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Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market

Coordinates: 30°37′11″N 114°15′27″E / 30.6196°N 114.2576°E / 30.6196; 114.2576
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Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market
武汉华南海鲜批发市场
LocationJianghan, Wuhan, Hubei, China
Coordinates30°37′11″N 114°15′27″E / 30.6196°N 114.2576°E / 30.6196; 114.2576
Closing date1 January 2020
Number of tenants1,000+
Total retail floor area50,000 m2 (540,000 sq ft)
Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market
Simplified Chinese武汉华南海鲜批发市场
Traditional Chinese武漢華南海鮮批發市場
Literal meaningWuhan South China Seafood Wholesale Market
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinWǔhàn huánán hǎixiān pīfā shìchǎng
Map

The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market (Chinese: 武汉华南海鲜批发市场),[1][2] also known as the Huanan Seafood Market,[3] was a live animal and seafood market in Jianghan District, Wuhan, Hubei, China. The market gained media attention after being identified as a point of origin of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic. The World Health Organization was notified on 31 December 2019 about an outbreak of pneumonia in Wuhan.[4] Of the initial 41 people hospitalized with pneumonia who were officially identified as having laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by 2 January 2020, two-thirds were exposed to the market. The market was closed on 1 January 2020 for sanitary procedures and disinfection.[1][5][6] 33 out of 585 environmental samples obtained from the market indicated evidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).[7]

Facility and operations

The market occupied over 50,000 m2 (540,000 sq ft) and had over 1,000 tenants.[8][9] It is reported to have been the largest seafood wholesale market in Central China,[8] with its western zone known for wild animals.[10] The market was located in the newer part of the city near shops and apartment blocks,[11] within a couple of blocks from Hankou railway station.[12]

In late 2019, the market passed city official inspections according to The Wall Street Journal.[7] However, Time reported it to have "unsanitary" conditions.[13] It had narrow lanes and stalls in close proximity, where livestock were kept aside dead animals. It was common to see animals openly slaughtered and skinned in the market.[14][15] The New York Times reported that "sanitation was dismal with poor ventilation and garbage piled on wet floors."[11]

Items sold

Although Huanan Market is known as a seafood market,[16] it was primarily known for the sale of bushmeat[disputed (for: Some report claim that's only a small portion of the market)  – discuss] (ye wei in Chinese) and other wild animals due to the demand for various exotic animals for consumption.[8][16] A price list posted by one vendor on the popular Chinese review site Dazhong Dianping listed 112 items including a number of wild animals.[3][17][18] The South China Morning Post reported on 29 January 2020 that the market had a section selling around "120 wildlife animals across 75 species."[19]

According to media reports, besides seafood,[16] various food items sold at the market include:

  1. ^ In the circulated price list, the item described as "koala" is "树熊" (pinyin: shùxióng; lit. 'tree bear'), which may instead refer to a kind of beaver.[12] Koalas are not found in China except in captivity.
Main article: 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
Further information: Timeline of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic

In December 2019, an epidemic of a pneumonia cluster occurred in Wuhan. By 2 January 2020, a new strain of coronavirus, later determined to be SARS-CoV-2, was confirmed in an initial 41 people hospitalized with the pneumonia, two-thirds of whom had direct exposure to the market.[1][5][30][31] As coronaviruses (like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) mainly circulated among the animals and with a link between the pneumonia outbreak and the market being established, it was suspected that the virus may have been passed from an animal to humans (zoonosis).[32][33] Snakes or bats were initially suggested to be the source of the virus, especially considering the variety of wild animals sold at the market.[20][34][35][36] The later studies suggested that pangolins may be the intermediate host of the virus originating from the bats.[37][38] However, although it is generally agreed that bats are the origin, pangolin as an intermediate host is disputed.[26]

Despite the important role that the market played in the pandemic, it is yet unclear whether the novel coronavirus outbreak started in the market. The earliest date for first symptoms was reported on 1 December 2019 in a person who did not have any exposure to the market or to the remaining affected 40 people.[5][39][40] 13 of the initial 41 people found with the novel coronavirus had no link with the market, a significant figure according to infectious diseases specialist Daniel Lucey.[5][39][40] In a later publication, The Lancet reported that of the first 99 people confirmed with COVID-19 in Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital between 1 and 20 January 2020, 49 had a history of exposure to the market. The publication nevertheless did not opine on whether the market was the origin or just a key link in the epidemic.[41]

In a pursuit to discover the origin of SARS-CoV-2, samples from the market's animals were also taken between 1 and 12 January 2020.[10] In late January 2020, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention revealed that the virus was found in 33 out of 585 of environmental samples taken,[7][20][42] 31 of which came from the area of the market where wildlife was particularly found. This was another indication of the role that the market played, but as yet there has been no official declaration of this site as the origin of the epidemic.[10] A review published on 24 January 2020, noted that the market was not associated with any COVID-19 cases outside of China.[43]

Responses

Closure

On 1 January 2020, in response to the initial outbreak of the pneumonia cluster, the health authorities closed the market to conduct investigations, clean and disinfect the location.[1][33] At the time, state-run Xinhua News Agency reported that it was being closed for renovations.[11]

Ban on wild animal trade

On 22 January 2020, a ban on the sale of all wild animal products in Wuhan was announced.[44]

On 24 February 2020, the Chinese government announced that the trade and consumption of wild animals would be banned throughout China,[45][46] amidst mounting domestic criticism of the industry.[47][48][49] The ban though does not cover the consumption of wild animal products in Traditional Chinese Medicine, according to the New York Times.[50]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Hui, David S.; I Azhar, Esam; Madani, Tariq A.; Ntoumi, Francine; Kock, Richard; Dar, Osman; Ippolito, Giuseppe; Mchugh, Timothy D.; Memish, Ziad A.; Drosten, Christian; Zumla, Alimuddin; Petersen, Eskild (2020). "The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health – The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 91. Elsevier BV: 264–266. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009. ISSN 1201-9712. PMID 31953166.
  2. ^ "Wuhan pneumonia: how the search for the source of the mystery illness unfolded". South China Morning Post. 22 January 2020. Archived from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "On the menu at Wuhan virus market: Rats and live wolf pups". CNA. 22 January 2020. Archived from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  4. ^ Zhu, Na; Zhang, Dingyu; Wang, Wenling; Li, Xingwang; Yang, Bo; Song, Jingdong; Zhao, Xiang; Huang, Baoying; Shi, Weifeng; Lu, Roujian; Niu, Peihua (24 January 2020). "A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019". New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (8): 727–733. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001017. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 31978945.
  5. ^ a b c d Huang, Chaolin; Wang, Yeming; Li, Xingwang; Ren, Lili; Zhao, Jianping; Hu, Yi; Zhang, Li; Fan, Guohui; Xu, Jiuyang; Gu, Xiaoying; Cheng, Zhenshun (24 January 2020). "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China". The Lancet. 0 (10223): 497–506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 31986264. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
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  8. ^ a b c d "Why wild animals are a key ingredient in China's coronavirus outbreak". Bangkok Post. 23 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  9. ^ "Archived copy" 华南海鲜批发市场西区有十几家贩卖野味的商户. cb.com.cn (in Chinese). 22 January 2020. Archived from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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  34. ^ Ji, Wei; Wang, Wei; Zhao, Xiaofang; Zai, Junjie; Li, Xingguang (22 January 2020). "Homologous recombination within the spike glycoprotein of the newly identified coronavirus may boost cross-species transmission from snake to human". Journal of Medical Virology. n/a (n/a): 433–440. doi:10.1002/jmv.25682. ISSN 1096-9071. PMID 31967321.
  35. ^ Callaway, Ewen; Cyranoski, David (23 January 2020). "Why snakes probably aren't spreading the new China virus". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00180-8. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  36. ^ Multeni, Megan (23 January 2020). "No, the Wuhan Virus Is Not a 'Snake Flu'". Wired. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  37. ^ Xiao, Kangpeng; Zhai, Junqiong; Feng, Yaoyu (February 2020). "Isolation and Characterization of 2019-nCoV-like Coronavirus from Malayan Pangolins" (Document). doi:10.1101/2020.02.17.951335. {{cite document}}: Cite document requires |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |work= ignored (help)
  38. ^ Wong, MC; Cregeen, SJJ; Ajami, NJ; Petrosino, JF (February 2020). "Evidence of recombination in coronaviruses implicating pangolin origins of nCoV-2019" (Document). doi:10.1101/2020.02.07.939207. {{cite document}}: Cite document requires |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |work= ignored (help)
  39. ^ a b Barton, Antigone (25 January 2020). "UPDATE Wuhan coronavirus – 2019-nCoV Q&A #6: An evidence-based hypothesis". Science Speaks: Global ID News. Retrieved 27 January 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  40. ^ a b Cohen, Jon; 2020 (26 January 2020). "Wuhan seafood market may not be source of novel virus spreading globally". Science | AAAS. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)
  41. ^ Chen, Nanshan; Zhou, Min; Dong, Xuan; Qu, Jieming; Gong, Fengyun; Han, Yang; Qiu, Yang; Wang, Jingli; Liu, Ying; Wei, Yuan; Xia, Jia'an (30 January 2020). "Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study". The Lancet. 0 (10223): 507–513. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 32007143.
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