Clapper rail
| Clapper rail | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Gruiformes |
| Family: | Rallidae |
| Genus: | Rallus |
| Species: | R. crepitans
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| Binomial name | |
| Rallus crepitans JF Gmelin, 1789
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Year-round Breeding
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The clapper rail (Rallus crepitans) is a member of the rail family, Rallidae. The taxonomy for this species is confusing and still being determined. It is a large brown rail that is resident in wetlands along the Atlantic coasts of the eastern United States, eastern Mexico and some Caribbean islands. This species was formerly considered to be conspecific with the mangrove rail.
Taxonomy
The clapper rail was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the other rails in the genus Rallus and coined the binomial name Rallus crepitans.[2] Gmelin based his description on those by Thomas Pennant and John Latham.[3][4] The type locality is Long Island, New York.[5] The genus Rallus had been erected in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.[6] The specific epithet crepitans is Latin meaning "breaking wind" or "resounding".[7]
The clapper rail was formerly treated as a subspecies of the mangrove rail (Rallus longirostris).[5] The decision to treat the clapper rail as a separate species was based on the results of a molecular phylogenetic study that was published in 2013.[8][9][10] A cladogram based on the 2013 genetic study is as follows:[8]
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Eight subspecies of the clapper rail are recognised:[10]
- R. c. crepitans Gmelin, JF, 1789 – coastal Connecticut to northeast North Carolina (USA)
- R. c. waynei Brewster, 1899 – coastal southeast USA
- R. c. saturatus Ridgway, 1880 – Gulf Coast from southwest Alabama to northeast Mexico
- R. c. scottii Sennett, 1888 – coastal Florida (USA)
- R. c. insularum Brooks, WS, 1920 – Florida Keys (USA)
- R. c. coryi Maynard, 1887 – Bahamas
- R. c. caribaeus Ridgway, 1880 – Cuba to Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles to Antigua and Guadeloupe
- R. c. pallidus Nelson, 1905 – north Yucatán Peninsula, islands off Quintana Roo (southeast Mexico), Ycacos Lagoon (Belize)
Description
The clapper rail is a chicken-sized bird that rarely flies. It is grayish brown with a pale chestnut breast. Males and females have similar plumage. The bill which curves slightly downwards is orange yellow at the base in males and duller in females. An adult bird has an overall length of 32–41 cm (13–16 in) and weighs 199–400 g (7.0–14.1 oz).[11]
Distribution and habitat
The clapper rail is found along the Atlantic coasts of the eastern U.S., the Gulf of Mexico, eastern Mexico, some Caribbean islands, and south through eastern Central America, as well at several inland locales. Populations are stable on the East Coast of the U.S., although the numbers of this bird have declined due to habitat loss. Clapper rails are saltmarsh specialists, and are highly mobile across their range, with females showing weak philopatry and a lack of philopatry in males.[12]
Behaviour
Feeding
These birds eat crustaceans, aquatic insects, and small fish. They search for food while walking, sometimes probing with their long bills, in shallow water or mud.[11]
Breeding
The nest is a large platform of dry grasses and is usually placed on the ground in dense vegetation. The clutch size varies between four and sixteen eggs with an average of nine. The eggs measure 42.5 mm × 30 mm (1.67 in × 1.18 in) and are creamy white with irregular blotches of reddish-brown, grey or lilac. They are incubated for 20 days by both parents with the male incubating at night. The young are brooded by the adults for several days. They become independent of the adults when six weeks old and can fly when 10 weeks old.[11]
References
- ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Rallus crepitans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T62155296A132306811. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T62155296A132306811.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1789). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 713.
- ^ Pennant, Thomas (1785). Arctic Zoology. Vol. 2. London, United Kingdom: Printed by Henry Hughs. p. 407; Plate 20.
- ^ Latham, John (1785). A General Synopsis of Birds. Vol. 3, Part 1. London: Printed for Leigh and Sotheby. p. 229, No. 2.
- ^ a b Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 157.
- ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 153.
- ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ a b Maley, J.M.; Brumfield, R.T. (2013). "Mitochondrial and next-generation sequence data used to infer phylogenetic relationships and species limits in the Clapper/King Rail complex". The Condor. 115 (2): 316–329. doi:10.1525/cond.2013.110138.
- ^ Chesser, R.T.; Banks, R.C.; Cicero, C.; Dunn, J.L.; Kratter, A.W.; Lovette, I.J.; Navarro-Sigüenza, A.G.; Rasmussen, P.C.; Remsen, J.V.J.; Rising, J.D.; Stotz, D.F.; Winker, K. (2014). "Fifty-fifth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds". The Auk. 131 (4): CSi–CSxv. doi:10.1642/AUK-14-124.1.
- ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2022). "Flufftails, finfoots, rails, trumpeters, cranes, limpkin". IOC World Bird List Version 12.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
- ^ a b c Rush, S.A.; Gaines, K.F.; Eddleman, W.R.; Conway, C.J. (2020). Rodewald, P.G. (ed.). "Clapper Rail (Rallus crepitans), version 1.0". Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
- ^ Coster, S.S.; Welsh, A.B.; Costanzo, G.; Harding, S.R.; Anderson, J.T.; Katzner, T.E. (2019). "Gene flow connects coastal populations of a habitat specialist, the Clapper Rail Rallus crepitans". Ibis. 161 (1): 66–78. doi:10.1111/ibi.12599.