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Moors murders

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"Moors Murderers" redirects here. For an early band of Chrissie Hynde before she formed the Pretenders, see The Moors Murderers.
Ian Brady and Myra Hindley
Brady and Hindley, October 1965
Born
Ian Duncan Stewart
Myra Hindley

Brady: (1938-01-02)2 January 1938
Hindley: (1942-07-23)23 July 1942
DiedHindley:
15 November 2002(2002-11-15) (aged 60)
Brady:
15 May 2017(2017-05-15) (aged 79)
Cause of deathHindley:
Bronchial pneumonia
Brady:
Cor pulmonale caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Other namesThe Moors Murderers
Conviction(s)Murder
Criminal penaltyLife imprisonment (whole life tariff)
Details
Victims5
Span of crimes
12 July 1963  –  6 October 1965
CountryUnited Kingdom
Date apprehended
Brady:
7 October 1965
Hindley:
11 October 1965

The Moors murders were carried out by Ian Brady and Myra Hindley between July 1963 and October 1965, in and around Manchester, England. The victims were five children aged between 10 and 17—Pauline Reade, John Kilbride, Keith Bennett, Lesley Ann Downey and Edward Evans—at least four of whom were sexually assaulted. Two of the victims were discovered in graves dug on Saddleworth Moor; a third grave was discovered there in 1987, more than twenty years after Brady and Hindley's trial. The body of a fourth victim, Keith Bennett, is also suspected to be buried there, but despite repeated searches it remains undiscovered.

The police were initially aware of only three killings, those of Edward Evans, Lesley Ann Downey and John Kilbride. The investigation was reopened in 1985, after Brady was reported in the press as having confessed to the murders of Pauline Reade and Keith Bennett. Brady and Hindley were taken separately to Saddleworth Moor to assist the police in their search for the graves, both by then having confessed to the additional murders.

Characterised by the press as "the most evil woman in Britain",[1] Hindley made several appeals against her life sentence, claiming she was a reformed woman and no longer a danger to society, but was never released. She died in 2002, aged 60. Brady was declared criminally insane in 1985 and confined in the high-security Ashworth Hospital. He made it clear that he never wished to be released, and repeatedly asked to be allowed to die. He died in 2017, at Ashworth, aged 79.

The murders were the result of what Malcolm MacCulloch, professor of forensic psychiatry at Cardiff University, called a "concatenation of circumstances".[2] The trial judge, Mr Justice Fenton Atkinson, described Brady and Hindley in his closing remarks as "two sadistic killers of the utmost depravity".[3]

Murders

Rolling hills covered in grass
Saddleworth Moor, viewed from Hollin Brown Knoll. The bodies of three of the victims were found in this area.

Pauline Reade

On 12 July 1963, Brady told Hindley that he wanted to "commit his perfect murder". He told her to drive her van around while he followed on his motorcycle; when he spotted a likely victim he would flash his headlight, and Hindley was to stop and offer that person a lift.[4]

Driving down Gorton Lane, Brady saw a young girl and signalled Hindley to stop, which she did not do until she had passed the girl. Brady drew up alongside Hindley, who explained that she did not stop because she recognised the girl as a neighbour of her mother. Shortly after 8:00 pm, on Froxmer Street,[5] Brady spotted 16-year-old Pauline Reade, who was on her way to a dance,[6] and again signalled Hindley,[4] who recognised the girl as Reade, a friend of Hindley's younger sister Maureen.[7] Hindley later said "I chose to pick Pauline up because it was an easy option, less chance of failure and someone who was known to me. If I could do this without conscience, I could do anything ..."[8]

Once Reade was in the van, Hindley asked her to help search for an expensive glove lost on Saddleworth Moor; Reade agreed and they drove there. When Brady arrived on his motorcycle, Hindley told Reade he would be helping search for the glove. Hindley later claimed that she waited in the van while Brady took Reade onto the moor. Brady returned alone after about 30 minutes, and took Hindley to the spot where Reade lay dying. Her throat had been cut twice with a large knife, including a four-inch incision across her voice box into which Brady had pushed the collar of Reade's coat.[9] He told her to stay with Reade while he fetched a spade he had hidden nearby on a previous visit to the moor, to bury the body. Hindley noticed that "Pauline's coat was undone and her clothes were in disarray ... She had guessed from the time he had taken that Brady had sexually assaulted her."[4] In Brady's account of the murder, Hindley was not only present for the attack but even assisted with the sexual assault.[10]

John Kilbride

In the early evening of 23 November 1963, at a market in Ashton-under-Lyne, Brady and Hindley offered 12-year-old John Kilbride a lift home, saying his parents might worry that he was out so late; they also promised him a bottle of sherry. Once Kilbride was inside Hindley's hired Ford Anglia car, Brady said they would have to make a detour to their home for the sherry. En route he suggested another detour, this time to search for a glove Hindley had lost on the moor.[11] When they reached the moor Brady took Kilbride with him while Hindley waited in the car; Brady sexually assaulted Kilbride and tried to slit his throat with a six-inch serrated blade before strangling him with a piece of string, possibly a shoelace.[12]

Keith Bennett

Head and shoulders monochrome photograph of a smiling short-haired young boy wearing spectacles.
Keith Bennett

Early in the evening of 16 June 1964, Hindley asked twelve-year-old Keith Bennett, who was on his way to his grandmother's house in Longsight, Manchester,[13] for help in loading some boxes into her Mini Pick-up, after which she said she would drive him home. Brady was in the back of the van. She drove to a lay-by on Saddleworth Moor and Brady went off with Bennett, supposedly looking for a lost glove. After about 30 minutes Brady returned alone, carrying a spade that he had hidden there earlier, and told Hindley he had sexually assaulted Bennett and strangled him with a piece of string.[14]

Lesley Ann Downey

Brady and Hindley visited a fairground on 26 December 1964 and noticed that 10-year-old Lesley Ann Downey was apparently alone. They approached her and deliberately dropped some shopping they were carrying, then asked her help in taking the packages to their car, and then to their home. At the house Downey was undressed, gagged, and forced to pose for photographs before being raped and killed, perhaps strangled with a piece of string. Hindley later maintained that she went to fill a bath for Downey and found her dead when she returned; Brady claimed that Hindley killed Downey. The following morning Brady and Hindley drove Downey's body to Saddleworth Moor,[15] and buried her‍—‌naked with her clothes at her feet‍—‌in a shallow grave.[16]

Edward Evans

A roadside view of several 20th-century British houses. The houses are set high above the roadside. A grass slope is visible to the lower left of the image, and a tall brick wall to the lower right. A gap in the centre of the image indicates the absence of a single house
The empty plot where 16 Wardle Brook Avenue in Hattersley once stood. Manchester City Council decided in 1987 to demolish the house.

On the evening of 6 October 1965, Hindley drove Brady to Manchester Central railway station, where she waited outside in the car while he selected a victim. After a few minutes Brady reappeared in the company of 17-year-old Edward Evans, an apprentice engineer who lived in Ardwick, to whom he introduced Hindley as his sister. They drove to Brady and Hindley's home at 16 Wardle Brook Avenue, Hattersley, Cheshire, where they relaxed over a bottle of wine.

At some point Brady sent Hindley to fetch David Smith, the husband of Hindley's younger sister Maureen.[17] The Hindley family had not approved of Maureen's marriage to Smith, who had several criminal convictions, including actual bodily harm and housebreaking, the first of which, wounding with intent, occurred when he was 11.[18] Throughout the previous year Brady had been cultivating a friendship with Smith, who had become "in awe" of Brady, something that increasingly worried Hindley, as she felt it compromised their safety.[19]

Hindley returned with Smith and told him to wait outside for her signal, a flashing light. When the signal came, Smith knocked on the door and was met by Brady, who asked if he had come for "the miniature wine bottles",[17] and left him in the kitched saying that he was going to collect the wine. Smith later told the police:

I waited about a minute or two then suddenly I heard a hell of a scream; it sounded like a woman, really high-pitched. Then the screams carried on, one after another really loud. Then I heard Myra shout, "Dave, help him," very loud. When I ran in I just stood inside the living room and I saw a young lad. He was lying with his head and shoulders on the couch and his legs were on the floor. He was facing upwards. Ian was standing over him, facing him, with his legs on either side of the young lad's legs. The lad was still screaming ... Ian had a hatchet in his hand ... he was holding it above his head and he hit the lad on the left side of his head with the hatchet. I heard the blow, it was a terrible hard blow, it sounded horrible.[20]

Smith then watched Brady throttle Evans with a length of electrical cord.[21] Brady sprained his ankle in the struggle, and Evans's body was too heavy for Smith to carry to the car on his own, so they wrapped it in plastic sheeting and put it in the spare bedroom.[22]

Arrest

Smith agreed to meet Brady the following evening to dispose of Evans's body.[22] But after he returned home and related to Maureen what he had seen, she insisted that he call the police, which they did from a nearby phone box (bringing a screwdriver and knife in case Brady should confront them).[23]

Early on the morning of 7 October, shortly after Smith's call, Superintendent Bob Talbot of the Cheshire Police arrived at the back door of 16 Wardle Brook Avenue, his uniform covered by a baker's overall. He identified himself as a police officer when Hindley opened the door, and told her that he wanted to speak to Brady. Hindley led him into the living room, where Brady was writing to his employer about his ankle injury. Talbot explained that he was investigating "an act of violence involving guns" that was reported to have taken place the previous evening.[24]

Hindley denied there had been any violence, and allowed police to look around the house. When police asked for the key to a locked spare bedroom, Hindley said it was at work; but after police offered to take her to retrieve it, Brady told her to hand it over. When police returned to the living room they arrested Brady on suspicion of murder.[25] As Brady was getting dressed, he said "Eddie and I had a row and the situation got out of hand."[26]

Though Hindley was not arrested, she demanded to go with Brady to the police station, taking her dog.[27] She refused to make any statement about Evans's death beyond claiming it had been an accident, and was allowed to go home on the condition that she return the next day. Over the next four days she visited her employer and asked to be dismissed so that she would be eligible for unemployment benefits. On one of these occasions, Hindley found an envelope belonging to Brady which she burned in an ashtray; she claimed she did not open it but believed it contained plans for bank robberies. On 11 October, she was charged as an accessory to Evans's murder and was remanded at Risley.[28]

Initial investigation

Brady told police that he and Evans had fought, but insisted that he and Smith had murdered Evans and that Hindley had "only done what she had been told".[29] Smith said that Brady had asked him to return anything incriminating, such as "dodgy books", which Brady then packed into suitcases; he had no idea what else the suitcases contained or where they might be, though he mentioned that Brady "had a thing about railway stations". A search of left-luggage offices turned up the suitcases at Manchester Central railway station on 15 October[30]—the claim ticket later found in Hindley's prayer book.[31]

Inside one of the cases were nine pornographic photographs taken of a young girl, naked and with a scarf tied across her mouth, and a 13-minute tape recording of a girl screaming and pleading for help.[32] Downey's mother later confirmed that it was a recording of her daughter's voice.[33]

Hindley, meanwhile, had been arrested on 11 October after new evidence convinced police she had been actively involved in the murder of Evans.[34] Police searching the house at Wardle Brook Avenue found an old exercise book with the name "John Kilbride", which made them suspect that Brady and Hindley had been involved in the disappearances of other youngsters.[35] There was also a large collection of photographs, many apparently taken on Saddleworth Moor. One hundred and fifty officers searched the moor for locations that matched the photographs, initially concentrating along the A628 road near Woodhead; but a close neighbour, 11-year-old Pat Hodges, had on several occasions been taken to the moor by Brady and Hindley and was able to point out their favourite sites along the A635 road.[36] On 16 October, police found an arm bone protruding from the peat which they presumed at first was Kilbride's; but the body was visually identified as Downey's[37] and Downey's mother recognized clothes found with it.[38]

A crouched blonde woman in thick jacket, trousers, and boots, holding a small dog.
In this photograph taken by Brady in November 1963, Hindley crouches over John Kilbride's grave on Saddleworth Moor with her dog, Puppet.

Detectives identified another area of interest on the opposite side of the A635, and five days later they found the "badly decomposed" body of Kilbride, which had to be identified by clothing.[39] That same day, already being held for the murder of Evans, Brady and Hindley appeared at Hyde Magistrates' Court charged with Downey's murder. Each was brought before the court separately and remanded into custody for a week.[40] They made a two-minute appearance on 28 October, and were again remanded into custody.[41]

The investigating officers suspected Brady and Hindley of murdering other missing children and teenagers who had disappeared from areas in and around Manchester over the previous few years, and the search for bodies continued after the discovery of Kilbride's body, but with winter setting in it was called off in November.[39] Presented with the evidence of the tape recording, Brady admitted to taking the photographs of Downey, but insisted that she had been brought to Wardle Brook Avenue by two men who had subsequently taken her away again, alive. By 2 December 1965, Brady had been charged with the murders of Kilbride, Downey and Evans. Hindley had been charged with the murders of Downey and Evans, and being an accessory to the murder of Kilbride.[42] At the committal hearing on 6 December, Brady was charged with the murders of Evans, Kilbride, and Downey, and Hindley with the murders of Evans and Downey, as well as with harbouring Brady in the knowledge that he had killed Kilbride. The prosecution's opening statement was held in camera rather than in open court,[43] and the defence asked for a similar stipulation but was refused.[44] The proceedings continued before three magistrates in Hyde over an 11-day period during December, at the end of which the pair were committed for trial at Chester Assizes.[45]

Many of the photographs taken by Brady and Hindley on the moor featured Hindley's dog Puppet, sometimes as a puppy. To help date the photos, detectives had a veterinary surgeon examine Puppet to determine his age; the examination required a general anaesthetic, from which Puppet did not recover. Hindley was furious and accused the police of murdering Puppet – one of the few occasions detectives witnessed any emotional response from her.[39] Hindley wrote to her mother:

I feel as though my heart's been torn to pieces. I don't think anything could hurt me more than this has. The only consolation is that some moron might have got hold of Puppet and hurt him.[46]

Trial

The trial was held over 14 days beginning on 19 April 1966, before Mr Justice Fenton Atkinson.[45] The courtroom was fitted with security screens to protect Brady and Hindley,[47] who were charged with murdering Evans, Downey and Kilbride‍—‌by then evidence directly implicated Hindley in Kilbride's death. The attorney general, Sir Frederick Elwyn Jones, led the prosecution, assisted by William Mars-Jones.[45] Brady was defended by the Liberal Member of Parliament Emlyn Hooson,[48] and Hindley was defended by Godfrey Heilpern, recorder of Salford from 1964—both experienced Queen's Counsels (QCs).[49][50] David Smith was the chief prosecution witness, but during the trial it was revealed that he had entered into an agreement with a newspaper that he initially refused to name, guaranteeing him £1,000 (equivalent to about £20,000 in 2023) for the syndication rights to his story if Brady and Hindley were convicted, something the trial judge described as a "gross interference with the course of justice".[51][52] Smith finally admitted in court that the newspaper was the News of the World,[53] which had already paid for a holiday in France for him and his wife and was paying him a regular income of £20 per week, as well as accommodating him in a five-star hotel for the duration of the trial.[54]

Brady and Hindley pleaded not guilty to the charges against them; both were called to give evidence, Brady for over eight hours and Hindley for six.[55] Although Brady admitted to hitting Evans with an axe, he did not admit to killing him, arguing that the pathologist in his report had stated that Evans's death was "accelerated by strangulation". Under cross-examination by the prosecuting counsel, all Brady would admit was that "I hit Evans with the axe. If he died from axe blows, I killed him."[56] Hindley denied any knowledge that the photographs of Saddleworth Moor found by police had been taken near the graves of their victims.[57]

A 16-minute tape recording[38][a] of Downey, on which the voices of Brady and Hindley were audible, was played in open court. Hindley admitted that her attitude towards Downey was "brusque and cruel", but claimed that was only because she was afraid that someone might hear Downey screaming. Hindley claimed that when Downey was being undressed she herself was "downstairs"; when the pornographic photographs were taken she was "looking out the window"; and that when Downey was being strangled she "was running a bath".[57]

On 6 May, after having deliberated for a little over two hours,[59] the jury found Brady guilty of all three murders and Hindley guilty of the murders of Downey and Evans. As the death penalty for murder had been abolished while Brady and Hindley were held on remand, the judge passed the only sentence that the law allowed: life imprisonment. Brady was sentenced to three concurrent life sentences and Hindley was given two, plus a concurrent seven-year term for harbouring Brady in the knowledge that he had murdered Kilbride.[45] Brady was taken to Durham Prison and Hindley was sent to Holloway Prison.[57]

In his closing remarks Atkinson described the murders as a "truly horrible case" and condemned the accused as "two sadistic killers of the utmost depravity".[3] He recommended that both Brady and Hindley spend "a very long time" in prison before being considered for parole but did not stipulate a tariff. He stated that Brady was "wicked beyond belief" and that he saw no reasonable possibility of reform. He did not consider that the same was necessarily true of Hindley, "once she is removed from [Brady's] influence".[60] Throughout the trial Brady and Hindley "stuck rigidly to their strategy of lying",[61] and Hindley was later described as "a quiet, controlled, impassive witness who lied remorselessly".[45]

Later investigation

In 1985, Brady allegedly confessed to Fred Harrison, a journalist working for The Sunday People, that he had also been responsible for the murders of Reade and Bennett,[62] something that the police already suspected, as both children lived in the same area as Brady and Hindley and had disappeared at about the same time as their other victims. The subsequent newspaper reports prompted Greater Manchester Police (GMP) to reopen the case, in an investigation headed by Detective Chief Superintendent Peter Topping, who had been appointed head of GMP's Criminal Investigation Department (CID) the previous year.[63]

Since Brady and Hindley's arrests, newspapers had been keen to connect them to other missing children and teenagers from the area. One such victim was Stephen Jennings, a three-year-old West Yorkshire boy who was last seen alive in December 1962; his body was found buried in a field in 1988, but the following year his father William Jennings was found guilty of his murder.[64] Jennifer Tighe, a 14-year-old girl who disappeared from an Oldham children's home in December 1964, was mentioned in the press some 40 years later but was confirmed by police to be alive.[65] This followed claims in 2004 that Hindley had told another inmate that she and Brady had murdered a sixth victim, a teenage girl.[66]

On 3 July 1985, DCS Topping visited Brady, then being held at Gartree Prison, Leicestershire, but found him "scornful of any suggestion that he had confessed to more murders".[67] Police nevertheless decided to resume their search of Saddleworth Moor, once more using the photographs taken by Brady and Hindley to help them identify possible burial sites. In November 1986, Bennett's mother wrote to Hindley begging to know what had happened to her son, a letter that Hindley seemed to be "genuinely moved" by.[68] It ended:

I am a simple woman, I work in the kitchens of Christie's Hospital. It has taken me five weeks labour to write this letter because it is so important to me that it is understood by you for what it is, a plea for help. Please, Miss Hindley, help me.[69]

Police visited Hindley, then being held in Cookham Wood, Kent, a few days after she received the letter, and although she refused to admit any involvement in the killings, she agreed to help by looking at photographs and maps to try to identify spots she had visited with Brady.[70] She showed particular interest in photos of the area around Hollin Brown Knoll and Shiny Brook, but said that it was impossible to be sure of the locations without visiting the moor.[71] Home Secretary Douglas Hurd agreed with Topping that a visit would be worth risking despite security problems presented by threats against Hindley.[72] Writing in 1989, Topping said that he felt "quite cynical" about Hindley's motivation in helping the police. Although Winnie Johnson's letter may have played a part, he believed that Hindley, knowing of Brady's "precarious" mental state, was concerned he might co-operate with the police and reap any available public-approval benefit.[73]

On 16 December 1986, Hindley made the first of two visits to assist the police search of the moor.[74] Police closed all roads onto the moor, which was patrolled by 200 officers‍—‌some armed. Hindley and her solicitor left Cookham Wood at 4:30 am, flew to the moor by helicopter from an airfield near Maidstone, and then were driven, and walked, around the area until 3:00 pm. She had difficulty connecting what she saw to her memories, and was apparently nervous of the helicopters flying overhead.[72] The press described the visit as a "fiasco", a "publicity stunt", and a "mindless waste of money" [75] but Topping defended it, saying "we needed a thorough systematic search of the moor ... It would never have been possible to carry out such a search in private."[75]

On 19 December, David Smith, then 38, spent about four hours on the moor helping police identify additional areas to be searched.[76] Topping continued to visit Hindley in prison, along with her solicitor Michael Fisher and her spiritual counsellor, Peter Timms, who had been a prison governor before becoming a Methodist minister.[75] On 10 February 1987 she formally confessed to involvement in all five murders,[77] but this was not made public for more than a month.[78] The tape recording of her statement was over 17 hours long; Topping described it as a "very well worked out performance in which, I believe, she told me just as much as she wanted me to know, and no more".[79] He added that he "was struck by the fact that [in Hindley's telling] she was never there when the killings took place. She was in the car, over the brow of the hill, in the bathroom and even, in the case of the Evans murder, in the kitchen"; he felt he "had witnessed a great performance rather than a genuine confession".[80]

A flat, desolate, moorland under a cloudy sky, covered in long grass. A road divides the image, from the foreground to the horizon.
During the 1987 search for Pauline Reade and Keith Bennett, Hindley recalled seeing the rocks of Hollin Brown Knoll silhouetted against the night sky.

Police visited Brady in prison again and told him of Hindley's confession, which at first he refused to believe. Once presented with some of the details that Hindley had provided of Reade's abduction, Brady decided that he too was prepared to confess, but on one condition: that immediately afterwards he be given the means to commit suicide, a request with which it was impossible for the authorities to comply.[81]

At about the same time, Winnie Johnson sent Hindley another letter, again pleading with her to assist the police in finding the body of her son Keith. In the letter, Johnson was sympathetic to Hindley over the criticism surrounding her first visit. Hindley, who had not replied to the first letter, responded by thanking Johnson for both letters, explaining that her decision not to reply to the first resulted from the negative publicity that surrounded it. She claimed that, had Johnson written to her 14 years earlier, she would have confessed and helped the police. She also paid tribute to Topping, and thanked Johnson for her sincerity.[82] Hindley made her second visit to the moor in March 1987. This time, the level of security surrounding her visit was considerably higher. She stayed overnight in Manchester, at the flat of the police chief in charge of GMP training at Sedgley Park, Prestwich, and visited the moor twice.[82] She confirmed to police that the two areas in which they were concentrating their search—Hollin Brown Knoll and Hoe Grain—were correct, although she was unable to locate either of the graves. She did though later remember that as Pauline Reade was being buried she had been sitting next to her on a patch of grass and could see the rocks of Hollin Brown Knoll silhouetted against the night sky.[83]

In April 1987, news of Hindley's confession became public. Amidst strong media interest Lord Longford pleaded for her release, writing that continuing her detention to satisfy "mob emotion" was not right. Fisher persuaded Hindley to release a public statement, which touched on her reasons for denying her guilt previously, her religious experiences in prison, and the letter from Johnson. She said that she saw no possibility of release, and also exonerated David Smith from any part in the murders other than Evans'.[84]

A map of the area in which the bodies of three of the children were found
Map of Saddleworth Moor showing where three of the victims' bodies were found, and the general area searched for the body of Keith Bennett

Over the next few months interest in the search waned, but Hindley's clue had focused efforts on a specific area. On 1 July, after more than 100 days of searching, they found Reade's body 3 feet (0.9 m) below the surface, 100 yards (90 m) from where Downey's had been found.[85] Brady had been co-operating with the police for some time, and when this news reached him he made a formal confession to Topping,[86] and in a statement to the press said that he too would help police in their search. He was taken to the moor on 3 July but seemed to lose his bearings, blaming changes in the intervening years; the search was called off at 3:00 pm, by which time a large crowd of press and television reporters had gathered on the moor.[87]

A small valley cuts through desolate moorland, under a blue sky
Hoe Grain leading to Shiny Brook, the area in which police believe Bennett's body is buried.[88]

Topping refused to allow Brady a second visit to the moor,[86] and police called off their search on 24 August.[89] Brady was taken to the moor a second time on 1 December, but was again unable to locate Bennet's grave.

Soon after his first visit to the moor, Brady wrote a letter to a BBC reporter, giving some sketchy details of five additional murders that he claimed to have committed, including a man in the Piccadilly area of Manchester, another victim on Saddleworth Moor, two more in Scotland, and a woman whose body he allegedly dumped in a canal.[90] Police, failing to discover any unsolved crimes matching the details that he supplied, decided that there was insufficient evidence to launch an official investigation.[91][92] Hindley told Topping that she knew nothing of these killings.[86]

Although Brady and Hindley had confessed to the murders of Reade and Bennett, the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) decided that nothing would be gained by a further trial; as both were already serving life sentences no further punishment could be inflicted.[93]

In 2003, the police launched Operation Maida, and again searched the moor for Bennett's body,[94] this time using sophisticated resources such as a US reconnaissance satellite which could detect soil disturbances.[95] In mid-2009 the Greater Manchester Police said they had exhausted all avenues in the search for Bennett, that "only a major scientific breakthrough or fresh evidence would see the hunt for his body restart";[96] and that any further participation by Brady would be via a "walk through the moors virtually" using 3D modelling, rather than a visit by him to the moor.[97] Donations from the public funded a search by volunteers from a Welsh search and rescue team in 2010.[98] In 2012 it was claimed that Brady may have given details of the location of Bennett's body to a visitor; a woman was subsequently arrested on suspicion of preventing the burial of a body without lawful excuse, but a few months later the Crown Prosecution Service announced that there was insufficient evidence to press charges.[99]

Brady's and Hindley's backgrounds

Ian Brady

Brady was born in Glasgow, Scotland as Ian Duncan Stewart on 2 January 1938 to Margaret "Peggy" Stewart, an unmarried tea room waitress.[100] The identity of Brady's father has never been reliably ascertained, although his mother said he was a reporter working for a Glasgow newspaper, who died three months before Brady was born. Stewart had little support, and after a few months was forced to give her son into the care of Mary and John Sloan, a local couple with four children of their own. Brady took their name, and became known as Ian Sloan. His mother continued to visit him throughout his childhood.[101] Various authors have stated that he tortured animals, although Brady objected to such accusations.[102] Aged nine, he visited Loch Lomond with his family, where he reportedly discovered an affinity for the outdoors, and a few months later the family moved to a new council house on an overspill estate at Pollok. He was accepted for Shawlands Academy, a school for above-average pupils.[103]

At Shawlands his behaviour worsened; as a teenager he twice appeared before a juvenile court for housebreaking. He left the academy aged 15, and took a job as a tea boy at a Harland and Wolff shipyard in Govan. Nine months later, he began working as a butcher's messenger boy. He had a girlfriend, Evelyn Grant, but their relationship ended when he threatened her with a flick knife after she visited a dance with another boy. He again appeared before the court, this time with nine charges against him,[104] and shortly before his 17th birthday he was placed on probation, on condition that he live with his mother.[105] By then she had moved to Manchester and married an Irish fruit merchant named Patrick Brady, and it was the latter who got Brady a job as a fruit porter at Smithfield Market. Ian took his new stepfather's surname.[106]

Within a year of moving to Manchester, Brady was caught with a sack full of lead seals he had stolen and was trying to smuggle out of the market. He was sent to Strangeways for three months.[107] As he was still under 18, he was sentenced to two years in borstal for "training".[108] He was sent to Latchmere House in London,[107] and then Hatfield borstal in the West Riding of Yorkshire. After being discovered drunk on alcohol he had brewed he was moved to the much tougher unit at Hull.[93] Released on 14 November 1957, Brady returned to Manchester, where he took a labouring job, which he hated, and was dismissed from another job in a brewery. Deciding to "better himself", he obtained a set of instruction manuals on book-keeping from a local public library, with which he "astonished" his parents by studying alone in his room for hours.[109]

In January 1959, Brady applied for and was offered a clerical job at Millwards, a wholesale chemical distribution company based in Gorton. He was regarded by his colleagues as a quiet, punctual, but short-tempered young man. He read books including Teach Yourself German and Mein Kampf, as well as works on Nazi atrocities. He rode a Tiger Cub motorcycle, which he used to visit the Pennines.[110]

Myra Hindley

Hindley was born in Crumpsall on 23 July 1942[111][112] and raised in Gorton, then a working-class area of Manchester. Her parents, Nellie and Bob Hindley (the latter an alcoholic), beat her regularly when she was a young child. The family house was in a poor condition and Hindley was forced to sleep in a single bed next to her parents' double. Their living situation deteriorated further when Hindley's sister, Maureen, was born in August 1946, and about a year later Hindley, then 5, was sent to live with a grandmother nearby.[113]

Hindley's father had served with the Parachute Regiment and had been stationed in North Africa, Cyprus and Italy during the Second World War.[114] He had been known in the army as a "hard man" and he expected his daughter to be equally tough; he taught her to fight and insisted that she "stick up for herself". When Hindley was 8, a local boy scratched her cheeks, drawing blood. She burst into tears and ran to her father, who threatened to "leather" her if she did not retaliate; Hindley found the boy and knocked him down with a series of punches. As she wrote later, "at eight years old I'd scored my first victory".[115] Malcolm MacCulloch, professor of forensic psychiatry at Cardiff University, has written that Hindley's "relationship with her father brutalised her ... She was not only used to violence in the home but rewarded for it outside. When this happens at a young age it can distort a person's reaction to such situations for life."[116]

One of Hindley's closest friends was 13-year-old Michael Higgins, who lived nearby. In 1957 he invited her to go swimming with friends at a local disused reservoir, but Hindley instead went out with another friend; Higgins drowned in the reservoir. Hindley‍—‌a good swimmer‍—‌was deeply upset and blamed herself. She collected for a wreath, and his funeral at St Francis's Monastery in Gorton Lane—where Hindley had been baptised a Catholic in 1942—had a lasting effect on her.[117] Hindley's mother had agreed to her father's insistence that Hindley be baptised a Catholic, but only on the condition that she not be sent to a Catholic school; her mother believed that "all the monks taught was the catechism".[118] Hindley was increasingly drawn to the Catholic Church after she started at Ryder Brow Secondary Modern, and began taking instruction for formal reception into the Church soon after Higgins's funeral. She took the confirmation name of Veronica, and received her first communion in November 1958.

Hindley's first job was as a junior clerk at a local electrical engineering firm. She ran errands, made tea, and typed, and was well liked enough that when she lost her first week's wage packet the other girls took up a collection to replace it.[119] At 17 she became engaged after a short courtship, but called it off several months later after deciding the young man was immature and unable to provide her with the life she wanted.[120] Shortly after her 17th birthday she changed her hair colour with a pink rinse. She took weekly judo lessons at a local school but found partners reluctant to train with her, as she was often slow to release her grip. She took a job at Bratby and Hinchliffe, an engineering company in Gorton, but was dismissed for absenteeism after six months.[121]

As a couple

In January 1961, the 18-year-old Hindley joined Millwards as a typist.[122] She soon became infatuated with Brady, despite learning that he had a criminal record.[123] She began a diary and, although she had dates with other men, some of the entries detail her fascination with Brady, to whom she eventually spoke for the first time on 27 July.[124] Over the next few months she continued to make entries, but grew increasingly disillusioned with him, until 22 December when Brady asked her on a date to the cinema.[125] (Many sources state that the film was Judgment at Nuremberg but Hindley recalled it as King of Kings[126]) Their dates followed a regular pattern: a trip to the cinema, usually to watch an X-rated film, then back to Hindley's house to drink German wine.[127] Brady then gave her reading material, and the pair spent their work lunch breaks reading aloud to one another from accounts of Nazi atrocities. Hindley began to emulate an ideal of Aryan perfection, bleaching her hair blonde and applying thick crimson lipstick.[45] She expressed concern at some aspects of Brady's character; in a letter to a childhood friend, she mentioned an incident where she had been drugged by Brady, but also wrote of her obsession with him. A few months later, she asked her friend to destroy the letter.[128] In her 30,000-word plea for parole, written in 1978 and 1979 and submitted to Home Secretary Merlyn Rees, Hindley said:

Within months he [Brady] had convinced me that there was no God at all: he could have told me that the earth was flat, the moon was made of green cheese and the sun rose in the west, I would have believed him, such was his power of persuasion.[129]

Hindley began to change her appearance further, wearing clothing considered risqué such as high boots, short skirts and leather jackets, and the two became less sociable to their colleagues.[130] The couple were regulars at the library, borrowing books on philosophy, as well as crime and torture.[131] They also read works by the Marquis de Sade, Friedrich Nietzsche[131] and Fyodor Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment.[45][132][b] Although Hindley was not a qualified driver (she passed her test on 7 November 1963 after failing three times[135]), she often hired a van, in which the two planned bank robberies. Hindley befriended George Clitheroe, the President of the Cheadle Rifle Club, and on several occasions visited two local shooting ranges. Clitheroe, although puzzled by her interest, arranged for her to buy a .22 rifle from a gun merchant in Manchester. She also asked to join a pistol club, but she was a poor shot and allegedly often bad-tempered, so Clitheroe told her that she was unsuitable; she did though manage to purchase a Webley .45 and a Smith & Wesson .38 from other members of the club.[136] Brady and Hindley's plans for robbery came to nothing, but they became interested in photography. Brady already owned a Box Brownie, which he used to take photographs of Hindley and her dog, Puppet, but he upgraded to a more sophisticated model, and also purchased lights and darkroom equipment. The pair took photographs of each other that, for the time, would have been considered explicit. For Hindley, this demonstrated a marked change from her earlier, more shy and prudish nature.[137]

As murderers

What they were doing was out of the scope of most people's understanding, beyond the comprehension of the workaday neighbours who were more interested in how they were going to pay the gas bill or what might happen in the next episode of Coronation Street or Doctor Who. In 1960s Britain, people did not kidnap and murder children for fun. It was simply beyond the realms of most people's comprehension, and this is why they managed to get away with it for so long.

Chris Cowley[138]

Hindley claimed that Brady began to talk about "committing the perfect murder" in July 1963,[139] and often spoke to her about Meyer Levin's Compulsion, published as a novel in 1956 and adapted for the cinema in 1959. The story tells a fictionalised account of the Leopold and Loeb case, two young men from well-to-do families who attempt to commit the perfect murder of a 12-year-old boy, and escape the death penalty because of their age.[140]

By June 1963, Brady had moved in with Hindley at her grandmother's house in Bannock Street, and on 12 July 1963, the two murdered their first victim, Reade, who had attended school with Hindley's younger sister, Maureen, and had also been in a short relationship with David Smith, a local boy with three criminal convictions for minor crimes. Police could find nobody who had seen Reade before her disappearance, and although the 15-year-old Smith was questioned by police, he was cleared of any involvement in her death.[141] Their next victim, Kilbride, was killed on 23 November 1963. A huge search was undertaken, with over 700 statements taken, and 500 "missing" posters printed. Eight days after he failed to return home, 2,000 volunteers scoured waste ground and derelict buildings.[142]

Hindley hired a vehicle a week after Kilbride went missing, and again on 21 December 1963, apparently to make sure the burial sites had not been disturbed. In February 1964, she bought a second-hand Austin Traveller, but soon after traded it for a Mini van. Bennett disappeared on 16 June 1964. His stepfather, Jimmy Johnson, became a suspect; in the two years following Bennett's disappearance, Johnson was taken for questioning on four occasions. Detectives searched under the floorboards of the Johnsons' house, and on discovering that the houses in the row were connected, extended the search to the entire street.[143]

A young man and woman, in 1960s fashion, stand for a monochrome photograph. The man has a neutral expression on his face, the woman has a slight smile.
David and Maureen Smith around the time of the murders. David's statement to the police led to Brady's arrest.

Maureen Hindley married David Smith on 15 August 1964. The marriage was hastily arranged and performed at a register office. None of Hindley's relatives attended; Myra did not approve of the marriage, and her mother was too embarrassed—Maureen was seven months pregnant. The newlyweds moved into Smith's father's house. The next day, Brady suggested that the four take a day-trip to Windermere. This was the first time Brady and Smith had met properly, and Brady was apparently impressed by Smith's demeanour. The two talked about society, the distribution of wealth, and the possibility of robbing a bank. The young Smith was similarly impressed by Brady, who throughout the day had paid for his food and wine. The trip to the Lake District was the first of many outings. Hindley was apparently jealous of their relationship, but became closer to her sister.[144]

In 1964, Hindley, her grandmother, and Brady were rehoused as part of the post-war slum clearances in Manchester, to 16 Wardle Brook Avenue in the new overspill estate of Hattersley. Brady and Hindley became friendly with Patricia Hodges, an 11-year-old girl who lived at 12 Wardle Brook Avenue. Hodges accompanied the two on their trips to Saddleworth Moor to collect peat, something that many householders on the new estate did to improve the soil in their gardens, which were full of clay and builder's rubble.[145] She remained unharmed; living only a few doors away, her disappearance would have been easily solved.[146]

Early on Boxing Day 1964, Hindley left her grandmother at a relative's house and refused to allow her back to Wardle Brook Avenue that night.[147] On the same day, Downey disappeared from a funfair in Ancoats.[148] Despite a huge search, she was not found. The following day, Hindley brought her grandmother back home.[149] By February 1965, Patricia Hodges had stopped visiting 16 Wardle Brook Avenue, but David Smith was still a regular visitor. Brady gave Smith books to read, and the two discussed robbery and murder.[150] On Hindley's 23rd birthday, her sister and brother-in-law, who had until then been living with relatives, were rehoused in Underwood Court, a block of flats not far from Wardle Brook Avenue. The two couples began to see each other more regularly, but usually only on Brady's terms.[151][152]

During the 1990s, Hindley claimed that she took part in the killings only because Brady had drugged her, was blackmailing her with pornographic pictures he had taken of her, and had threatened to kill her younger sister, Maureen.[123] In a 2008 television documentary series on female serial killers broadcast on ITV3, Hindley's solicitor, Andrew McCooey, reported that she had said to him:

I ought to have been hanged. I deserved it. My crime was worse than Brady's because I enticed the children and they would never have entered the car without my role ... I have always regarded myself as worse than Brady.[153]

Incarceration

Brady

photograph
Ashworth Hospital, where Brady was incarcerated from 1985

Following his conviction, Brady was moved to Durham Prison, where he asked to live in solitary confinement.[154] He spent 19 years in mainstream prisons before being diagnosed as a psychopath in November 1985 and sent to the high-security Park Lane Hospital, now Ashworth Psychiatric Hospital, in Sefton;[155] he made it clear that he never wanted to be released.[156]

The trial judge recommended that his life sentence should mean life, and successive Home Secretaries agreed with that decision. In 1982, the Lord Chief Justice Lord Lane said of Brady: "this is the case if ever there is to be one when a man should stay in prison till he dies".[157] The death, in November 2007, of John Straffen, who had spent 55 years in prison for murdering three children meant that Brady became the longest serving prisoner in England and Wales.[158]

Although he refused to work with Ashworth's psychiatrists, Brady occasionally corresponded with people outside the hospital,[c] including Lord Longford, writer Colin Wilson and various journalists.[160] In one letter, written in 2005, he claimed that the murders were "merely an existential exercise of just over a year, which was concluded in December 1964". By then, he claimed, he and Hindley had turned their attention to armed robbery, for which they had begun to prepare by acquiring guns and vehicles.[d][162]

During several years of interactions with forensic psychologist Chris Cowley, including face-to-face meetings,[163] Brady told him of an "aesthetic fascination [he had] with guns",[164] despite his never having used one to kill. He complained bitterly about conditions at Ashworth, which he hated.[165] In 1999, his right wrist was broken in what he claimed was an "hour-long, unprovoked attack" by staff.[166] Brady subsequently went on hunger strike, but while English law allows patients to refuse treatment, those being treated for mental disorders under the Mental Health Act 1983 have no such right if the treatment is for their mental disorder.[167][168] He was therefore force-fed and transferred to another hospital for tests, after he fell ill.[169] He recovered, and in March 2000 asked for a judicial review of the legality of the decision to force-feed him, but was refused permission.[167][170]

Myra gets the potentially fatal brain condition, whilst I have to fight simply to die. I have had enough. I want nothing, my objective is to die and release myself from this once and for all. So you see my death strike is rational and pragmatic. I'm only sorry I didn't do it decades ago, and I'm eager to leave this cesspit in a coffin.[170]

While at Ashworth, in 2001 Brady wrote The Gates of Janus, which was published by Feral House, an underground US publisher. The book, Brady's analysis of serial murder and specific serial killers, sparked outrage when announced in Britain.[171] According to Chris Cowley, Brady regretted Hindley's imprisonment and the consequences of their actions, but not necessarily the crimes themselves. He saw no point in making any kind of public apology; instead, he "expresse[d] remorse through actions".[172] Twenty years of transcribing classical texts into Braille came to an end when the authorities confiscated his translation machine, for fear it might be used as a weapon. He once offered to donate one of his kidneys to "someone, anyone who needed one",[173] but was blocked from doing so. According to Colin Wilson, "it was because these attempts to express remorse were thrown back at him that he began to contemplate suicide".[168] In 2006 officials intercepted a potentially lethal dose of 50 paracetamol pills hidden inside a hollowed-out book sent him by a female friend.[168][174]

The mother of the remaining undiscovered victim, Bennett, received a letter from Brady at the end of 2005 in which, she said, he claimed that he could take police to within 20 yards (18 m) of her son's body but the authorities would not allow it. Brady did not refer directly to Keith by name and did not claim he could take investigators directly to the grave, but spoke of the "clarity" of his recollections.[175]

In 2012, Brady applied to be returned to prison, reiterating his desire to starve himself to death.[176] At a mental health tribunal in June the following year, Brady claimed that he suffered not from paranoid schizophrenia, as his doctors at Ashworth maintained, but a personality disorder. His application was rejected and the judge stated that Brady "continues to suffer from a mental disorder which is of a nature and degree which makes it appropriate for him to continue to receive medical treatment".[177]

After receiving end-of-life care, Brady died of restrictive pulmonary disease at Ashworth Hospital on 15 May 2017;[178] the inquest found that he died of natural causes and his hunger strike had not been a contributory factor.[179] Brady had refused food and fluids for more than 48 hours on various occasions, causing him to be fitted with a nasogastric tube, although his inquest noted that his body mass index was not a cause for concern.[180] Brady was cremated without ceremony and his ashes were disposed of at sea during the night.[181]

Hindley

Hindley lodged an unsuccessful appeal against her conviction immediately after the trial.[182] Brady and Hindley corresponded by letter until 1971, when she ended their relationship. The two remained in sporadic contact for several months,[183] but Hindley had fallen in love with one of her prison warders, Patricia Cairns. A former assistant governor claimed that such relationships were not unusual in Holloway at that time, as "many of the officers were gay, and involved in relationships either with one another or with inmates".[184] Hindley successfully petitioned to have her status as a category A prisoner changed to category B, which enabled Governor Dorothy Wing to take her on a walk round Hampstead Heath, part of her unofficial policy of reintroducing her charges to the outside world when she felt they were ready. The excursion caused a furore in the national press and earned Wing an official rebuke from the then Home Secretary Robert Carr.[185] With help from Cairns, and the outside contacts of another prisoner, Maxine Croft, Hindley planned a prison escape, but it was thwarted when impressions of the prison keys were intercepted by an off-duty policeman. Cairns was sentenced to six years in jail for her part in the plot.[186]

Hindley was told that she should spend 25 years in prison before being considered for parole. The Lord Chief Justice agreed with that recommendation in 1982, but in January 1985 Home Secretary Leon Brittan increased her tariff to 30 years.[157] By that time Hindley claimed to be a reformed Catholic. Downey's mother was at the centre of a campaign to ensure that Hindley was never released from prison, and until her death in February 1999, she regularly gave television and newspaper interviews whenever Hindley's release was rumoured.[187] In February 1985, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher told Brittan that his proposed minimum sentences of 30 years for Hindley and 40 years for Brady were too short, saying "I do not think that either of these prisoners should ever be released from custody. Their crime was the most hideous and cruel in modern times."[188][189]

In 1987, Hindley admitted that the plea for parole she had submitted to the Home Secretary eight years earlier was "on the whole ... a pack of lies",[190] and to some reporters her co-operation in the searches on Saddleworth Moor "appeared a cynical gesture aimed at ingratiating herself to the parole authorities".[191] Then Home Secretary David Waddington imposed a whole life tariff on Hindley in July 1990, after she confessed to having been more involved in the murders than she had admitted.[157] Hindley was not informed of the decision until 1994, when a Law Lords ruling obliged the Prison Service to inform all life sentence prisoners of the minimum period they must serve in prison before being considered for parole.[192] In 1997, the Parole Board ruled that Hindley was low risk and should be moved to an open prison.[157] She rejected the idea and in early 1998 was moved to the medium-security Highpoint Prison;[193] the House of Lords ruling left open the possibility of later freedom. Between December 1997 and March 2000, Hindley made three separate appeals against her life tariff, claiming she was a reformed woman and no longer a danger to society, but each was rejected by the courts.[194][195]

When in 2002 another life sentence prisoner challenged the Home Secretary's power to set minimum terms, Hindley and hundreds of others, whose tariffs had been increased by politicians, looked likely to be released.[196] Hindley's release seemed imminent and plans were made by supporters for her to be given a new identity.[197] Home Secretary David Blunkett ordered Greater Manchester Police to find new charges against her, to prevent her release from prison. The investigation was headed by Superintendent Tony Brett, and initially looked at charging Hindley with the murders of Reade and Bennett, but the advice given by government lawyers was that because of the DPP's decision taken 15 years earlier, a new trial would probably be considered an abuse of process.[198]

On 25 November 2002, the Law Lords agreed that judges, not politicians, should decide how long a criminal spends behind bars, and stripped the Home Secretary of the power to set minimum sentences.[199] On 15 November 2002, aged 60, Hindley died from bronchial pneumonia, caused by heart disease, at West Suffolk Hospital.[200] She was a 40-a-day smoker who in 1999 had been diagnosed with angina and hospitalised after suffering a brain aneurysm.[201][202] Camera crews "stood rank and file behind steel barriers" outside, but none of Hindley's relatives were among the small congregation of eight to ten people who attended a short service at Cambridge crematorium.[203] Such was the strength of feeling more than 35 years after the murders that a reported 20 local undertakers refused to handle her cremation.[204] Four months later, her ashes were scattered by her ex-partner, Patricia Cairns, less than 10 miles (16 km) from Saddleworth Moor in Stalybridge Country Park.[205][206] Fears were expressed that the news might result in visitors choosing to avoid the park, a local beauty spot, or even that the park might be vandalised.[207]

Aftermath

Smith became "reviled by the people of Manchester", despite having been instrumental in bringing Brady and Hindley to justice.[208] While her sister was on trial, Maureen—eight months pregnant—was attacked in the lift of the building in which she and David lived. Their home was vandalised, they regularly received hate mail, and Maureen wrote that she couldn't let her children out of her sight when they were small.[209]

After stabbing another man during a fight, in an attack he claimed was triggered by the abuse he had suffered since the trial, Smith was sentenced to three years in prison in 1969.[208] That same year his children were taken into the care of the local authority. Maureen moved from Underwood Court to a single-bedroom property, and found work in a department store. Subjected to whispering campaigns and petitions to remove her from the estate where she lived, she received no support from her family—her mother had supported Myra during the trial. On his release from prison, Smith moved in with the girl who became his second wife and won custody of his three sons. Maureen managed to repair the relationship with her mother, and moved into a council property in Gorton. She divorced Smith in 1973,[210] and married a lorry driver, Bill Scott, with whom she had a daughter.[211]

Maureen and her immediate family made regular visits to see Hindley, who reportedly adored her niece. In 1980, Maureen suffered a brain haemorrhage; Hindley was allowed to visit her in hospital, but arrived an hour after her death.[212] Sheila and Patrick Kilbride, who were by then divorced,[213] attended Maureen's funeral thinking that Hindley might be there; Patrick mistook Bill Scott's daughter from a previous relationship for Hindley and tried to attack her.[214] Shortly before her death at the age of 70, Sheila said: "If she [Hindley] ever comes out of jail I'll kill her".[215] It was a threat repeated by her son Danny, and Ann West.[216][217]

In 1972 Smith was acquitted of the murder of his father, who had been suffering from terminal cancer. He pleaded guilty to manslaughter and was sentenced to two days' detention.[218] He remarried and moved to Lincolnshire with his three sons,[208][219] and was exonerated of any participation in the Moors murders by Hindley's confession in 1987. In 2011 he co-authored the book Witness with biographer Carol Ann Lee.[220] He died in Ireland in 2012.[221][222]

A 1977 BBC television debate discussed arguments for and against Myra Hindley's release, with Lord Longford, a Roman Catholic convert, on the side who argued that Hindley should be released and Downey's mother arguing against Hindley being released and threatening to kill her if she was.[223]

Reade's mother was admitted to Springfield Mental Hospital in Manchester. She was present, under heavy sedation, at the funeral of her daughter on 7 August 1987.[224] Five years after their son was murdered, Sheila and Patrick Kilbride divorced.[213] Downey's mother died in 1999 from cancer of the liver. Since her daughter's death, she had campaigned to ensure that Hindley remained in prison, and doctors said that the stress had contributed to the severity of her illness.[225] Bennett's mother continued to visit Saddleworth Moor, where it is believed that Bennet is buried.[226][227][228] She died in August 2012.[229]

Manchester City Council decided in 1987 to demolish the house in which Brady and Hindley had lived on Wardle Brook Avenue, and where Downey and Evans were murdered, citing "excessive media interest [in the property] creating unpleasantness for residents".[230]

Lasting notoriety

The photographs and tape recording of the torture of Downey exhibited in court, and the nonchalant responses of Brady and Hindley, helped to ensure their lasting notoriety. Brady, who said that he did not want to be released, was rarely mentioned in the news, but Hindley's gender and repeated insistence on her innocence, followed by her bids for release after confessing, made her a figure of hate in the national media. Her oft reprinted photograph, taken shortly after she was arrested, is described by some commentators as similar to the mythical Medusa and, according to author Helen Birch, has become "synonymous with the idea of feminine evil".[191][231] Given Hindley's status as co-defendant in the first serial-murder trial held since the abolition of the death penalty,[232] retribution was a common theme among those who sought to keep her locked away. Even Hindley's mother insisted that she should die in prison, partly for fear for Hindley's safety. Some commentators expressed the view that of the two, Hindley was the "more evil".[233]

Lord Longford, a Catholic convert, campaigned to secure the release of "celebrated" criminals, and Hindley in particular, which earned him constant derision from the public and the press. He described Hindley as a "delightful" person and said "you could loathe what people did but should not loathe what they were because human personality was sacred even though human behaviour was very often appalling".[234] The tabloid press branded him a "loony" and a "do-gooder" for supporting Hindley, described as "evil". She became a long-running source of material for the press, which printed embellished tales of her "cushy" life at the "5-star" Cookham Wood Prison and her liaisons with prison staff and other inmates.[235]

The case has been dramatised on television twice: in See No Evil: The Moors Murders and the award-winning Longford (both 2006).[236][237]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Brady made more than one copy of the tape recording;[58] the version played in court was 16 minutes in length.[38]
  2. ^ Brady told the police 30 years later that everything he had ever done was in Crime and Punishment.[133] Brady also claimed that Dostoevsky and Nietzsche were his biggest influences.[134]
  3. ^ His communications were sometimes censored by the prison authorities.[159]
  4. ^ Forensic psychologist Chris Cowley writes "So there was a gap in the murder cycle, this is not unusual with serial killers, but in most cases the gaps between murders get shorter, not longer. The so-called 'cooling-off' periods diminish on a timeline. In Brady's case, this did not happen: it went the other way. So their next killing [i.e. Evans] was out of sequence and it went badly wrong for pretty much everyone concerned, not least their victim.[161]

Citations

  1. ^ Hindley: I wish I'd been hanged, BBC News, 29 February 2000, retrieved 11 August 2009
  2. ^ Staff (2007), p. 294
  3. ^ a b Carmichael (2003), p. 2
  4. ^ a b c Topping (1989), pp. 82–85
  5. ^ Staff (2007), p. 137
  6. ^ Lee (2010), p. 111
  7. ^ Staff (2007), p. 146
  8. ^ Lee (2010), p. 113
  9. ^ "Coroner commends police after Moors verdict", The Herald – Google News Archive Search, 13 April 1988, retrieved 17 October 2016
  10. ^ Lee (2010), p. 115
  11. ^ Lee (2010), pp. 130–135
  12. ^ Topping (1989), pp. 90–92
  13. ^ Lee (2010), p. 145
  14. ^ Topping (1989), pp. 95–96
  15. ^ Topping (1989), pp. 101–105
  16. ^ Topping (1989), p. 34
  17. ^ a b Staff (2007), pp. 184–186
  18. ^ Topping (1989), p. 22
  19. ^ Staff (2007), pp. 183–184
  20. ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 78
  21. ^ Williams (1992), p. 266
  22. ^ a b Staff (2007), p. 186
  23. ^ Gibson & Wilcox (2006), p. 67
  24. ^ Topping (1989), p. 121
  25. ^ Topping (1989), pp. 120–121
  26. ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 85
  27. ^ Staff (2007), pp. 193–194
  28. ^ Topping (1989), pp. 122–124
  29. ^ Topping (1989), p. 122
  30. ^ Lee (2010), pp. 234–235
  31. ^ Topping (1989), p. 107
  32. ^ Topping (1989), p. 35
  33. ^ Topping (1989), pp. 35–36
  34. ^ Topping (1989), pp. 33–34
  35. ^ Topping (1989), p. 33
  36. ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 91
  37. ^ Ritchie (1988), pp. 93–94
  38. ^ a b c "Two women at 'bodies on moors' trial cover their ears", The Times, no. 56616, Times Digital Archive, p. 9, 27 April 1966, retrieved 11 August 2009 (subscription required)
  39. ^ a b c Topping (1989), p. 37
  40. ^ "Couple on Moors Murder Charge", The Times, no. 56459, Times Digital Archive, p. 8, 22 October 1965, retrieved 11 August 2009
  41. ^ "Couple in Court Two Minutes", The Times, no. 56465, Times Digital Archive, p. 15, 29 October 1965, retrieved 11 August 2009
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  43. ^ "Hearing Of Moors Murder Case In Camera", The Times, no. 56498, Times Digital Archive, p. 6, 7 December 1965, retrieved 25 September 2009 (subscription required)
  44. ^ "Prosecution tells how a youth of 17 died", The Times, no. 56499, Times Digital Archive, p. 15, 8 December 1965, retrieved 28 September 2009
  45. ^ a b c d e f g Davenport-Hines, Richard, "Hindley, Myra (1942–2002)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.), Oxford University Press, retrieved 5 July 2009 (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  46. ^ Staff (2007), p. 213
  47. ^ Staff (2007), p. 222
  48. ^ Hamilton, Fiona (20 April 1966), "Boy tricked into seeing murder, moors trial Q.C. says", The Times, Times Digital Archive, retrieved 16 September 2009
  49. ^ Staff (2007), p. 225
  50. ^ "Mr Godfrey Heilpern", The Times, no. 58774, Times Digital Archive, p. 14, 5 May 1973 (subscription required)
  51. ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  52. ^ Staff (2007), pp. 225–226
  53. ^ Lee (2010), p. 272
  54. ^ Topping (1989), p. 143
  55. ^ Topping (1989), p. 38
  56. ^ Staff (2007), pp. 227–228
  57. ^ a b c Topping (1989), p. 39
  58. ^ Cowley (2011), p. 70
  59. ^ "Life sentences on couple in moors case", The Times, Times Digital Archive, 7 May 1966, retrieved 29 July 2009 (subscription required)
  60. ^ Obituary: Myra Hindley, BBC News, 15 November 2002, retrieved 12 June 2007
  61. ^ Staff (2007), p. 229
  62. ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 252
  63. ^ Topping (1989), p. 10
  64. ^ "Life for man who killed son in 1962". Evening Times. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  65. ^ Linton, Deborah (20 April 2010). "Moors murder 'victim' is 'alive". Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  66. ^ Chronicle, Evening (14 February 2004). "Myra told of victim No. 5". Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  67. ^ Topping (1989), p. 13
  68. ^ Ritchie (1988), pp. 260–261
  69. ^ Topping (1989), pp. 42–43
  70. ^ Ritchie (1988), p. 262
  71. ^ Topping (1989), pp. 43–52
  72. ^ a b Ritchie (1988), pp. 264–265
  73. ^ Topping (1989), p. 44
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Bibliography

Further reading

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