Jump to content

Vegetarianism by country

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 185.68.93.163 (talk) at 07:05, 26 May 2018 (see the source!). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

A vegetarian restaurant buffet in Taipei, Taiwan.

This article deals with vegetarianism and veganism by country, comparing the prevalence of vegetarianism and veganism in each country when sources are available by the number of vegetarians and vegans, and listing food standards, laws and general cultural attitudes.

Some countries have strong cultural or religious traditions that promote vegetarianism, such as in India, while in other countries secular ethical concerns dominate, including animal rights and environmental protection, along with health concerns. In many countries, food labeling laws make it easier for vegetarians to identify foods compatible with their diets.[1]

Demographics

See also: Veganism § Demographics
Vegetarianism as a percentage of the population
Color coded map indicating vegetarianism as a percentage of the population

Reliable data is lacking due to a lack of polling and the varying definitions of vegetarianism and veganism used in the polls. For example, the latest US poll defines "vegan" according to diets that exclude meat, eggs and dairy, rather than following the accepted definition of veganism as avoiding all animal products as far as possible including honey and clothing. Other polls, like the latest Australian poll, place strict vegetarians and those who follow "almost" vegetarian diets in the same category, while this poll and many others measure only vegetarianism and neglect to include veganism in the poll. Many poll results are contradicted by other poll results from the same country despite similar publication dates, implying a wide margin of error.

A study from 2010[2] estimated that there are 1,450 million vegetarians of necessity and another 75 million of choice. They make approximately 21.8% of the world’s population.

Country Vegetarian diet (%) (includes vegan diet) Approx. no. of individuals Data set year Vegan diet (%) Approx. no. of individuals Data set year Note
 Australia 11% 2,100,000 2016[3] 2010[4] As of March 2016, 11.2% of people living in Australia agreed that "The food I eat is all, or almost all, vegetarian."
 Austria 9% 765,000 2013[5]
 Brazil 14.0% 29,260,000 2018[6] 3.03%[7] 6,330,660 2018[6][7] Vegan percentage derived from vegan and vegetarian respondents only[7], due to access bias, and calculated on top of IBOPE's survey[6]
 Canada 9.4% 3,411,000 2016[8] 2.3 835,000 2016[9]
 Czech Republic 1.5% 235,000 2003[10]
 China 4% – 5% 54,428,000 – 68,035,000 2013[11]
 Denmark 4% 220,000 2011[12]
 Finland 2% 108,000 – 329,000 2011[13] 2015[14] 0.5% 27,000 2013[15] % of vegans only an estimation
 France 1.5% 1,988,000 – 3,300,000 2011[16]
 Germany 10% 8,000,000 2018[17] 1.6% 1,300,000 2018[18]
 India 29% – 40% 360,576,000 2009[19] 2014[20][21] 27%
 Israel 13% 1,046,000 2015[22][23] 5% 421,000 2015[22][23]
 Italy 7.1% – 10% 4,246,000 2009[19] 2015[24] 0.6% – 2.8% 400,000 – 1,680,000 2015[24][25]
 Japan 4.7% 18,370,300 2014[26] 2.7% 5,875,000 2014[26]
 Latvia 3% – 5% 60,000 – 100,000 2013[27] estimation
 Netherlands 5.0% 800,000

2016[28] 2017[29]

 New Zealand 10.3% 463,500 2016[30]
 Norway 10% 550,000 2012[31] estimation
 Poland 3.2% 1,228,800 2013[32] 1.6% 608,000 2013[32]
 Portugal 1.2% 120,000 2017[33] 0.6% 2017[33] survey conducted by marketing research firm Nielsen Corporation
 Russia 3% – 4% 4,380,000 – 5,840,000 2014[34][35]
 Slovenia 1.4% – 1.6% 28,922 – 33,054 2007/2008[36] 0.3% – 0.5% 6,197 – 10,329 2007/2008[36] Age group: 18-65; a representative sample; unbiased data (survey conducted by National Institute of Public Health); new data will be available soon (2018/2019/2020).
 Spain 1.5% 697,000 2017[37] 0.2% 93,000 2017[37] adult population
 Sweden 10% 969,000 2014[38] 4% 388,000 2014[38] Based on a 1000 person telephone survey.
  Switzerland 14% 1,176,156 2017[39] 3% 252,033 2017[39]
 United Kingdom 14% [40] 9,100,000[40] 2015[41] 2014[42] 2016[43] 7% 3,500,000[40] 2018[40]
 United States 3.3% 8,000,000

2016[44]

6% 2017[45]
 Belgium 10.0% 1,130,177 2016[46]
 Taiwan 14.0% 3,297,011

2015[47] 2016[48] 2017[49]

 South Korea 1.0% 500,000 2011[50]

[51]

Africa

The prevalence of strict ethical vegetarianism in Africa is reported to be low since most of the traditional food consist of meat ,[52] while scientific polls are lacking. Countries in North Africa have a tradition of cooking in a vegetarian style, with Morocco, Algeria, Libya and Tunisia being particularly connected with this type of cooking which includes couscous and spiced vegetables.[53] Indian immigrants to Africa, particularly in South Africa, brought vegetarianism with them which has been documented as far back as 1895 in Natal Province.[54] Also, some African countries, for example Egypt and Ethiopia, have regular weekly and special periods of religious fasting requiring observance of a vegetarian diet.[52][55]

Asia

China

See also: Vegetarianism and religion and Buddhist vegetarianism

In China, consumption of meat is rapidly increasing while a small but growing number of young people in large cities are vegan.[11] An estimated 4 to 5 percent of Chinese are vegetarian.[11] However, in a survey conducted by SJTU researchers, only 0.77 percent of respondents labeled themselves vegetarian.

Native Chinese, generally falling under the label of Taoism (though this tends to confuse the native religion with the Daoist school of philosophy, represented by Laotzu, Chuangtzu, and others), is a form of animism. Similar to Shintoism in Japan, though the killing and eating of animals is not forbidden, it is considered impure.

Classical Chinese texts pointed to a period of abstinence from meat before undertaking matters of great importance or of religious significance.

With the influx of Buddhist influences, vegetarianism became more popular, but there is a distinction—Daoist vegetarianism is based on a perception of purity, while Buddhist vegetarianism is based on the dual bases of refraining from killing and subduing one's own subservience to the senses. Because of this, two types of "vegetarianism" came to be—one where one refrained from eating meat, the other being refraining from eating meat as well as garlic, onions, and other such strongly flavored foods. This Buddhism-influenced vegetarianism has been known and practiced by some since at least the 7th century.

The early 20th century saw some intellectuals espousing vegetarianism as part of their program for reforming China culturally, not just politically. The anarchist thinker Li Shizeng, for instance, argued that tofu and soy products were healthier and could be a profitable export. Liang Shuming, a philosopher and reform activist, adopted a basically vegetarian diet, but did not promote one for others. In recent years, it has seen a resurgence in the cities among the emerging middle class.[56]

India

See also: Vegetarianism and religion, Diet in Hinduism, and Buddhist vegetarianism
Further information: Vegetarian mark
Vegetarian mark: Mandatory labeling in India to distinguish vegetarian products (left) from non-vegetarian ones (right).

In 2007, UN FAO statistics indicated that Indians had the lowest rate of meat consumption in the world.[57] India has more vegetarians than the rest of the world put together.[58] In India, vegetarianism is usually synonymous with lacto vegetarianism. Most restaurants in India clearly distinguish and market themselves as being either "non-vegetarian", "vegetarian", or "pure vegetarian". Vegetarian restaurants abound, and many vegetarian options are usually available. Animal-based ingredients (other than milk and honey) such as lard, gelatin, and meat stock are not used in the traditional cuisine. India has devised a system of marking edible products made from only vegetarian ingredients, with a green dot in a green square. A mark of a brown dot in a brown square conveys that some animal-based ingredients were used. Products like honey, milk, or its direct derivatives are often categorized under the green mark.[59]

According to the 2006 Hindu-CNN-IBN State of the Nation Survey, 31% of Indians are vegetarian, while another 9% also consume eggs (ovo-vegetarian).[60] Among the various communities, vegetarianism was most common among the Lingayat, Vaishnav Community, Jain community and then Brahmins at 55%, and less frequent among Muslims (3%) and residents of coastal states. Other surveys cited by FAO[61] and USDA[62][63] estimate 40% of the Indian population as being vegetarian. These surveys indicate that even Indians who do eat meat, do so infrequently, with less than 30% consuming it regularly, although the reasons are mainly cultural.[63] In states where vegetarianism is more common, milk consumption is higher and is associated with lactase persistence. This allows people to continue consuming milk into adulthood and obtain proteins that are substituted for meat, fish and eggs in other areas.[64][65] An official survey conducted by the Government of India, with a sample size of 8858 and the census frame as 2011, indicated India's vegetarian population to be 28-29% of the total population.[66] Compared to a similar survey done almost a decade earlier, India's vegetarian population has increased.[67]

According to a survey 2014 released by the registrar general of India, 29% of Indians over the age of 15 are vegetarian, compared with 25% in 2004.[68] Rajasthan has the highest fraction of vegetarians: 74.9%. Other states with large fraction of vegetarians are Haryana (69.25%) Punjab, (66.75%), Gujarat (60.95%) and MP (50.6%). Bengal (1.4%) and Telangana (1.3%) have the fewest vegetarians.

The recent growth in India's organized retail sector has also been hit by some controversy, because some vegetarians are demanding meat-free supermarkets.[69]

In 2016, the Government of India announced the decision to provide students, at a few of the Institutes of Hotel Management, Catering Technology and Applied Nutrition (IHMCTANs), the option to choose only vegetarian cooking. Earlier, it was compulsory for all IHMCTAN students to learn non-vegetarian cooking. These IHMCTANs are located at Ahmedabad, Bhopal and Jaipur.[70][71]

In 2018, a study from Economic and Political Weekly shows that in facts the percentage of vegetarians could be around 20 %, because people declarations in governemental surveys are different than the reality of meat consumption in the country.[72]

Israel

See also: Vegetarianism in Judaism

A study by the Israeli Ministry of Health in 2001 found that 7.2% of men and 9.8% of women were vegetarian. Although vegetarianism is quite common, the actual percentage of vegetarians in Israel may be lower — the Israeli food industry estimated it at 5%.[73] In 2010, one study found that 2.6% of Israelis were vegetarians or vegans.[74]

According to a 2015 poll by the newspaper ''Globe'' and Channel 2, 8% of the Israeli population were vegetarians and 5% were vegans. 13% consider turning vegan or vegetarian. Tel Aviv beat out Berlin, New York and Chennai, India as U.S. food website The Daily Meal's top destination for vegan travelers.[74][75]

Japan

See also: Vegetarianism and religion and Buddhist vegetarianism

According to a 2014/12 survey 4.7% of the Japanese population are vegetarian or vegan (2.7% vegan). NOTE: The referenced web survey included 1,188 valid responses and is not representative of the population of Japan.[26]

Malaysia

See also: Vegetarianism and religion, Diet in Hinduism, and Buddhist vegetarianism

Vegetarian diets are categorized as lacto vegetarianism, ovo-lacto vegetarianism, and veganism in general. The reasons for being vegetarian include influence from friends and family members, concern about global warming, health issues and weight management, religion and mercy for animals, in descending order of significance.[76]

Singapore

See also: Vegetarianism and religion, Diet in Hinduism, and Buddhist vegetarianism

Rice, mushrooms, vegetables are some of the dietary staples, mixed with a rich variety of spices, coconut, lime and tamarind. Buddhist Chinese monastics are vegetarians or vegans. Singapore is also the headquarters of the world's first international, vegetarian, fast food chain, VeganBurg.[77] The bigger communities of vegetarians and vegans in Singapore are Vegetarian Society (VSS) and SgVeganCommunity. Vegetarian and vegan places have an active role in the gastronomy of Singapore.

Taiwan

See also: Vegetarianism and religion and Buddhist vegetarianism

In Taiwan, 1.7 million people, or 13% of the population of Taiwan, follow a vegetarian diet at least some of the time.[78][79] There are more than 6,000 vegetarian eating establishments in Taiwan.[80] The country's food labelling laws for vegetarian food are the world's strictest, because around 2 million Taiwanese people eat vegetarian food.[81] A popular movement of "one day vegetarian every week" has been advocated on a national level,[82] and on a local level, even government bodies are involved, such as the Taipei City Board of Education.[83]

Thailand

See also: Vegetarianism and religion, Buddhist vegetarianism, and Thai cuisine § Vegetarianism in Thailand

Europe

The definition of vegetarianism throughout Europe is not uniform, creating the potential for products to be labelled inaccurately.[1]

Austria

According to a study of ISEF[84] from 2013 (n=500), 9% of Austrians are vegetarian or vegan.

Belgium

Since May 2009, Belgium has had the first city in the world (Ghent) with a weekly "veggie day".[85]

Denmark

According to a survey by Coop Analyse published in June 2011, just under 4% of Danes considered themselves either vegetarians or vegans.[12]

Finland

There is no recent data about amount of vegetarians or vegans in Finland. In 2015, according to a survey by meat producers' association Lihatiedotusyhdistys, 6% of the population, or 329,000 people, did not eat meat.[14] In 2014, the percentage was 5%; it was 10% among 25–34 year old people. The survey did not ask about eating fish.[86] Otherwise, it is estimated that 2–3% of Finns are vegetarians[13] and 0.5% vegans.[15] By combining the data of three surveys (a sample of 24,000 people) published in 2008, 3.3% of Finns identified themselves vegetarians but only 0.66% actually followed a vegetarian diet. 1.4% ate fish but not meat. 0.18% were vegans or lacto-vegetarians.[87]

In most of the cities's schools the students are offered two options, a vegetarian and a non-vegetarian meal, on four school days a week, and one day a week they have a choice between two vegetarian meals, for grades 1 to 12. In secondary schools and universities, from 10 to 40 percents of the students preferred vegetarian food in 2013.[88][89] Vegetarianism is most popular in secondary art schools where in some schools over half of the students were vegetarians in 2013.[90]

France

Studies in the 1990s showed that one million French (1.5% of the total population) called themselves vegetarians, although more recently this number has reportedly increased to 2%.[16]

Germany

According to Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Germany has over six million vegetarians.[91] A survey conducted by Institut Produkt und Markt found that 9% of the population (7,380,000 people) are vegetarian.[92]

However, the statistically representative German National Nutrition Monitoring (NEMONIT) only found there to be slightly less than 2% vegetarians in the German population in 2012.[93]

Italy

FUTURE IS VEGAN - graffiti in Turin

The Italian research institute Eurispes estimates that 10% of Italians are vegetarian and 1.1% are vegan.[19]

Netherlands

It is estimated that 4.5% of the Dutch population does not eat meat.[94]

A study has shown that the number of vegetarians out of a population of nearly 16.5 million people increased from 560,000 in 2004 to 720,000 in 2006.[95][96] The number of "part-time vegetarians" grew rapidly as well; around 3.5 million Dutch citizens abstain from eating meat a few days a week.[96]

The sales of meat substitutes have an annual growth of around 25%, making it one of the fastest-growing markets in the Netherlands.[96] In supermarkets and stores, it is sometimes necessary to read the fine print on products in order to make sure that there are no animal-originated ingredients. Increasingly, however, vegetarian products are labeled with the international "V-label," overseen by the Dutch vegetarian association Vegetarisch Keurmerk.[97] Veganism is uncommon in the Netherlands: the Dutch Association for Veganism estimates that there are approximately 70,000 vegans in the Netherlands, or around 0.4% of the population.[98]

Poland

According to a survey carried out in Poland by Mintel in 2017, 8% of respondents are vegetarian, while 7% identify themselves as vegans.[99]

The capital of Poland, Warsaw, was listed 3rd on the list of Top Vegan Cities In The World published by HappyCow in 2017.[100]

Portugal

In 2007, the number of vegetarians in Portugal was estimated at 30,000, which equates to less than 0.3% of the population. In 2014, the number was estimated to be 200,000 people.[101]

Vegan and vegetarian products like soy milk, soy yogurts, rice milk and tofu are widely available in major retailers, and across the country.

Russia

2013-2014 polls revealed that 3[34] to 4%[35] of the Russian population considered themselves vegetarian.[102]

Spain

A 2012 article in El Pais stated that 0.5% of the population are vegetarian, but that interest in vegetarianism is growing.[103]

In Spain, different sources estimate that there are between 1.5 and 2 million vegetarians. In a 2002 article El Mundo stated that there are 1.5 million vegetarians.[104] More recent sources (Asociación Vegana) estimate the number to be two million and observe that in recent years the number of people adopting a vegetarian diet has been growing.[105][106] According to a new study, the number of vegans in Spain increased to 3.5 millions in 2017. [107]

Sweden

A 2014 survey of 1,000 people found that the number of vegetarians had increased to 10% (4% vegans and 6% vegetarians).[38] The same survey found that 17% in the age group 15-24 were vegetarians.

Switzerland

1997 government figures suggested that 2.3% of the population never ate meat, and the observed trend seemed to point towards less meat consumption.[108] A 2007 study suggested that the percentage of vegetarians had risen to 5%.[108]

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, increasing numbers of people have adopted a vegetarian diet since the end of World War II.[109] The Food Standards Agency Public Attitudes to Food Survey 2009 reported that 3% of respondents were found to be "completely vegetarian", with an additional 5% "partly vegetarian (do not eat some types of fish or meat)".[41] The UK's National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) reported in 2014 that its four-year study found 2.6% of adults and 1.9% of children were vegetarian.[42] The "How many vegans?" survey conducted in May 2016 by the Vegan Society found that 3.25% of UK residents were vegetarian or vegan, while 1.05% were vegan.[43] Some less formal market studies suggest that vegetarians constitute 7% to 11% of the UK adult population (4 million people).[110][111][112] There are twice as many vegetarian women as men.[112] According to Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the UK has the third highest rate of vegetarianism in the European Union.[91] Flexitarianism is also becoming more popular in the UK.[113]

Despite the clear classification by the Vegetarian Society, some people in the UK misidentify as vegetarians while still eating fish, either for perceived "health reasons", or because of differing ethical perspectives on vegetarianism, while others use the terms "flexitarian" or "part-vegetarian".[109] As of 2009, people in the UK are now also identified with the labels "meat-avoiders" and "meat-reducers" by marketers, denoting people who do not self-identify as vegetarians, but are reducing or avoiding meat for reasons of health or climate change impacts, with one survey identifying 23% of the population as "meat-reducers", and 10% as "meat-avoiders", although the same survey indicated the "vast majority" in the UK still eat meat, with one in five liking to eat meat every day.[109]

Foods labelled as suitable for vegetarians or vegans are subject to provisions within the Trades Descriptions Act 1968.[114] The Food Standards Agency issues guidance on the labelling of foods as suitable for vegetarians:

The term 'vegetarian' should not be applied to foods that are, or are made from or with the aid of, products derived from animals that have died, have been slaughtered, or animals that die as a result of being eaten. Animals means farmed, wild or domestic animals, including for example, livestock poultry, game, fish, shellfish, crustaceans, amphibians, tunicates, echinoderms, molluscs, and insects.

— Food Standards Agency[115]

The FSA's definition has now passed into European law, with legislation due in 2015[needs update].

In addition to voluntary labelling, the Vegetarian Society operates a scheme whereby foods that meet its criteria can be labelled "Vegetarian Society approved".[116] Under this scheme, a product is vegetarian if it is free of meat, fowl, fish, shellfish, meat or bone stock, animal or carcass fats, gelatin, aspic, or any other ingredient resulting from slaughter, such as rennet.[117] Cheese is often labelled as well, making it possible to identify cheeses that have been made with rennet derived from non-animal sources.[118]

North America

Canada

In Canada, vegetarianism is usually synonymous with ovo-lacto vegetarianism. However, vegetarians are sometimes wrongly assumed to be pescetarians or pollotarians. Approximately 4.0% of adults were vegetarians as of 2003.[119]

United States

In 1971, 1 percent of U.S. citizens described themselves as vegetarians.[120] In 2008 Harris Interactive found that 3.2% are vegetarian and 0.5% vegan,[121]. U.S. vegetarian food sales (dairy replacements such as soy milk and meat replacements such as textured vegetable protein) doubled between 1998 and 2003, reaching $1.6 billion in 2003.[122]

According to a report in 2017, the number of consumers claiming to be vegan has risen to 6% in the US.[123] In 2015, a Harris Poll National Survey of 2,017 adults aged 18 and over found that eight million Americans, or 3.4%, ate a solely vegetarian diet, and that one million, or 0.4%, ate a strictly vegan diet.[44]

Many American children whose parents follow vegetarian diets follow them because of religious, environmental or other reasons.[124] In the government's first estimate[125] of how many children avoid meat, the number is about 1 in 200.[126][127] The CDC survey included children ages 0 to 17 years.

By U.S. law, food packaging is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, and generally must be labeled with a list of all its ingredients.[128][129] However, there are exceptions. For example, certain trace ingredients that are "ingredients of ingredients" do not need to be listed.[130]

Oceania

Australia

In Australia, some manufacturers who target the vegetarian market label their foods with the statement "suitable for vegetarians"; however, for foods intended for export to the UK, this labelling can be inconsistent because flavourings in ingredients lists do not need to specify if they come from animal origin. As such, "natural flavour" could be derived from either plant or animal sources.

Animal rights organisations such as Animal Liberation promote vegan and vegetarian diets. "Vegetarian Week" runs from 1–7 October every year,[131] and food companies are taking advantage of the growing number of vegetarians by producing meat-free alternatives of popular dishes, including sausages and mash and spaghetti Bolognese.[132]

A 2000 Newspoll survey (commissioned by Sanitarium) shows 44% of Australians report eating at least one meat-free evening meal a week, while 18% said they prefer plant-based meals.

According to a 2010 Newspoll survey, 5% of Australians identify themselves as vegetarians, with 2% actually eating a diet defined by the survey as vegetarian.[133]

Roy Morgan Research in August 2016 reported, "Between 2012 and 2016, the number of Australian adults whose diet is all or almost all vegetarian has risen from 1.7 million people (or 9.7% of the population) to almost 2.1 million (11.2%), the latest findings from Roy Morgan Research reveal."[134]

New Zealand

Similar to Australia, in New Zealand the term "vegetarian" refers to individuals who eat no animal meat such as pork, chicken, and fish; they may consume animal products such as milk and eggs. In contrast, the term "vegan" is used to describe those who do not eat or use any by-products of animals.[135] In 2002 New Zealand's vegetarians made up a minority of 1-2% of the country’s 4.5 million people.[136] By 2011 Roy Morgan Research claimed the number of New Zealanders eating an "all or almost all" vegetarian diet to be 8.1%, growing to 10.3% in 2015 (with men providing the most growth, up 63% from 5.7% to 9.3%).[30] In New Zealand there is a strong enough movement for vegetarianism that it has created significant enough demand for a number of vegetarian and vegan retailers to set up.[137]

As New Zealand and Australia work together to form common food standards (as seen in the Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) and the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code), there is also a lot of ambiguity surrounding the "natural flavour" ingredients.[138]

South America

Brazil

In 2004, Marly Winckler, President of the Brazilian Vegetarian Society, claimed that 5% of the population was vegetarian.[139] According to a 2012 survey undertaken by the Brazilian Institute of Public Opinion and Statistics, 8% of the population, or 15.2 million people, identified themselves as vegetarian.[140] The city of São Paulo had the most vegetarians in absolute terms (792,120 people), while Fortaleza had the highest percentage, at 14% of the total population.[141] A new survey undertaken by the Brazilian Institute of Public Opinion and Statistics in 2018 showed that the proportion of the population identifying as vegetarian raised to 14% (a 75% increase relative to 2012), representing 29 million people.[142]

Marly Winckler claims that the central reasons for the deforestation of the Amazon are expansive livestock raising (mainly cattle) and soybean crops, most of it for use as animal feed, and a minor percentage for edible oil processing (being direct human consumption for use as food nearly negligible),[143] claims that are widely known to have a basis.[144][145][146][147]

As in Canada, vegetarianismo (Portuguese pronunciation: [veʒiˌtaɾjɐ̃ˈnizmu]) is usually synonymous with lacto-ovo-vegetarianism, and vegetarians are sometimes wrongly assumed to be pescetarians and/or pollotarians who tolerate the flesh of fish or poultry, respectively. Nevertheless, veganism, and freeganism, have now become mainstream in the country, being present in nearly every family[148]. Brazilian vegetarians reportedly tend to be urban, of middle or upper class[139] and live in the Central-Southern half of the country. Since the 1990s, and especially since the 2000s, several vegetarian and vegan restaurants have appeared in many cities like São Paulo, Brasília, Rio de Janeiro, Curitiba, Porto Alegre, Belo Horizonte, Recife, Florianópolis, Campinas, João Pessoa, Caxias do Sul, Salvador, Sorocaba, Santo André, Fortaleza, São Caetano do Sul and Ubatuba.[149]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Guidance on vegetarian and vegan labelling". UK Government Food Standards Agency. Retrieved 2008-12-29.
  2. ^ "An Estimate of the Number of Vegetarians in the World" (PDF). Esri.ie. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  3. ^ "The slow but steady rise of vegetarianism in Australia". Roy Morgan. August 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
  4. ^ "Vegetarians, vegans 'hated and bullied in Australia', author says". ABC. August 2016. Retrieved 2017-01-13.
  5. ^ "Verbreitung der vegetarischen Lebensweise" (PDF). Verein gegen tierfabriken. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  6. ^ a b c "IBOPE 2018: Pesquisa do IBOPE aponta crescimento histórico no número de vegetarianos no Brasil". IBOPE/Sociedade Brasileira Vegetariana. May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  7. ^ a b c "Mapa Veg – Censo Vegetariano e Vegano Brasileiro: Estatísticas". Mapa Veg (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-05-23.
  8. ^ Charlebois, Sylvain; McCormick, Maggie; Juhasz, Mark. "Meat consumption and higher prices". British Food Journal. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. pp. 2251–2270. doi:10.1108/bfj-03-2016-0121. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  9. ^ Charlebois, Sylvain; McCormick, Maggie; Juhasz, Mark. "Meat consumption and higher prices". British Food Journal. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. pp. 2251–2270. doi:10.1108/bfj-03-2016-0121. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  10. ^ "Radio Prague - Beyond pork and dumplings - alternative diets in the Czech Republic". Radio.cz. Retrieved 2016-03-31.
  11. ^ a b c Magistad, Mary Kay. Public Radio International, 27 June 2013, "Vegan lunch: Going meatless in Beijing". Accessed 26 January 2014.
  12. ^ a b "Mange "opfatter" sig selv som vegetarer". Coop Analyse. Coop Analyse. 22 June 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  13. ^ a b "Rehevä kasvisruokavalio on hyväksi terveydelle ja ympäristölle | Ruokatieto Yhdistys". Ruokatieto.fi. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
  14. ^ a b "Lapsiperheissä halutaan syödä lihaa". Lihatiedotus.fi. Retrieved 2016-05-16.
  15. ^ a b Kivimäki, Hanna (March 2013). "POIKKILEIKKAUSTUTKIMUS VEGAANIEN RUOANKÄYTÖSTÄ JA RAVINTOAINEIDEN SAANNISTA" (PDF). Epublications.uef.fi. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  16. ^ a b Haurant, Sandra (26 October 2011). "French government 'banning vegetarianism' in school canteens". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  17. ^ "Anzahl der Veganer und Vegetarier in Deutschland". Vebu.de. Retrieved 2018-04-08.
  18. ^ "Anzahl der Veganer und Vegetarier in Deutschland". Vebu.de. Retrieved 2018-04-08.
  19. ^ a b c Bazzi, Adrianna (12 February 2009). "Vegetariano un italiano su dieci". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
  20. ^ "his Survey Found Out How Many Indians Are Non-Vegetarians". Scoopwhoop.com. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  21. ^ "At 99%, Telangana has maximum non-vegetarians in the country". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  22. ^ a b "In the land of milk and honey, Israelis turn vegan". Reuters.com. 21 July 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  23. ^ a b טלשיר, רחל (2014-09-17). "גדל מספר הצמחונים - אבל מהסוג הגמיש". הארץ (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2017-07-23.
  24. ^ a b "Il popolo dei vegetariani e vegani in Italia: l'infografica". Repubblica.it. Retrieved 2016-03-31.
  25. ^ "Un bébé sous régime vegan retiré à ses parents pour malnutrition" (in French). 2016-07-11. Retrieved 2016-07-11.
  26. ^ a b c "Animal Rights Center Japan survey results, Hachidory Vegan website information page ". Animal Rights Center Japan. Retrieved 2015-06-01.
  27. ^ Kirse, Asnate; Karklina, Daina (December 2013). "QUALITY EVALUATION OF NEW VEGETARIAN BEAN SPREADS". Latvia University of Agriculture, Faculty of Food Technology. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
  28. ^ "Vegetarisme". Dietcetera.nl. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  29. ^ "Vegetarisch eten - Lekker Gezond". Lekkergezond.nl. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  30. ^ a b "Vegetarianism on the rise in New Zealand". Roy Morgan Research. Roy Morgan Research. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  31. ^ "The Nordic market for vegetarian food on the rise". Issuu.com. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
  32. ^ a b "Wyniki badania Instytutu Badania Opinii Homo Homini dla LightBox, wrzesień 2013". Lightbox.pl. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
  33. ^ a b "120 000 vegetarianos - Número quadruplica em 10 anos". Centrovegetariano.org. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  34. ^ a b "ФОМ: "Кто такие вегетарианцы?"".
  35. ^ a b "Superjob.ru: "Более 10% населения мира - вегетарианцы. Как Вы относитесь к этой системе питания?"".
  36. ^ a b Gabrijelčič Blenkuš ... ; et al. (2009). Prehrambene navade odraslih prebivalcev Slovenije z vidika varovanja zdravja (in Slovenian). Ljubljana, Slovenia: Inštitut za varovanje zdravja Republike Slovenije. pp. 118–119. ISBN 978-961-253-042-6. {{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last= (help)
  37. ^ a b "Photographic image" (JPG). Lantern.es. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  38. ^ a b c "One in ten Swedes is vegetarian: survey". Thelocal.se. 21 March 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  39. ^ a b "Veggie survey 2017". Swissveg.ch. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  40. ^ a b c d "Compare the Market survey, UK now 7% vegan". Compare The Market. 2018-04-03. Retrieved 2018-04-03. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  41. ^ a b Public Attitudes to Food survey 2009 (PDF). Food Standards Agency. 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
  42. ^ a b National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS): results from Years 1 to 4 (combined), Public Health England and Food Standards Agency, 14th May 2014
  43. ^ a b "Find out how many vegans are in Great Britain". The Vegan Society. Retrieved 2016-07-24.
  44. ^ a b "The Vegetarian Resource Group Asks in a 2016 National Poll Conducted by Harris Poll". The Vegetarian Resource Group. The Vegetarian Resource Group. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  45. ^ "Top Trends in Prepared Foods 2017: Exploring trends in meat, fish and seafood; pasta, noodles and rice; prepared meals; savory deli food; soup; and meat substitutes". ReportBuyer Ltd. ReportBuyer Ltd. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  46. ^ "Vlaams infocentrum land- en tuinbouw - De flexitariër wordt een talrijke soort". Vilt.be. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  47. ^ "From radical to trendy for Mainers living without meat". Pressherlad.com. 14 January 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  48. ^ "The New Vegan Movement in Taiwan". Ketagalanmedia.com. 20 June 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  49. ^ "Countries With The Highest Rates Of Vegetarianism". Worldatlas.com. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  50. ^ "Welcome veganurbanite.com - BlueHost.com". Veganurbanite.com. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  51. ^ "Embracing vegetarianism". Koreatimes.co.kr. 1 April 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  52. ^ a b "The vegetable will set you free - embracing vegetarianism and flexitarianism in Africa". Mail & Guardian Africa. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  53. ^ "The Vegetarian Table: North Africa". Global Gourmet. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  54. ^ "A Band of Vegetarian Missionaries". International Vegetarian Union. The Vegetarian (London). Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  55. ^ "The best countries to be vegetarian". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  56. ^ "Vegetarianism now a popular diet". Chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  57. ^ "Meat Consumption Per Person". Scribd.com. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  58. ^ Edelstein, Sari (2013). Food Science, An Ecological Approach. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. Page 281. ISBN 978-1-4496-0344-1. ...India has more vegetarians than everywhere else in the world combined.
  59. ^ "MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE (DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH) NOTIFICATION New Delhi, 4 April 2001" (PDF). Commerce.nic.in. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  60. ^ "The food habits of a nation". Thehindu.com. 14 August 2006. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  61. ^ "2.3 Growth and Concentration in India[6]". Fao.org. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  62. ^ "Passage to India" (PDF). USDA. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  63. ^ a b "The Elephant Is Jogging: New Pressures for Agricultural Reform in India". Ers.usda.gov. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  64. ^ Harish Damodaran (2015-06-12). "In India, to be veg is to drink a lot of milk". Indian Express.
  65. ^ Martin W. Lewis (2016-03-08). "Mapping the Consumption of Milk and Meat in India". The Wire.
  66. ^ "SAMPLE REGISTRATION SYSTEM BASELINE SURVEY 2014" (PDF). Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  67. ^ "Sample Registration System Baseline Survey Report 2004" (PDF). Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  68. ^ Vegetarian India A Myth? Survey Shows Over 70% Indians Eat Non-Veg, Telangana Tops List, Adrija Bose, 14/06/2016
  69. ^ "Bloodless coup as Indian vegetarians flex muscle". Theage.com.au. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  70. ^ "The Times Group". Epaperbeta.timesofindia.com. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  71. ^ "Vegetarian Cooking Courses to be Introduced in Hotel Management Institutes - City of Jaipur". Cityofjaipur.com. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  72. ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43581122
  73. ^ "צמחונות להמונים (Hebrew)". Mako. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
  74. ^ a b "In the land of milk and honey, Israelis turn vegan". Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  75. ^ "Warum in Israel die meisten Veganer der ganzen Welt leben". FAZ. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  76. ^ "Vegetarianism among Young Adults in the Klang Valley" (PDF). Teamjournalist.files.wordpress.com. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  77. ^ "More choices for vegetarians". Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  78. ^ Greens Are Good For You, Government Information Office, Republic of China (Taiwan), 25 September 2007
  79. ^ Vegetarian entrepreneur succeeds with Web site, guidebook. The China Post (2009-11-16). Retrieved on 2011-01-06.
  80. ^ Blogger: Aanmelden om te lezen. Taiwantalking.blogspot.com. Retrieved on 2011-01-06.
  81. ^ Taiwan to enact world's strictest law on veggie food labeling|Earth Times News. Earthtimes.org (2009-06-08). Retrieved on 2011-01-06.
  82. ^ 台灣周一無肉日 救己救地球 – 日常保健 – 中時健康網 – 健康萬花筒. Health.chinatimes.com. Retrieved on 2011-01-06.
  83. ^ 台湾教育部提倡学校每周一素！. Chinavegan.com. Retrieved on 2011-01-06.
  84. ^ "Verbreitung der vegetarischen Lebensweise" (PDF). Archiv.veggie-planet.at. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  85. ^ "Belgian city plans 'veggie' days", Chris Mason, BBC, May 12, 2009
  86. ^ "Suomalaisten lihan kulutus säilyi vakaana vuonna 2014". Lihatiedotus. Lihatiedotusyhdistys ry. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
  87. ^ Vinnari M, Montonen J, Härkänen T, Männistö S (8 May 2008). "Identifying vegetarians and their food consumption according to self-identification and operationalized definition in Finland". Public Health Nutr. 12 (4). Turku School of Economics, Finland Futures Research Centre: 481–8. doi:10.1017/S1368980008002486. PMID 18462562.
  88. ^ Vornanen, Ismo (2013-03-02). "Kolmannes opiskelijoista on kasvissyöjiä" (PDF). Kuopion kaupunkilehti. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
  89. ^ Gråsten, Hanna. "Kasvissyönti ei ole enää vain tyttöjen juttu". Savonsanomat.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved 2016-04-09.
  90. ^ "Kasvissyönti yleistyy – joissain lukioissa jo yli puolet opiskelijoista kasvissyöjiä". Mtv.fi. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
  91. ^ a b Anne-Sophie Hottiaux, Agri-Food Trade Commissioner. Exporting to the EU. Canadian Consulate, Düsseldorf, Germany: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
  92. ^ "How many Veggies ... ?". European Vegetarian Union. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
  93. ^ "Lebensmittelverzehr der Deutschen kaum verändert, Aber: Anzahl der Vegetarier verdoppelt". Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Bundesforschungsinstitut für Ernährung und Lebensmittel. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  94. ^ Becker, Sander. "Een dag geen vlees is een dag niet geleefd" (in Dutch). Trouw. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
  95. ^ "Population counter". Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. 2008-04-24. Retrieved 2008-04-24.
  96. ^ a b c "Antonie kamerling en marly van der velden meest sexy vegetariërs" (in Dutch). Wakker Dier. 2006-03-20. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
  97. ^ [1] [dead link]
  98. ^ "Vegan jaaroverzicht 2016" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme. Retrieved 2016-03-02. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  99. ^ "Mintel: Diety roślinne jednym z wiodących światowych trendów 2017 roku - Warzywa/owoce". Portalspozywczy.pl.
  100. ^ "Top Vegan Cities In The World 2017". Happycow.net. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  101. ^ "Projeto de lei n.º 111/XIII/1ª Inclusão de opção vegetariana em todas as cantinas públicas" (PDF). App.parlamento.pt. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  102. ^ "Russia's Vegetarians Thrive, Despite Prejudice | The St. Petersburg Times | The leading English-language newspaper in St. Petersburg". Sptimes.ru. Retrieved 2015-07-26.
  103. ^ "Comer en verde | Sociedad | EL PAÍS" (in Spanish). Sociedad.elpais.com. 2012-05-07. Retrieved 2013-12-23.
  104. ^ "Ser vegetariano y vivir en España" (in Spanish). Elmundo.es. Retrieved 2013-12-23.
  105. ^ "Idea Sana Navidad vegetariana" (in Spanish). Ideasana.fundacioneroski.es. Retrieved 2013-12-23.
  106. ^ "Cocina vegetariana. Especial Gastronomía. EL CORREO DIGITAL" (in Spanish). Servicios.elcorreo.com. 1997-12-01. Retrieved 2013-12-23.
  107. ^ "El veganismo, cada vez más presente en las cenas de Nochebuena en España: "Mi madre se gasta 300 euros y yo 50"". Lasexta.com. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  108. ^ a b "Wie viele Vegetarier gibt es in der Schweiz?". vegetarismus.ch. 2001. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
  109. ^ a b c "The rise of the non-veggie vegetarian". BBC. 2009-11-05. Archived from the original on 2009-11-05. Retrieved 2009-11-05.
  110. ^ Factors affecting food choice in relation to fruit and vegetable intake: a review J. Pollard, S. F. L. Kirk and J. E. Cade
  111. ^ Survey looking into 'Attitudes towards purchasing organic foods and vegetarianism by demographic sub group, 1992, by Mintel, London
  112. ^ a b "Perfil de mercado. Reino Unido. Entorno demográfico, social y económico" (PDF). Agronet.gov.co (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  113. ^ Morgan, Tom (1 October 2014). "Meat is off the menu as more Britons become vegetarian". Express.co.uk. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  114. ^ Food Standards Agency. "Guidance on the use of the terms 'vegetarian' and 'vegan' in food labelling". Retrieved 2010-02-15.
  115. ^ "Guidance on the use of the terms ‘vegetarian’ and ‘vegan’ in food labelling", Food Standards Agency, 6 April 2006
  116. ^ The Vegetarian Society. "Vegsoc Approved". Retrieved 2010-02-14.
  117. ^ "The Seedling Symbol: The original and only one to trust", The Vegetarian Society (last accessed 2006/08/14)
  118. ^ "Information Sheet: Cheese & Rennet". The Vegetarian Society. Retrieved 2008-12-29.
  119. ^ American Dietetic, Association; Dietitians Of, Canada (2003). "Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: vegetarian diets". Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research. 64 (2): 62–81. doi:10.3148/64.2.2003.62. PMID 12826028.
  120. ^ "The War on Meat: How Low-Meat and No-Meat Diets are Impacting Consumer Markets". Euromonitor International. 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2014-02-26. Back in 1971, only 1% of US citizens described themselves as vegetarians {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  121. ^ "Vegetarianism In America". Vegetariantimes.com. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  122. ^ Tatge, Mark, "Vegetarian foods plant stronger sales: No signs of slowing down for growing industry", MSNBC, Sept. 17, 2004
  123. ^ "Top Trends in Prepared Foods 2017: Exploring trends in meat, fish and seafood; pasta, noodles and rice; prepared meals; savory deli food; soup; and meat substitutes". Reportbuyer.com.
  124. ^ Mangels, Reed. "Nutrition Hotline: this issue's Nutrition Hotline considers the number of children in the United States who are vegetarian, examines why the amount of calcium in greens varies among sources, and advises vegans with herpes zoster about foods containing lysine and arginine." Vegetarian Journal 28 (July-Aug. 2009): p2(2). Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 20 Oct. 2009.
  125. ^ "Nutrition Hotline: this issue's Nutrition Hotline considers the number of children in the United States who are vegetarian, examines why the amount of calcium in greens varies among sources, and advises vegans with herpes zoster about foods containing lysine and arginine. - Free Online Library". Thefreelibrary.com.
  126. ^ Erbe, Bonnie. "More Children Refuse to Eat Meat Than You'd Think, and for the Right Reasons. " U.S. News & World Report Online. (Jan 13, 2009): NA. Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale.
  127. ^ "Pass the tofu: 1 in 200 kids is vegetarian". Associated Press. January 12, 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-13.
  128. ^ International Food Information Council (IFIC) and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (April 2010) [November 2004]. "Food Ingredients and Colors". Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  129. ^ U.S. Food and Drug Administration. "Food Labeling Guide". Retrieved 2010-03-26.
  130. ^ "Food Labeling Guide". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 2010-03-26.
  131. ^ [2] [dead link]
  132. ^ "vegiedelights.com.au - 100% Meat Free, 100% Vegan Friendly. Great tasting, fresh, healthy and convenient plant-based foods". vegiedelights.com.au.
  133. ^ "APF - VVSQ - Veganism - Vegetarianism". Scribd.
  134. ^ "The slow but steady rise of vegetarianism in Australia". Roy Morgan.
  135. ^ The New Zealand Vegetarian Society (NZVS)"What Is a Vegetarian" Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  136. ^ "Living a Good Life : To be a vegetarian in New Zealand" P. Bidwell, New Zealand Vegetarian Society.
  137. ^ "New Zealand Vegetarian and Vegan Retailers". Vegetarians. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  138. ^ Australia-New Zealand Co-operation. "Food safety: food regulations". Retrieved 7 October 2012.
  139. ^ a b "IVU Online News". International Vegetarian Union. November 2004. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
  140. ^ IBOPE (May 2018). "IBOPE 2018: 14% da população se declara vegetariana". IBOPE. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  141. ^ "Dia Mundial do Vegetarianismo: 8% da população brasileira afirma ser adepta do estilo" [World Vegetarian Day: 8% of the Brazilian population claims to be adept of this lifestyle] (in Portuguese). Ibope. 1 October 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
  142. ^ "14% da população se declara vegetariana". ibopeinteligencia.com. Retrieved 2018-05-23.
  143. ^ Template:Pt icon Vegetarianism: an ethical and philosophical position – interview with Marly Winkler
  144. ^ Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) (2004)
  145. ^ Steinfeld, Henning; Gerber, Pierre; Wassenaar, T. D.; Castel, Vincent (2006). Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 92-5-105571-8. Retrieved August 19, 2008.
  146. ^ Margulis, Sergio (2004). Causes of Deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon (PDF). Washington D.C.: The World Bank. ISBN 0-8213-5691-7. Retrieved September 4, 2008. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  147. ^ Barreto, P.; Souza Jr. C.; Noguerón, R.; Anderson, A. & Salomão, R. 2006. Human Pressure on the Brazilian Amazon Forests. Imazon. Retrieved September 28, 2006. (The Imazon web site contains many resources relating to the Brazilian Amazon.)
  148. ^ Guilherme. "Pesquisa do IBOPE aponta crescimento histórico no número de vegetarianos no Brasil". www.svb.org.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-05-23.
  149. ^ "Vegetarian Restaurants in Brazil". Happycow.net. Retrieved 2011-05-30.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_by_country&oldid=843009586"