User:ChiaO/sandbox

Article Critique on "Prescription drug prices in the United States"

In general, the article is relevant to the article topic. However the writer, often mentions Canada and their prescription drug prices and healthcare model. The writer wording can indicate some bias. Statements such as “Prescription drug prices in the United States have been among the highest in the world,” sound more of an opinion. The statement is not followed by a citation. The page is flagged by Wikipedia for not adequately summarize its key points in the leading section. A section, “FDA backlog in generic drug application review,” was flagged for not being neutral. The leading section is relatively short and not detailed.  The authors sections vary greatly in length. Sections such as “Drug Rebates” are only three short sentences, while other sections are relatively longer. Some links lead to error pages or the article is no longer available. There is a random link to an image in the text. A few sources are not from necessarily scholarly sources, but opinion articles. Some of the writer’s statements can be backed my a citation. Her sources are all published within the last 6 years. Most conversations in the Talk page of the article call for the writer to expand on its posts and include other points of view. Various comments believe the article is more of an opinion article, and not necessarily neutral. The article is part of WikiProject Pharmacology. It is rated as Start-Class on the project’s quality scale and Low-Importance on the project’s importance scale. We discussed a class how a Wikipedia article post should be neutral and unbiased but this article does a poor job at that.

Potential Articles

1. TRIPS Agreement
   1. TRIPS Agreement
   2. can add a section about the DOHA DECLARATION
2. Doha Declaration
   1. Doha Declaration
   2. connection to global access to medicine
   3. add more content to 'Reception'
3. Access to medicines
   1. Access to medicines
   2. Section about legislation
      1. TRIPS
      2. DOHA
      3. POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS

Outline of Wiki Article - Access to medicines

1. Doha Declaration
   1. J C Cohen-Kohler. (2007). The Morally Uncomfortable Global Drug Gap. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 82(5), 610-4.
      1. Legislation such as Doha Declaration of 2001, that works to rectify the negative impact of the TRIPS Agreement. This negative impact led to the Doha Declaration of 2001, which allows for the use of compulsory licensing for pharmaceutical drugs only in the case of a national emergency--such as to address public health issues. The declaration also allows for countries without manufacturing capabilities to turn to a third country, such as Canada for the export of medicines. It also highlights the right of respective government to interpret the TRIPS Agreement in terms of public health.
2. Trips Agreement
   1. Wiernikowski, J., & MacLeod, S. (2014). Regulatory and logistical issues influencing access to antineoplastic and supportive care medications for children with cancer in developing countries. Pediatric Blood & Cancer,61(8), 1513-1517.
      1. It argued that the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement, which strengthened intellectual property laws, procedures,and remedies, however negatively impacted generic drug industries in countries such as India.
3. Potential Solutions

"Access to Medicines" Draft

Legislation

Extending exclusivity periods can have consequences in delivering medication, especially generic brands, to developing countries, while extending patent terms can be reinvested for research and development and/or a source of funding for drug donations to low-income countries (Steven, Huys). Others suggest that data exclusivity works to diminish the availability of generic drugs. According to Raising the Barriers to Access to Medicines in the Developing World – The Relentless Push for Data Exclusivity (2017), data exclusivity is a regulatory measure limiting the use of clinical trial data and provides conductor of the trial temporary exclusive rights to the data. However, the source also argue that pharmaceutical companies push for data exclusivity--seeking to extend their monopolies by advocating for market exclusivity provided by patents and data exclusivity, or protection for new medicine.

Trips Agreement

The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), is a multilateral agreement between all member nations of the World Trade Organization (WTO), effective January 1995. This agreement introduced global standards for enforcing and protecting nearly all forms of intellectual property rights (IPR), including those for patents and data protection. Under the TRIPS Agreement, WTO member nations, with a few exceptions, are required to adjust their laws to the minimum standards of IPR protection. Member nations are also obligated to follow specific enforcement guidelines, remedies, and dispute resolution procedures. Before TRIPS, other international conventions and laws did not specify minimum standards for intellectual property laws in the international trading system. The TRIPS Agreement is argued to have the greatest effect on the pharmaceutical industry and access to medicines. It is argued that the TRIPS agreement negatively impacted generic drug industries in countries such as India. However, others argue that the agreement is open to interpretation.

A clause in the TRIPS agreement that compulsory licensing, which permits the manufacture of generic brands of patented HIV/AIDs drugs, set in a competitive market  in cases of national emergencies. The authors argue that the HIV/AIDs crisis and the inadequate access to essential AIDs medications constitute a national emergency.

Doha Declaration

Legislation such as Doha Declaration of 2001, that works to rectify the negative impact of the TRIPS Agreement. This negative impact led to the Doha Declaration of 2001, which allows for the use of compulsory licensing for pharmaceutical drugs only in the case of a national emergency--such as to address public health issues. The declaration also allows for countries without manufacturing capabilities to turn to a third country, such as Canada for the export of medicines. It also highlights the right of respective government to interpret the TRIPS Agreement in terms of public health.