate".[160][h] He said that many of those in Western Catholicism who are pushing for more discussion about the issue do so from a position of "pragmatism", based on a loss of manpower.[160] He states that "If, hypothetically, Western Catholicism were to review the issue of celibacy, I think it would do so for cultural reasons (as in the East), not so much as a universal option."[160] He emphasized that, in the meantime, the rule must be strictly adhered to, and any priest who cannot obey it "has to leave the ministry".[160]

National Catholic Reporter Vatican analyst Thomas Reese, also a Jesuit, called Bergoglio's use of "conditional language" regarding the rule of celibacy "remarkable".[159] He said that phrases like "for the moment" and "for now" are "not the kind of qualifications one normally hears when bishops and cardinals discuss celibacy".[159]

Aparecida Document

In 2007, as Cardinal Archbishop of Buenos Aires, Bergoglio presented the final version of a joint statement of the bishops of Latin America – the "Aparecida Document" – upon its approval by Pope Benedict XVI. Bergoglio denounced what he characterized as a cultural tolerance of child abuse. He spoke strongly against the abuse of children as "demographic terrorism" and decried their exploitation saying, "Children are mistreated, and are not educated or fed. Many are made into prostitutes and exploited."[161] In 2011, Bergoglio condemned child trafficking and sex slavery in Buenos Aires:

In this city, there are many girls who stop playing with dolls to enter the dump of a brothel because they were stolen, sold, betrayed ... In this city, women and girls are kidnapped, and they are subjected to use and abuse of their body; they are destroyed in their dignity. The flesh that Jesus assumed and died for is worth less than the flesh of a pet. A dog is cared for better than these slaves of ours, who are kicked, who are broken.[158]

Bergoglio also encouraged his clergy and laity to oppose both abortion and euthanasia, describing the pro-choice movement as a "culture of death",[162] and had opposed the free distribution of contraceptives in Argentina.[163] As Archbishop, Bergoglio publicly spoke against the Kirchner government's attempts to institute the free distribution of contraceptives.[164] The Aparecida Document links worthiness to receive the Eucharist to compliance and acceptance of Church teaching against abortion and euthanasia:[161][165][166][167]

We hope that legislators, heads of government, and health professionals, conscious of the dignity of human life and of the rootedness of the family in our peoples, will defend and protect it from the abominable crimes of abortion and euthanasia; that is their responsibility ... We should commit ourselves to "eucharistic coherence", that is, we should be conscious that people cannot receive Holy Communion and at the same time act or speak against the commandments, in particular when abortion, euthanasia, and other serious crimes against life and family are facilitated. This responsibility applies particularly to legislators, governors, and health professionals.

He further denounced a "culture of discarding" the elderly and treating them as if they are disposable and worthless due to their advanced age.[161]

Homosexuality

Bergoglio has strongly affirmed the Church's teaching of the "intrinsic immorality of homosexual practices"; he also teaches that homosexuals should be treated with respect.[168][169] Bergoglio opposes same-sex marriage, and in 2011 referred to it as "the devil's work".[170] When Argentina was considering legalizing it in 2010 Begoglio opposed the legislation[171] and called it a "real and dire anthropological throwback".[172] In July 2010, while the law was under consideration, he wrote a letter to Argentina's cloistered nuns in which he said:[173][174][175]

In the coming weeks, the Argentine people will face a situation whose outcome can seriously harm the family…At stake is the identity and survival of the family: father, mother and children. At stake are the lives of many children who will be discriminated against in advance, and deprived of their human development given by a father and a mother and willed by God. At stake is the total rejection of God's law engraved in our hearts.

Let's not be naive: This is not a simple political fight; it is a destructive proposal to God's plan. This is not a mere legislative proposal (that's just its form), but a move by the father of lies that seeks to confuse and deceive the children of God… Let's look to St. Joseph, Mary, and the Child to ask fervently that they defend the Argentine family in this moment... May they support, defend, and accompany us in this war of God.

After L'Osservatore Romano reported this, several priests expressed their support for the law.[174][i] Observers believe that the church's opposition and Bergoglio's language worked in favor of the law's passage and that in response Catholic officials adopted a more conciliatory tone in later debates on social issues such as parental surrogacy.[177][178]

Titles and styles

Papal styles of
Pope Francis
Reference styleHis Holiness
Spoken styleYour Holiness
Religious styleHoly Father
See also: Coat of arms of Pope Francis

The official style of the Pope in English is His Holiness Pope Francis; in Latin, Franciscus, Episcopus Romae. Holy Father is another honorific often used for popes.

His full title, rarely used, is: His Holiness Pope Francis, Bishop of Rome, Vicar of Christ, Successor of the Prince of the Apostles, Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church, Primate of Italy, Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman province, Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City, Servant of the Servants of God.

It is customary when referring to popes to translate the regnal name into local languages. Thus he is Papa Franciscus in Latin (the formal language of the Vatican), Papa Francesco in Italian (the daily language of the Vatican), Papa Francisco in Spanish (his native language), and Pope Francis in English.

Writings

Library resources about
Pope Francis
By Pope Francis

Books

  • Bergoglio, Jorge (1982). Meditaciones para religiosos (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Diego de Torres. OCLC 644781822. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  • Bergoglio, Jorge (1992). Reflexiones en esperanza (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Ediciones Universidad del Salvador. OCLC 36380521. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  • Bergoglio, Jorge (2003). Educar: exigencia y pasión: desafíos para educadores cristianos (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Claretiana. ISBN 9789505124572. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  • Bergoglio, Jorge (2003). Ponerse la patria al hombro: memoria y camino de esperanza (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Claretiana. ISBN 9789505125111. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  • Bergoglio, Jorge (2005). La nación por construir: utopía, pensamiento y compromiso: VIII Jornada de Pastoral Social (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Claretiana. ISBN 9789505125463. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  • Bergoglio, Jorge (2006). Corrupción y pecado: algunas reflexiones en torno al tema de la corrupción (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Claretiana. ISBN 9789505125722. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  • Bergoglio, Jorge (2007). El verdadero poder es el servicio (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Claretiana. OCLC 688511686. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  • Bergoglio, Jorge (2009). Seminario: las deudas sociales de nuestro tiempo: la deuda social según la doctrina de la iglesia (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: EPOCA-USAL. ISBN 9788493741235. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  • Bergoglio, Jorge; Skorka, Abraham (2010). Sobre el cielo y la tierra (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana. ISBN 9789500732932. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  • Bergoglio, Jorge (2010). Seminario Internacional: consenso para el desarrollo: reflexiones sobre solidaridad y desarrollo (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: EPOCA. ISBN 9789875073524. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  • Bergoglio, Jorge (2011). Nosotros como ciudadanos, nosotros como pueblo: hacia un bicentenario en justicia y solidaridad (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Claretiana. ISBN 9789505127443. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)

Other

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Press reports have provided a variety of translations for the phrase. According to Vatican Radio: "Pope Francis has chosen the motto Miserando atque eligendo, meaning lowly but chosen; literally in Latin 'by having mercy, by choosing him'. The motto is one Francis used as bishop. It is taken from the homilies of the Venerable Bede on Saint Matthew's Gospel relating to his vocation:'Jesus saw the tax collector and by having mercy chose him as an apostle saying to him :Follow me.'"[1]
  2. ^ Pronunciation: [ˈxorxe ˈmaɾjo βerˈɣoɣljo] (Spanish), [bɛrˈgɔʎːo] (Italian)
  3. ^ His brother Alberto died in June 2010.[11]
  4. ^ This devotion has since spread to Brazil; according to Regina Novaes of the Institute of Religious Studies in Rio de Janeiro, it "attracts people with small problems".[32] Bergoglio had an image of Mary Untier of Knots inscribed on a chalice he presented to Pope Benedict XVI in 2005.[33]
  5. ^ One source says that the gospel was chanted in Greek during the pope's inauguration Mass in recognition of Bartholomew's historic attendance,[89] but the Vatican News Service paraphrased Federico Lombardi of the Vatican Press Office as explaining that "[t]he Gospel will be proclaimed in Greek, as at the highest solemnities, to show that the universal Church is made up of the great traditions of the East and the West." (emphasis added)[90]
  6. ^ On the day of his election, the Vatican clarified that his official papal name was "Francis", not "Francis I". A Vatican spokesman said that the name would become Francis I if and when there is a Francis II.[126][131]
  7. ^ Pope John Paul I, elected in 1978, took a new combination of already used names, in honour of his two immediate predecessors, John XXIII and Paul VI.[132]
  8. ^ Both in the Eastern Catholic Churches and in the Eastern Orthodox Churches, married men can be ordained to the priesthood, but priests cannot marry after having been ordained. See Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 795
  9. ^ One priest was suspended after refusing his bishop's order to cease his advocacy.[176]

References

  1. ^ Veronica Scarisbrick (18 March 2013). "Pope Francis : "Miserando atque eligendo"..." Vatican Radio. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  2. ^ Claudio Iván Remeseira: Pope Francis: A humble and outspoken man, and technically also Italian NBCLatino, 14 March 2013
  3. ^ Garrido, J. (16 March 2013). "Vida y trayectoria de Bergoglio en seis capítulos". La Tercera. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
  4. ^ "La Nación newspaper: ... "Regina María Sívori, su mamá" ..., 17 March 2013". Lanacion.com.ar. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  5. ^ Stella, Gian Antonio (14 March 2013). "Tango e battesimo, fidanzata e vangelo l'alfabeto misto di Papa Francesco". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 14 March 2013. Mio padre era di Portacomaro (Asti, ndr) e mia madre di Buenos Aires, con sangue piemontese e genovese
  6. ^ "Bergoglio Card. Jorge Mario, S.I." College of Cardinals Biographical notes. Vatican.va. 9 November 2011. Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  7. ^ Rice-Oxley, Mark (13 March 2013). "Pope Francis: the humble pontiff with practical approach to poverty". The Guardian (UK). Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  8. ^ Donovan, Jeffrey (13 March 2013). "Argentina's Cardinal Bergoglio Is Elected Pope Francis". Bloomberg. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  9. ^ Barney Henderson (14 March 2013). "Pope Francis elected leader of Catholic Church: latest". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  10. ^ a b "Jorge is against regimes. It is because of fascism that our father emigrated". La Stampa. 17 March 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  11. ^ "Fue confirmado desde el episcopado de Buenos Aires a Perfil.com". Perfil. 17 June 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
  12. ^ Template:EsClub Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro (13 March 2013). "Francisco, Socio de San Lorenzo, es el Nuevo Papa". Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  13. ^ Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro (14 March 2013). "Pope Francis is a card-carrying San Lorenzo supporter".
  14. ^ a b Template:Es "Bergoglio, sobre todo 'pastor', tanguero y simpatizante de San Lorenzo". Agencia Informativa Católica Argentina. 13 March 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  15. ^ "From fresh-faced schoolboy to leader of 1.2 billion Catholics: Charming images shed light on Pope Francis' early life growing up in Buenos Aires".
  16. ^ a b c "Jorge Bergoglio, un sacerdote jesuita de carrera". La Nación (in Spanish). 13 March 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ "Biography: who is Jorge Mario Bergoglio?". News.va. 13 March 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
  18. ^ "Se etapa de laboratorista". Clarin. 17 March 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  19. ^ Lifschitz, Alejandro (13 March 2013). "Argentina's pope a modest man focused on the poor". Reuters. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  20. ^ a b c d Template:Es "Bergoglio, Jorge Mario". Breve biografía de obispos. La Agencia Informativa Católica Argentina. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
  21. ^ a b "Pope Francis, Jorge Mario Bergoglio, S.J." Catholic Hierarchy. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  22. ^ Pope Francis spoke of being 'dazzled' by girl, possible change of celibacy rule.
  23. ^ Template:Es "En 1958, Bergoglio hizo su noviciado en Chile". La Segunda. 13 March 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  24. ^ "Pope Francis: Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio named new Pope". Baltimore News Journal. 13 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  25. ^ Juan Manuel Jaime – José Luis Rolón. "Official Website, Facultades de Filosofía y Teología de San Miguel". Facultades-smiguel.org.ar. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
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  27. ^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographies - A". .fiu.edu. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  28. ^ "Neuigkeiten 14.03". Hochschule. Philosophisch-Theologische Hochschule Sankt Georgen. Retrieved 14 March 2013. ...einige Monate in Sankt Georgen verbrachte, um sich mit einzelnen Professoren über ein Dissertationsprojekt zu beraten. Zu einem Abschluss in Sankt Georgen ist es nicht gekommen.
  29. ^ Template:Es "Biografía de Jorge Bergoglio". El Litoral. 14 March 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  30. ^ "El Santuario". Parroquia San José del Talar. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  31. ^ Baumann, Andrea (15 March 2013). "Was Papst Franziskus in Augsburg machte". Augsburger Allgemeine (in German). Retrieved 20 March 2013.
  32. ^ Bellos, Alex (23 December 2001). "Virgin painting ties Brazilians in knots". The Guardian (UK). Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  33. ^ Jiménez, Pablo (14 March 2013). "The Pope's chalice: silver-made, austere and featuring Our Lady of Luján". Buenos Aires Herald. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  34. ^ a b Shkodziska, Oksana (13 March 2013). "Patriarch Sviatoslav: Newly Elected Pope Knows Ukranian Catholic Church, its Liturgy and Spirituality". Religious Information Service of Ukraine. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
  35. ^ The titular see of Auca, established in 1969, is seated at Villafranca Montes de Oca, Spain: Titular See of Auca, Spain.
  36. ^ "Francis Toughened by Argentine Politics Ready for Papal Test". Blomberg. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
  37. ^ a b Glatz, Carol (15 March 2013). "Pope's episcopal motto comes from homily by English doctor of church". Catholic News Service. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  38. ^ "Jesuit Argentine Cardinal Bergoglio elected pope, takes name Francis". jesuit.org. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  39. ^ Magister, Sandro (2 December 2002). "Jorge Mario Bergoglio, Profession: Servant of the Servants of God". L'espresso. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  40. ^ Hebblethwaite, Margaret (14 March 2013). "The Pope Francis I know". The Guardian (UK). Retrieved 16 March 2013. Luro talked to me at length about her friend, of whom she has the highest opinion, and told me how she would write to him almost weekly, and he would always reply by ringing her up and having a short chat. When Podesta was dying, Bergoglio was the only Catholic cleric who went to visit him in hospital, and, when he died, the only one who showed public recognition of his great contribution to the Argentinian church.
  41. ^ Template:Es Calloni, Stella (13 March 2013). "Acusado de tener vínculos con la dictadura; la derecha lo defiende". La Jornada. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  42. ^ Magister, Sandro (2 December 2002). "Jorge Mario Bergoglio, Profession: Servant of the Servants of God". L'espresso. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  43. ^ "Pope to hold major Holy Week service in youth jail". Reuters. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
  44. ^ {[es}} "Bergoglio realizó el tradicional lavatorio de pies a niños recién nacidos y embarazadas". 26 Noticias. Retrieved 22 March 2013. Desde entonces, el primado visitó a los afectados por el sida en el hospital Muñiz, a los presos de la cárcel de Villa Devoto, a la gente alojada en el hogar San José, a enfermos con padecimientos crónicos del hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, y a los internados en los hospitales Borda y Tornú.
  45. ^ Rocca, Francis X. (13 March 2013). "Next pope faces global challenges". Catholic San Francisco. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  46. ^ Rubin, Sergio (17 September 2007). "Regresó la misa en latín, con mujeres cubiertas por mantillas" (in Spanish). Clarin.com. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  47. ^ "El latín volvió a las misas" (in Spanish). Línea Capital. 17 September 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  48. ^ "Elige Sus Nuevas Autoridades La Conferencia Episcopal". Mercedes Ya. 7 November 2005. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  49. ^ "El cardenal Bergoglio fue reelegido frente a la Conferencia Episcopal". DERF. 11 November 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  50. ^ Speciale, Alessandro (15 March 2013). "Vatican defends Pope Francis' actions during Argentina's 'Dirty War'". Washington Post. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  51. ^ "Bergoglio presenta su renuncia como arzobispo de Buenos Aires, aunque seguirá en el cargo". Terra Noticias. 15 December 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
  52. ^ Poirier, José Maria (13 March 2013). "Features Quiet thunder in Argentina". Catholic Herald. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
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  54. ^ a b c d Allen, Jr., John L. (3 March 2013). "Profile: New pope, Jesuit Bergoglio, was runner-up in 2005 conclave". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
  55. ^ Rubin, Sergio (14 March 2013). "'El Jesuita,' biography of Jorge Bergoglio, tells of Pope Francis' humble beginnings in the church that he maintained throughout his cardinalship". New York Daily News. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  56. ^ a b Falasca, Sefania (November 2007). "What I would have said at the Consistory". 30 Giorni. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
  57. ^ "Argentine Cardinal Named in Kidnap Lawsuit". Los Angeles Times. 17 April 2005. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  58. ^ Allen, Jr., John L. (14 April 2005). "Handicapping the conclave". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
  59. ^ a b "Cardinal breaks conclave vow of secrecy". CNN. Associated Press. 23 September 2005. Archived from the original on 1 October 2005. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  60. ^ Wooden, Cindy (23 September 2005). "Article based on diary says German cardinal became pope with 84 votes". Catholic News. Article gives numbers for the four votes; Ratzinger had most votes, followed by Bergoglio.
  61. ^ Tosatti, Marco. "Ecco come andò davvero il Conclave del 2005". La Stampa (in Italian). Retrieved 13 March 2013. According to the source, Cardinal Bergoglio begged "almost in tears" ("quasi in lacrime" in Italian)
  62. ^ Manson, Jamie (15 March 2013). "One of Pope Francis' allegiances might tell us something about the church's future". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
  63. ^ Sánchez Alvarado, Gretta (20 March 2013). "Francisco: 'El verdadero poder es el servicio'". El Naconal. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
  64. ^ a b "Sainthood effort for 5 slain recalls Argentine `dirty war'". Chicago tribune. 12 August 2005. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  65. ^ a b Schmall, Emily; Rother, Larry (13 March 2013). "A Conservative With a Common Touch". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  66. ^ "Bergoglio was a partner in crime in the silence of the church over the genocidal dictatorship".
  67. ^ Thomas Reese, "Francis, the Jesuits and the Dirty War", National Catholic Reporter, March 17, 2013
  68. ^ "Argentine Cardinal Named in Kidnap Lawsuit". Los Angeles Times. 17 April 2005. Retrieved 13 March 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |unused_data= ignored (help)
  69. ^ a b "Pope Francis Is Known For Simplicity And Humility". Associated Press. 13 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013. Bergoglio – who ran Argentina's Jesuit order during the dictatorship – told Rubin that he regularly hid people on church property during the dictatorship, and once gave his identity papers to a man with similar features, enabling him to escape across the border.
  70. ^ a b Miroff, Nick (17 March 2013). "Pope's activity in Dirty War Draws Scrutiny". Chicago Tribune. Sec. 1. Washington Post. p. 27. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
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  72. ^ "Declaration of Father Franz Jalics SJ" (in German). German Jesuit Web site. 15 March 2013.
  73. ^ "Pope Francis did not denounce me to Argentinian junta, says priest". The Guardian. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  74. ^ "Second Declaration of Father Franz Jalics SJ" (in German). German Jesuit Web site. 20 March 2013.
  75. ^ Hernandez, Vladimir (15 March 2013). "Argentina 'Dirty War' accusations haunt Pope Francis". BBC News. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  76. ^ "Pope Francis Is Known For Simplicity And Humility". Associated Press. 13 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013. both men were freed after Bergoglio took extraordinary, behind-the-scenes action to save them – including persuading dictator Jorge Videla's family priest to call in sick so that he could say Mass in the junta leader's home, where he privately appealed for mercy.
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  78. ^ Indart, Ramón (15 March 2013). "Alicia Oliveira: "Garré sabe todo lo que hizo Bergoglio"". Perfil (in Spanish). Retrieved 2013-3-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  79. ^ Watts, Jonathan; Goni, Uki (15 March 2013). "Pope Francis: role during Argentina's military era disputed". The Guardian.
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