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Diu Fortress

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Diu Fortress
Part of Diu
Diu, India
Gate of Diu Fortress.
Map of Diu, 1729 (G. Child Sculpt., engraved by G. Child)
Diu Fortress is located in India
Diu Fortress
Diu Fortress
Coordinates20°42′50″N 70°59′46″E / 20.714°N 70.996°E / 20.714; 70.996
TypeFort
Site information
OwnerGovernment of Diu
Controlled by Portugal(16th Century-1961)
 India (1961-)
ConditionRuins
Site history
Built16th century
Built byPortuguese
MaterialsSandstone and lime mortar

The Diu Fortress (Portuguese: Fortaleza de Diu or formally Fortaleza de São Tomé)[1], is a Portuguese-built fortification located on the west coast of India in Diu. The fortress was built as part of Portuguese India's defensive fortifications at the eastern tip of the island of Diu during the 16th century. The fortress, which borders on the town of Diu, was built in 1535 subsequent to a defense alliance forged by Bahadur Shah, the Sultan of Gujarat and the Portuguese when Humayun, the Mughal Emperor attempted to annex this territory. It was strengthened over the years, till 1546. The Portuguese ruled over this territory from 1537 until the Indian invasion of December 1961. Today it is a landmark of Diu and one of the Seven Wonders of Portuguese Origin in the World.

History

Before the Portuguese built the fortress in 1535, the ancient history of the place was linked to several Kings and Dynasties; the earliest quoted is of the Puranic period, followed by the Mauryans, the Kshatrapas from the 1st century to 415, Guptas from 415 to 467, by the Maitrakas from 470 to 788, by Chavda dynasty of Gujarat and Saurashtra from 789 to 941, by the Chalukyas (under the Chalukya as local Chieftains) and the last was that of the Portuguese colonial rule till Diu was taken, along with Goa and Daman, by the Government of India on 19 December 1961.[2]

Full view of Diu Fortress towards the sea

Sultan Shah Bahadur of Gujarat had occupied the Diu island in 1330 AD. Some defense fortifications were built during his rule and of earlier Muslims rulers but the same were demolished (some remnants still exist at the eastern end of the island) by the Portuguese when they built the new fort.[3][4]

But the Sultan had to seek help of the Portuguese when Mughal Emperor Humayun was getting ready to attack Gujarat and annex Sultan's territory. The Portuguese thus got the right opportunity, which they were seeking for long, to get a foothold on the Diu island to build a fort for the protection of their trade. In the past, in 1501, 1521 and 1531 they had made attempts to seize the island by force but had failed. In 1531, Nuno da Cunha (1487 – 5 March 1539) who was the governor of Portuguese possessions in India from 1528 to 1538, was under orders from the King of Portugal to build a fort at Diu to strengthen its flourishing spice trade. He launched a strong military attack to annex Diu from the Sultan, with 100 vessels and 8000 men, including 3000 Portuguese. But this campaign could only achieve bombing of Diu without getting any foothold on the island. Portuguese forces could at best torment the nearby coast. They attacked again in 1532 and 1533 but without success. But an opportunity finally knocked on their door in 1535, when the Sultan sought their help to defend against Humayun's forces. Taking full advantage of this situation, the Portuguese diplomatically signed a defense treaty (Treaty of Bassein (1534)) with the Sultan in 1535 under which they got permission to build a fort and also to position a garrison in the fort. In addition, it formalized full control of the Bassein island (the island which they had already bought from the Sultan during an earlier skirmish in 1533 and built a fort there). The Portuguese not only built a large fort at Diu by demolishing old fortifications that were existing on the island but continued to make it a formidable fortress by constantly strengthening it during the period from 1535 till 1546.[3][4][5]

After the Portuguese ambition to build a fort at Diu was met, there was total mistrust between the Sultan and the Portuguese on several issues. In 1537, in Diu harbor, the Sultan was killed in a fracas with the Portuguese. This resulted in a fight for the throne of the Sultanate of Gujarat by two claimants, but Governor Cunha's candidate lost. This put the Portuguese in a spot vis-a-vis the throne and they quickly repaired the damage by entering into a truce with the new Sultan, which was only a temporary reprieve.[5]

Siege of Diu (1538)

Main article: Siege of Diu
Ottoman cannon cast for the Siege of Diu. Taken in the capture of Aden in 1839 by Cap. H.Smith of HMS Volage. Tower of London.

In 1538, the Turks, who were ill-disposed towards the Sultan of Gujarat and the Portuguese, mobilized a strong naval force comprising sixty-six ships and 20,000 soldiers. Starting from Egypt in 1538 they laid siege to the fort, repeatedly assaulted and intensely bombarding it. When the fort's forces were about to collapse, the Turks, for unknown reasons, lifted the siege and turned back to the Red Sea. Only 40 out of 400 men in the fort's Portuguese garrison had survived. This ended Turkish attacks on Portuguese India. In June 1538, the Sultan also attacked Diu, since during the previous year the Portuguese had occupied the fort as well as the city. The rulers of Gujarat (Mahmud III, nephew of Bahadur Shah) also tried to take control of the fort in 1545 and 1546. However, they were repeatedly thwarted by the Portuguese under the military leadership of Dom João Mascarenhas and Dom João de Castro.[3][5][6][7] After this, the Portuguese enjoyed uninterrupted control over the fort and Diu island, along with Daman and Goa.[4][8]

In 1670 an armed group of bandits from Muscat pillaged the fort and the town.[7]

In 1960, there were only 350 Portuguese soldiers garrisoned in the fort.[9] "Operation Vijay" was launched by India on 19 December 1961 to end Portuguese colonial rule in Goa, Daman and Diu. After Diu had fallen, the Martyrs Memorial was erected close to the Collectorate office in Diu to commemorate the Indian soldiers who were killed in the capture of Diu.[10]

Geography

The fortress cum castle, known in Portuguese as 'Praça de Diu', is set within the Diu island, on the southern tip of the coast of Gujarat at the mouth of the Gulf of Cambay (also known as Gulf of Khambat). The fort and the town are delimited on the east by the state of Gujarat, on the west by the Arabian Sea, on the north by the Kolak River and on the south by Kalai river. It borders the district of Daman, the town of Valsad and Junagarh district of Gujarat. Two bridges provide the connecting links to the town and fort. The secured fort provided sea access for trade and traffic with Cambay, Broach (now known as Bharuch) and Surat in Gujarat.[11][4]

Structure

Diu, inside the fortress – Light house and the moat
Cannons made of brass on the fort wall

Construction of the fort was started in October and completed in March, with the Portuguese forced labour putting their full might.[12]

The fortress is a large structure on the coast of the Diu island and commands views over the sea. It skirts the sea on three sides. The outer wall of the fort was built along the coastline. The inner wall had bastions on which guns were mounted. A double moat (outer one is a tidal moat) between the outer and inner walls provided security to the fort. The moat that separates the fortifications from the castle has been cut through sandstone rocks. A jetty built then on the northwestern side is still in use. The fort was provided with three entry gates. A bastion built earlier by the Sultan in the deep water channel, next to the fort walls, was further strengthened by the Portuguese.[13][citation needed][7][9]

In the main entry gate, there are five large windows with stone galleries on the main front wall. From the fortress, a glittering view of the Panikotha fort located in the sea, off the coast opposite to Diu Fort, could be seen in the evenings. There are several cannons (some of them made of bronze appear well preserved) still seen at the top of the Diu fort. Also seen are collection of iron shells scattered around in the fort area. The fort is approached from a permanent bridge. The entrance gateway to the fort has an inscription in Portuguese. The bastion at the gate is named St. George.[13][14][7]

A large light house is also located at one end of the fortress. Even now the ruins of the walls, gateways, arches, ramps, bastions of the fort provide an impressive view of the extent of military defenses that the fort provided in the past. Within the fort, well laid out gardens have paths bordered by old cannons.[9][15]

Other monuments in the fortress

There are three main churches located within the fortress: the Church of St. Francis of Assisi, the St. Paul’s Church, and the St. Thomas Church.[citation needed]

Church of St. Paul's

The Church of St. Francis of Assisi was built in 1593, and is the first of the three churches built in Diu. Located on the hilltop overlooking a plateau, the layout plan of the church replicates similar churches built in Europe. The entrance to the church is through a long flight of steps on the eastern and the northern directions. It now functions as a hospital.[9][16]

St. Paul’s Church

St. Paul’s Church, Diu was built between 1601 and 1610 in the fort. It was consecrated to Our Lady of Immaculate Conception. It is built in the colonial Portuguese Baroque style, It has a large patio terrace. Its notable Baroque facade and has rich wood paneling.[9] It was refurbished in 1807.[17][18]

St. Thomas Church
St. Thomas Church in Diu now used as a Museum

The Church of St. Thomas was constructed in 1598, and it served as one of the major churches of Portuguese India. The Church is one of the few churches in India that boasts of Gothic style architecture. Its whitewashed exteriors still bear the worn out and faded frescoes of the Portuguese era. It is located on high ground in the market area of the fort. It is not functional church now; Mass is held here, only once a year, on 1 November.

The old abandoned church, which has since been renovated, was converted into a museum [Diu Museum] in 1998 which is now an archaeological treasure house. The museum apart from a collection of local artifacts has numerous stone inscriptions of ancient rulers, antique idols, statues and sculptures (such as of Christ and Virgin Mary collected from churches in the vicinity; 400 year old wooden and marble statues of St. Thomas and St. Benedict), wood carvings (said to be made out of petrified wood more than 400 years old), and also displays shadow clocks (see images in gallery). The church is well lighted in the evenings and approached through a garden with a series of fountains.[9][18][16][19][20]

Other monuments

Historic Venetian Gothic style bungalows and typical carved wooden or stone havelis (mansions), which belonged to affluent colonial Portuguese and Indian merchants are seen in the Makata bylanes, near the Zapata gate of the fort.

There is also a Shiva temple, called Gangeshwar Mahadev, near the cliffs, which is much venerated. This temple is said to have been constructed by the 5 Pandava brothers and hence the 5 shivlings that are of different sizes. The shivling are the remains of what was earlier a cave temple built at the bottom of the cliff with a sea facing entrance. Over the centuries, the cliff has deteriorated and hence the cave has widened up, where the sea waves directly hit the walls of the shivling, and submerges it during high tides.

  • Barbican
    Barbican
  • Portuguese relic made of petrified wood in Diu Museum
    Portuguese relic made of petrified wood in Diu Museum
  • Diu relics made of petrified wood in Diu Museum
    Diu relics made of petrified wood in Diu Museum
  • Looking out into the sea from Fort ramparts
    Looking out into the sea from Fort ramparts
  • Entry ramparts to the fort
    Entry ramparts to the fort
  • Gun position
    Gun position
  • Diu fort's wall
    Diu fort's wall
  • St. Paul's Church at Diu
    St. Paul's Church at Diu

References

  1. ^ Fortaleza de São Tomé
  2. ^ "Official Website Of Diu Tourism Department, Diu – India ..." Diu Tourism. Archived from the original on 2 August 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2009.
  3. ^ a b c Stevens, Abel; James Floy (1853). The National magazine: devoted to literature, art, and religion, Volume 2. Carlton & Phillips. pp. 31–34. Retrieved 14 October 2009. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  4. ^ a b c d Ramchandani, Indu; Dale Hoiberg (2000). Students' Britannica India: Select essays. Popular Prakashan. pp. 398–400. ISBN 978-0-85229-762-9. Retrieved 14 October 2009. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  5. ^ a b c Elton, Geoffrey Rudolph (1990). The New Cambridge Modern History: The Reformation, 1520–1559. Cambridge University Press. p. 673. ISBN 978-0-521-34536-1. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  6. ^ Gajrani, S. (2004). History, religion & culture of India. Isha Books. p. 30. ISBN 978-81-8205-062-4. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  7. ^ a b c d Hunter, Sir William Wilson (1908). Imperial gazetteer of India ... Clarendon Press. pp. 362–364. Retrieved 19 October 2009. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  8. ^ Sykes, Sir Percy Molesworth (1975). A history of exploration from the earliest times to the present day. Taylor & Francis. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-8371-8576-7. Retrieved 14 October 2009. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  9. ^ a b c d e f Bradnock, Roma (2004). Footprint India. Footprint Travel Guides. pp. 1171–72. ISBN 978-1-904777-00-7. Retrieved 18 October 2009. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  10. ^ "Delightful Diu". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 10 April 2004. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
  11. ^ "Daman and Diu". Government of India. Archived from the original on 23 June 2006. Retrieved 14 October 2009.
  12. ^ Whiteway, Richard Stephen (1899). The rise of Portuguese power in India, 1497–1550. A. Constable. p. 242. Retrieved 14 October 2009. Diu Fort. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  13. ^ a b "Diu fort finds place in New Seven Wonders of Portugal". Indian Express. 13 June 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2009.
  14. ^ "Diu Fort, Diu – India ..." Archived from the original on 24 September 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2009.
  15. ^ "Diu Island: Portugal via Mumbai: Things Asian". Retrieved 19 October 2009.
  16. ^ a b Varadarajan, Lotika (2006). Indo-Portuguese Encounters: Journeys In Science, Technology And Culture (Set Of 2 Vols.) Volume 2 of Indo-Portuguese Encounters: Journeys in Science, Technology, and Culture. Aryan Books International. p. 403. ISBN 978-81-7305-303-0. Retrieved 19 October 2009. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  17. ^ Indian. Ministry of External Affairs (2005). India perspectives, Volume 18. PTI for the Ministry of External Affairs. p. 32. Retrieved 19 October 2009. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  18. ^ a b "Gujarat Pilgrimage". Retrieved 19 October 2009.
  19. ^ "Information on DIU – The island, the beach, the waves, the sun and the fun". Retrieved 19 October 2009.
  20. ^ Fodor's India. Random House, Inc. 2008. p. 251. ISBN 978-1-4000-1912-0. Retrieved 19 October 2009. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
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