Lymphocytosis
| Lymphocytosis | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Hematology  |
Lymphocytosis is an increase in the number of lymphocytes in the blood. In adults, lymphocytosis is present when the lymphocyte count is greater than 4000 per microliter (4.0 x 10(9)/L), in older children greater than 7000 per microliter and in infants greater than 9000 per microliter.[1] Lymphocytes normally represent 20 to 40% of circulating white blood cells.
Lymphocytosis is usually detected when a complete blood count is obtained. If not provided the lymphocyte count can be calculated by multiplying the total white blood cell (WBC) count by the percentage of lymphocytes found in the differential count.[2] The lymphocyte count can also be directly measured by flow cytometry.
Causes
Lymphocytosis is a feature of infection, particularly in children. In the elderly, lymphoproliferative disorders, including chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and lymphomas, often present with lymphadenopathy and a lymphocytosis.
Causes of absolute lymphocytosis include:
- acute viral infections, such as infectious mononucleosis[3] (glandular fever), hepatitis[3] and Cytomegalovirus infection[3]
- other acute infections such as pertussis[3]
- some protozoal infections, such as toxoplasmosis and American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease)
- chronic intracellular bacterial infections such as tuberculosis[3] or brucellosis[3]
- chronic lymphocytic leukemia
- acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- lymphoma
- post-splenectomy state[4]
- smoking[5]
Causes of relative lymphocytosis include: age less than 2 years; acute viral infections; connective tissue diseases, thyrotoxicosis, Addison's disease, and splenomegaly with splenic sequestration of granulocytes.
See also
- Lymphocytopenia – the condition of having an abnormally low level of lymphocytes in the blood
References
- ^ Miale, John B. Laboratory Medicine: hematology. 5th. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby, 1977.
- ^ For example, if the total WBC count is 30,000, and the %lymphocytes is 30, the absolute lymphocyte count is 9,000 per microliter.
- ^ a b c d e f Table 12-6 in: Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson. Robbins Basic Pathology. Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2973-7.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) 8th edition. - ^ Juneja, S; Januszewicz, E; Wolf, M; Cooper, I (1995). "Post-splenectomy lymphocytosis". Clinical and laboratory haematology. 17 (4): 335–7. PMID 8697729.
- ^ Freedman, DS; Flanders, WD; Barboriak, JJ; Malarcher, AM; Gates, L (July 1996). "Cigarette smoking and leukocyte subpopulations in men". Annals of epidemiology. 6 (4): 299–306. PMID 8876840.