Lorisidae

Lorisids; Temporal range: Early Miocene–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Slender loris (Loris sp.)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Strepsirrhini
Infraorder:	Lemuriformes
Superfamily:	Lorisoidea
Family:	Lorisidae; Gray, 1821
Type genus
	Loris;
Genera
	Arctocebus; Perodicticus; Pseudopotto; Loris; Nycticebus
Synonyms
	Loridae; Jenkins, 1987;

Lorisidae (or sometimes Loridae) is a family of strepsirrhine primates. The lorisids are all slim arboreal animals and comprise the lorises, pottos and angwantibos. Lorisids live in tropical, central Africa as well as in south and southeast Asia.

Physical characteristics

Lorisids have a close, woolly fur, which is usually grey or brown, darker on the top side. The eyes are large and face forward. The ears are small and often partially hidden in the fur. The thumbs are opposable and the index finger is short. The second toe of the hind legs has a fine claw for grooming, typical for strepsirrhines. Their tails are short or are missing completely. They grow to a length of 17 to 40 cm and a weight of between 0.3 and 2 kg, depending on the species. Their dental formula is similar to that of lemurs: 2.1.3.32.1.3.3

Behavior

Lorisids are nocturnal and arboreal. Unlike the closely related galagos, lorisids never jump. Some have slow deliberate movements, whilst others can move with some speed across branches. It was previously thought that all lorisids moved slowly, but investigations using red light proved this to be wrong. Nonetheless, even the faster species freeze or move slowly if they hear or see any potential predator. This habit of remaining motionless whilst in danger is successful only because of the leafy environment of their jungle home, which helps to conceal their true position.^[3] With their strong hands they clasp at the branches and cannot be removed without significant force. Most lorisids are solitary or live in small family groups.

Slow lorises from southeast Asia produce a secretion from their brachial gland (a scent gland on the upper arm, between the axilla and elbow), that is licked and mixed with their saliva to form a toxin which may be used for defense. The red slender loris (Loris tardigradus) from India also possesses brachial glands, but it is uncertain whether they also synthesize the toxin. The potto (Perodicticus potto) is thought to lack brachial glands, though it produces similar toxic excretions with its anal glands.^[4]

Diet

The main diet of most lorisids consists of insects, but they also consume bird eggs and small vertebrates as well as fruits and sap.

Reproduction

Lorisids have a gestation period of four to six months and give birth to two young. These often clasp themselves to the belly of the mother or wait in nests, while the mother goes to search for food. After three to nine months - depending on the species - they are weaned and are fully mature within 10 to 18 months. The life expectancy of lorises can be to up to 20 years.

Classification

There are five genera and eleven species of lorisid.^[1]

Order Primates
- Suborder Strepsirrhini: non-tarsier prosimians
  - Infraorder Lemuriformes
    - Superfamily Lemuroidea
    - Superfamily Lorisoidea
      - Family Lorisidae
        Subfamily Perodicticinae
        Genus Arctocebus
        Calabar angwantibo, Arctocebus calabarensis
        
        Golden angwantibo, Arctocebus aureus
        
        Genus Perodicticus
        Potto, Perodicticus potto
        
        Genus Pseudopotto
        False potto, Pseudopotto martini
        
        Subfamily Lorisinae
        Genus Loris
        Red slender loris, Loris tardigradus
        
        Gray slender loris, Loris lydekkerianus
        
        Genus Nycticebus
        Sunda slow loris, Nycticebus coucang
        
        Javan slow loris, Nycticebus javanicus
        
        Bengal slow loris, Nycticebus bengalensis
        
        Pygmy slow loris, Nycticebus pygmaeus
        
        Philippine slow loris, Nycticebus menagensis
        
        Bangka slow loris, Nycticebus bancanus
        
        Bornean slow loris, Nycticebus borneanus
        
        Kayan River slow loris, Nycticebus kayan
        
        †? Nycticebus linglom
      - Family Galagidae: galagos
- Suborder Haplorrhini: tarsiers, monkeys and apes

References

^ ^a ^b Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 121–123. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
^ Brandon-Jones, D.; Eudey, A. A.; Geissmann, T.; Groves, C. P.; Melnick, D. J.; Morales, J. C.; Shekelle, M.; Stewart, C.-B. (2004). "Asian Primate Classification" (PDF). International Journal of Primatology. 25 (1): 100. doi:10.1023/b:ijop.0000014647.18720.32.
^ Charles-Dominique, Pierre (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 332–337. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
^ Alterman 1995, pp. 421–423.

Literature cited

Alterman, L. (1995). "Toxins and toothcombs: potential allospecific chemical defenses in Nycticebus and Perodicticus". In Alterman, L.; Doyle, G.A.; Izard, M.K (eds.). Creatures of the Dark: The Nocturnal Prosimians. New York, New York: Plenum Press. pp. 413–424. ISBN 978-0-306-45183-6. OCLC 33441731. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

[msw3-1] Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 121–123. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.

[2] Brandon-Jones, D.; Eudey, A. A.; Geissmann, T.; Groves, C. P.; Melnick, D. J.; Morales, J. C.; Shekelle, M.; Stewart, C.-B. (2004). "Asian Primate Classification" (PDF). International Journal of Primatology. 25 (1): 100. doi:10.1023/b:ijop.0000014647.18720.32.

[EoM-3] Charles-Dominique, Pierre (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 332–337. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.

[FOOTNOTEAlterman1995421–423-4] Alterman 1995, pp. 421–423.

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