Somatotopic arrangement
Somatotopy [a] is the point-for-point correspondence of an area of the body to a specific point on the central nervous system.[1] Typically, the area of the body corresponds to a point on the primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus). This cortex is typically represented as a sensory homunculus which orients the specific body parts and their respective locations upon the homunculus. Areas such as the appendages, digits, penis,[2] and face can draw their sensory locations upon the somatosensory cortex. The areas which are finely controlled (e.g., the digits) have larger portions of the somatosensory cortex whereas areas which are coarsely controlled (e.g., the trunk) have smaller portions. Areas such as the viscera do not have sensory locations on the postcentral gyrus.[citation needed]
Macaques, a kind of monkey, already exhibit somatotopy in their somatosensory and motor systems at birth.[3]
Sensorimotor mapping of the human cerebellum
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was employed to determine areas of activation in the cerebellar cortex in humans during a series of motor tasks. The activation areas for movements of lips, tongue, hands, and feet were determined and found to be sharply confined to lobules and sublobules and their sagittal zones in the rostral and caudal spinocerebellar cortex. The activation mapped as two distinct homunculoid representations. One, a more extended representation, was located upside down in the superior cerebellum, and a second one, doubled and smaller, in the inferior cerebellum.[4]
See also
Footnotes
- ^ From Greek soma, "body” and topos "place"; thus literally "placing the body". Actually it refers to "placing the body on brain", or point-to-point correspondence of body to brain
References
- ^ Saladin, Kenneth (2012). Anatomy and Physiology. New York: McGraw Hill. pp. 541, 542.
- ^ Kell CA, von Kriegstein K, Rösler A, Kleinschmidt A, Laufs H (June 2005). "The sensory cortical representation of the human penis: revisiting somatotopy in the male homunculus". The Journal of Neuroscience. 25 (25): 5984–7. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0712-05.2005. PMC 6724806. PMID 15976087.
- ^ Arcaro, Michael J.; Schade, Peter F.; Livingstone, Margaret S. (15 November 2019). "Body map proto-organization in newborn macaques". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (49): 24861–24871. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11624861A. doi:10.1073/pnas.1912636116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6900594. PMID 31732670.
- ^ Grodd W, Hülsmann E, Lotze M, Wildgruber D, Erb M (2001). "Sensorimotor mapping of the human cerebellum: fMRI evidence of somatotopic organization". Hum Brain Mapp. 13 (2): 55–73. doi:10.1002/hbm.1025. PMC 6871814. PMID 11346886.
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