Himnusz
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| English: 'Anthem' | |
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 Original sheet music signed by Ferenc Erkel (c. 1844) | |
National anthem of Hungary | |
| Also known as | „Isten, áldd meg a Magyart” (English: 'God Bless the Hungarians') „A magyar nép zivataros századaiból” (English: 'From Stormy Centuries of the Hungarian Folk') |
| Lyrics | Ferenc Kölcsey, 1823 |
| Music | Ferenc Erkel, 1844 |
| Adopted | 1844 (de facto) 1949 (by the Hungarian People's Republic) 1989 (de jure) |
| Audio sample | |
U.S. Navy Band instrumental rendition in D-flat major | |
The "Himnusz"[a] (IPA: [ˈhimnus] ) is the national anthem of Hungary.[1] The lyrics were written by Ferenc Kölcsey, a nationally renowned poet, in 1823, and its currently official musical setting was composed by the romantic composer Ferenc Erkel in 1844, although other lesser known musical versions exist. The poem bore the subtitle „A magyar nép zivataros századaiból” ('From Stormy Centuries of the Hungarian Folk'); it is often argued that this subtitle – by emphasising past rather than contemporary national troubles – was added expressly to enable the poem to pass Habsburg censorship. The full meaning of the poem's text is evident only to those well acquainted with Hungarian history. The first stanza is sung at official ceremonies and as well in common. It was de facto used as hymn of the Kingdom of Hungary from its composition in 1844, and was officially adopted as national anthem of the Third Hungarian Republic in 1989.
The lyrics of the "Himnusz" are a prayer beginning with the words God bless the Hungarians („Isten, áldd meg a magyart”, pronounced [ˈiʃtɛn ˈaːld mɛɡ ɒ ˈmɒɟɒrt] ).
Name
The title in the original manuscript is "Hymnus", a Latin word for 'hymn'. The Hungarian word himnusz is itself derived from the Latin word hymnus, which is in turn borrowed from Ancient Greek ῠ̔́μνος hýmnos, meaning 'song, hymn, ode' (generally in praise of gods or heroes); and in many languages of Europe, the word is used as a loanword to mean both 'hymn' and 'anthem'. The word himnusz replaced the original Latin word hymnus over time, and as the poem gained widespread acceptance as the de facto national anthem of Hungary, so too did the word himnusz took on the meaning of '(national) anthem'.
History
Although Ferenc Kölcsey completed the poem on 22 January 1823, it was only published first in 1829 in Károly Kisfaludy's Aurora, without the subtitle, despite it being part of the manuscript. It subsequently appeared in a collection of Kölcsey's works in 1832, this time with the subtitle.[2] A competition for composers to make the poem suitable to be sung by the public was staged in 1844 and won by Ferenc Erkel's entry. His version was first performed in the National Theatre (where he was conductor) in July 1844, then in front of a larger audience on 10 August 1844, at the inaugural voyage of the steamship Széchenyi. By the end of the 1850s it became customary to sing "Himnusz" at special occasions either alongside Vörösmarty's "Szózat" or on its own.[2]
In the early 1900s, various members of the Hungarian Parliament proposed making the status of Himnusz as the national anthem of Hungary within Austria-Hungary official, but their efforts never got enough traction for such a law to be passed.[3] Later, in the 1950s, communist dictator Mátyás Rákosi made plans to have the anthem replaced by one more suited to the Communist ideology, but the persons he had in mind for the task, poet Gyula Illyés and composer Zoltán Kodály, both refused.[4] It wasn't until 1989 that Erkel's musical adaptation of Himnusz finally gained official recognition as Hungary's national anthem, by being mentioned as such in the Constitution of Hungary.[2][3]
Official uses
The public radio station Kossuth Rádió plays Himnusz at ten minutes past midnight each day at the close of transmissions in the AM band, as do the state TV channels at the end of the day's broadcasts. Himnusz is also traditionally played on Hungarian television at the stroke of midnight on New Year's Eve.
Alternative anthems
"Szózat", another Hungarian patriotic song, enjoys a social status nearly equal to that of "Himnusz", even though only "Himnusz" is mentioned in the Constitution of Hungary. "Szózat" is often considered to be a de facto second national anthem of Hungary. Traditionally, "Himnusz" is sung at the beginning of ceremonies, and Szózat at the end (although the Himnusz, resembling a Protestant Chorale, is substantially easier to sing than the difficult rhythm of the Szózat, which is often only played from recording).
Recognition is also given to the "Rákóczi March", a short wordless piece (composer unknown, but sometimes attributed to János Bihari and Franz Liszt) which is often used on state military occasions; and the poem Nemzeti dal written by Sándor Petőfi.
Another popular song is the "Székely Himnusz", an unofficial ethnic anthem of the Hungarian-speaking Székelys living in eastern Transylvania—the Székely Land (now part of Romania) and in the rest of the world.
Lyrics
The first stanza is officially sung at ceremonies. The last two lines of every stanza is rarely repeated twice.
Two English versions are given below; both are free translations of the Hungarian words. As Hungarian is a genderless language, masculine pronouns in the English translations are in fact addressed to all Hungarians regardless of gender.
| Hungarian original (Ferenc Kölcsey, 1823) |
IPA transcription[b] |
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I |
1 |
| English translation (Laszlo Korossy, 2003)[5] |
Metrical English translation (William N. Loew, 1881) |
|---|---|
I |
I |
Himnusz sculpture
On 7 May 2006, a sculpture was inaugurated for Himnusz at Szarvas Square, Budakeszi, a small town close to Budapest. It was created by Mária V. Majzik, an artist with the Hungarian Heritage Award, depicting the full text of the poem in a circle, centered around a two metres high bronze figure of God, with 21 bronze bells in seven arches between eight pieces of stone, each four and a half metres high. The musical form of the poem can be played on the bells. The cost of its construction, 40 million forints (roughly 200,000 USD), was collected through public subscription.
Notes
- ^ Translated either as 'Hymn' or 'Anthem'. In this context, both translations are acceptable, as the song contains religious affiliations. (See Himnusz#Name.)
- ^ See Help:IPA/Hungarian and Hungarian phonology.
References
- ^ "The Story Behind the Hungarian National Anthem". Jules S. Vállay. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
- ^ a b c "A Himnusz története" [History of Himnusz] (in Hungarian). Retrieved 17 May 2016.
- ^ a b "A Himnusz ügye az Országgyűlés előtt" [The matter of the anthem before Parliament] (in Hungarian). Retrieved 17 May 2016.
- ^ "Betiltották a Himnuszt" [Himnusz banned] (in Hungarian). 22 January 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
- ^ "Isten Áldd Meg a Magyart!". laszlokorossy.net. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
External links
- Hungary: Himnusz - Audio of the national anthem of Hungary, with information and lyrics (archive link)
- National and historical symbols of Hungary Archived 2021-10-28 at the Wayback Machine has a page about the anthem, featuring a vocal sound file.
- Sheet Music is available at the Hungarian Electronic Library website.
- Hungarian Anthem on Music Keyboard 2.4
