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Board of Delegates of American Israelites

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The Board of Delegates of American Israelites was the first Jewish civil and political rights organization in the United States. The model for this organization was the Board of Deputies of British Jews.:[1] It was established in 1859 and headquartered in New York City[2] and was active as an independent entity for 19 years before merging with the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (which has since been renamed Union for Reform Judaism[3]) in 1878. This merger came at the urging of Simon Wolf, leader of B'nei Brith of Washington, D.C.[4] The Board of Delegates continued to exist and operate as a leg of the UAHC called the Board of Delegates of Civil and Religious Rights until its final dissolution in 1925.[5]

Objectives

Quoting from the Constitution of the Board of Delegates of American Israelites[6]

  1. obtaining and collecting statistical information regarding the Jews of the United States for reference purposes
  2. the appointment of a Committee of Arbitration for the purpose of settling disputes arising between Congregations, individuals, or public bodies belonging to the Delegates in lieu of resorting to the law
  3. to promote religious education by encouraging local Congregational schools and to establish a High School for the training of men as ministers and teachers
  4. to keep a watchful eye on occurrences at home and abroad, and see that the civil and religious rights of Israelites are not encroached on, and call attention of the proper authorities to the fact, should any such violation occur
  5. to establish and continue communication with other like-minded Jewish organizations throughout the world and especially to establish a thorough union among all the Israelites of the United States

Edgardo Mortara Case

What precipitated the formation of the Board of Delegates of American Israelites was, at least in part, the need for a unified Jewish response to the Edgardo Mortara case.[7] Mortara was an Italian Jewish boy who was secretly baptized by his family's maid and later abducted in 1858 at the age of six by papal authorities who then refused to return a Catholic convert to a non-Catholic family.[8]

Union Chaplaincy Restrictions

The Board of Delegates of American Israelites entered the American political ring when the US Secretary of War Simon Cameron rejected the appointment of the 5th Pennsylvania Cavalry's 65th Regiment of a Jewish rabbi to serve as their chaplain.[9] The law was worded that a regiment's leaders could elect anyone to that post who was ordained by "a Christian denomination." The Board of Delegates of American Israelites took upon itself the task of lobbying to get the wording changed to allow for Jewish chaplains to serve. Through the lobbying work of Rabbi Dr. Arnold Fischel, it was successful in that aim, and two Jewish chaplains were subsequently installed in the Union Army: Rabbi Jacob Frankel as a military hospital chaplain in Philadelphia in September 1862 and Rev. Ferdinand Leopold Sarner as the regimental chaplain for the 54th New York Volunteer Infantry on 10 April 1863.[10]

General Orders No. 11

Another event which garnered the attention of the Board of Delegates of American Israelites was Major General Ulysses S. Grant's General Order No. 11 (1862). Though the issue was originally raised to the US Government by Cesar J. Kaskel, a Kentucky merchant, the Board of Delegates of American Israelites added its voice to the matter, sending the following telegraph to President Lincoln on 8 January 1863. 

   Be it therefore Resolved that we have heard with surprise and indignation intelligence that in this present Century and in this land of freedom and equality an Officer of the United States should have promulgated an order worthy of despotic Europe in the dark ages of the World's history.

   Resolved that in behalf of the Israelites of the United States, we enter our firm and determined protest against this illegal unjust and tyrannical mandate depriving American Citizens of the Jewish faith of their precious rights, driving them because of their religious profession, from their business and homes by the military authority and in pursuance of an inequitable prescription.

   Resolved that the Israelites of the United States expect no more and will be content with no less than equal privileges with their fellow Citizens, in the enjoyment of "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" as guaranteed by the Constitution of this Republic.

   Resolved that it is peculiarly painful to the Israelites of the United States, who have freely tendered their blood and treasure in defence of the Union they love, to observe this uncalled for and inequitable discrimination against them. Claiming to be second to no class of Citizens in support of the Constitutional government, they regard with sadness and indignation this contumely upon the Jewish name, this insult to them as a community, on the ostensible ground that individuals supposed to be Jews have violated "regulations of trade established by the Treasury Department and Department Orders." 

   Resolved that it is in the highest degree obnoxious to them, as it must be to all fair minded American Citizens, for the general body to be made accountable for acts of particular persons supposed to belong to their denomination, but as has been frequently demonstrated, in many cases really professing other creeds. That if an individual be guilty of an infraction of discipline or offence against military law or treasury regulations, punishment should be visited upon him alone, and the religious community to which he is presumed to be attached, should not be subjected to insult, obloquy or disregard of its consitutional rights as a penalty for individual offences.

   Resolved that the thanks of this Committee and of the Israelites of the United States be and they are hereby tendered to Major General H. W. Halleck, General in Chief U. S. A. for the promptness with which he revoked General Grant's unjust and outrageous order, as soon as it was brought to his attention.

   Resolved that a copy of these resolutions duly attested, be transmitted to the President of the United States, the Secretary of War, Major General Halleck and Major General Grant and that the same be communicated to the press for publication.

   Myer S. Isaacs
   Secretary

Major General Benjamin Franklin Butler's Anti-Semitic Rhetoric

In a case involving the controversial commander of Fort Monroe (VA), Major General Benjamin Franklin Butler reported having captured "one hundred Confederates, sixty Contrabands [fugitive slaves], and five Jews." The Board of Delegates appealed to President Lincoln for the release of the Jewish captives and was well pleased with the response. Lincoln not only ordered their release, but also demanded from Butler "a prompt and amiable apology" to be rendered to the Jewish men.[11]

The Plight of European Jewry

The Board of Delegates of American Israelites was concerned not just with matters pertaining to the American Jewry, but also, as evidenced by its attention to the Martara case, with the plight of Jewish brethren abroad, especially regarding the treatment of Jewish citizens in Switzerland, Romania, and Russia.[12]

Members of the Board

  • Henry I. Hart Esq., President (1859-1876)
  • Rabbi Isaac Leeser, Vice President[13]
  • Isaac Seligman, Treasurer
  • Myer S. Isaacs, Secretary (1859-1876) & President (1876-1878)
  • Samuel Isaacs, Delegate
  • Rabbi Dr. Arnold Fischel, Delegate

References

  1. ^ Lee Levinger, A History of the Jews in the United States (Wildside Press LLC, 2007), 254.
  2. ^ Center for Jewish History, “The Board of Delegates of American Israelites Records,” digitalMETRO, accessed August 26, 2015, http://directory.nycdigital.org/items/show/180.
  3. ^ "History - Union for Reform Judaism". Union for Reform Judaism. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
  4. ^ Esther L. Panitz, Simon Wolf: Private Conscience and Public Image (Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1987), 82-85.
  5. ^ Lee Levinger, A History of the Jews in the United States (Wildside Press LLC, 2007), 255.
  6. ^ Constitution and By-Laws of the Board of Delegates of American Israelites. New York: Joseph Davis, Printer, 25 Howard Street, 1860, pgs. 2-3. Board of Delegates of American Israelites, 1-2, Box 1/Folder 3, Collection of the American Jewish Historical Society, Newton Centre, MA, and New York, NY.
  7. ^ Lee Levinger, 'A History of the Jews in the United States' (Wildside Press LLC, 2007), 254.
  8. ^ David Rabinovich, producer, director (May 2007). "The End of the Inquisition". Secret Files of the Inquisition. PBS.
  9. ^ Letter from Simon Cameron, War Department, to the Rev. Arnold Fischel (23 Oct 1861).
  10. ^ Albert Isaac Slomovitz, The Fighting Rabbis: Jewish Military Chaplains and American History (New York, N.Y.: New York University Press, 1999), 16.
  11. ^ Brian Tice, What Adonai Requires: Jewish Involvement in the Civil War (publication pending, 2015).
  12. ^ Lee Levinger, A History of the Jews in the United States (Wildside Press LLC, 2007), 254.
  13. ^ Lee Levinger, 'A History of the Jews in the United States' (Wildside Press LLC, 2007), 256.
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