Esketamine
 | |
 | |
| Clinical data | |
|---|---|
| Trade names | Ketanest S |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Consumer Drug Information |
| ATC code | |
| Identifiers | |
| |
| CAS Number | |
| PubChem CID | |
| DrugBank | |
| ChemSpider | |
| UNII | |
| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.242.065 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C13H16ClNO |
| Molar mass | 237.725 g/mol g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
| |
| |
  (what is this?) (verify) | |
Esketamine (also (S)-ketamine or S(+)-ketamine) (brand name Ketanest S) is a general anaesthetic and a dissociative. It is the S(+) enantiomer of the drug ketamine, a general anaesthetic. Esketamine acts primarily as a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, but is also a dopamine reuptake inhibitor. As of August 18, 2016, it is in phase III clinical trials for treatment-resistant depression (TRD).[1]
Pharmacology
Esketamine is approximately twice as potent as racemic ketamine.[2] It is eliminated from the human body more quickly than arketamine (R(–)-ketamine) or racemic ketamine, although arketamine slows its elimination.[3]
A number of studies have suggested that esketamine has a more medically useful pharmacological action than arketamine or racemic ketamine. Esketamine inhibits dopamine transporters eight times more than arketamine.[4] This increases dopamine activity in the brain. At doses causing the same intensity of effects, esketamine is generally considered to be more pleasant by patients.[5][6] Patients also generally recover mental function more quickly after being treated with pure esketamine, which may be a result of the fact that it is cleared from their system more quickly.[2][7]
Esketamine has an affinity for the PCP binding site of the NMDA receptor 3-4 times higher than that of arketamine. Unlike arketamine, esketamine does not bind significantly to sigma receptors. Esketamine increases glucose metabolism in frontal cortex, while arketamine decreases glucose metabolism in the brain. This difference may be responsible for the fact that esketamine generally has a more dissociative or hallucinogenic effect while arketamine is reportedly more relaxing.[7] However, another study found no difference between racemic and (S)-ketamine on the patient's level of vigilance.[5] Interpretation of this finding is complicated by the fact that racemic ketamine comprises 50% (S)-ketamine.
Potential use as an antidepressant
Johnson & Johnson is developing a nasal spray formulation of esketamine as a treatment for depression in patients that have been unresponsive to other antidepressants in the United States.[8] As of August 2016, phase III clinical trials of intranasal esketamine sponsored by the Johnson & Johnson subsidiary Janssen Pharmaceutica are underway.[9] Other pharmaceutical companies are also developing new antidepressant drugs that act similarly to ketamine, including Naurex's rapastinel (GLYX-13) and * apimostinel (NRX-1074), Cerecor's CERC-301, and VistaGen's 4-chlorokynurenine (AV-101).[8]
Although most studies suggest that esketamine is preferable for medical uses, a 2013 study found that the rapid antidepressant effect of arketamine was greater and lasted longer than that of esketamine in mice.[10]
See also
References
- ^ http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=96950&sid=2
- ^ a b Himmelseher, S.; Pfenninger, E. (2008). "Die klinische Anwendung von S-(+)-Ketamin - eine Standortbestimmung". AINS - Anästhesiologie · Intensivmedizin · Notfallmedizin · Schmerztherapie. 33 (12): 764–770. doi:10.1055/s-2007-994851. PMID 9893910.
- ^ Ihmsen, H.; Geisslinger, G.; Schüttler, J. (2001). "Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of ketamine: R(-)-ketamine inhibits the elimination of S(+)-ketamine". Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 70 (5): 431–438. doi:10.1067/mcp.2001.119722. PMID 11719729.
- ^ Nishimura, M.; Sato, K. (1999). "Ketamine stereoselectively inhibits rat dopamine transporter". Neuroscience Letters. 274 (2): 131–134. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00688-6. PMID 10553955.
- ^ a b Doenicke, A.; Kugler, J.; Mayer, M.; Angster, R.; Hoffmann, P. (1992). "Ketamine racemate or S-(+)-ketamine and midazolam. The effect on vigilance, efficacy and subjective findings". Der Anaesthesist. 41 (10): 610–618. PMID 1443509.
- ^ Pfenninger, E.; Baier, C.; Claus, S.; Hege, G. (1994). "Psychometric changes as well as analgesic action and cardiovascular adverse effects of ketamine racemate versus s-(+)-ketamine in subanesthetic doses". Der Anaesthesist. 43 Suppl 2: S68–S75. PMID 7840417.
- ^ a b Vollenweider, F. X.; Leenders, K. L.; Oye, I.; Hell, D.; Angst, J. (1997). "Differential psychopathology and patterns of cerebral glucose utilisation produced by (S)- and (R)-ketamine in healthy volunteers using positron emission tomography (PET)". European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 7 (1): 25–38. doi:10.1016/S0924-977X(96)00042-9. PMID 9088882.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
issn2168-9709was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=96950&sid=2
- ^ Zhang, J. C.; Li, S. X.; Hashimoto, K. (2014). "R (−)-ketamine shows greater potency and longer lasting antidepressant effects than S (+)-ketamine". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 116: 137–141. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2013.11.033. PMID 24316345.