Jump to content

Street food

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The printable version is no longer supported and may have rendering errors. Please update your browser bookmarks and please use the default browser print function instead.

Street food in New York City
Street food in Chinatown, Yangon, Myanmar

Street food is food sold by a hawker or vendor on a street or at another public place, such as a market, fair, or park. It is often sold from a portable food booth,[1] food cart, or food truck and is meant for immediate consumption. Some street foods are regional, but many have spread beyond their regions of origin. Most street foods are classified as both finger food and fast food and are typically cheaper than restaurant meals. The types of street food vary between regions and cultures in different countries around the world.[2][3] According to a 2007 study from the Food and Agriculture Organization, 2.5 billion people eat street food every day.[4] While some cultures consider it to be rude to walk on the street while eating,[5] a majority of middle- to high-income consumers[6] rely on the quick access and cheap service of street food for daily nutrition and job opportunities, especially in developing countries.

A video clip of a vendor making churros in Colombia

Today's governments and other organizations are increasingly concerned with both the socioeconomic importance of street food and its associated risks. These risks include food safety, sanitation, illegal use of public or private areas, social problems, and traffic congestion.[6]

History

Satay street vendor in Java, Dutch East Indies, c. 1870, using pikulan or carrying baskets using a rod
The presence of street food vendors in New York City throughout much of its history, such as these c. 1906, are credited with helping support the city's rapid growth.

Europe

In ancient Greece, small fried fish was a street food;[7] however, the Greek philosopher Theophrastus held the custom of street food in low regard.[8] Evidence of a large number of street food vendors was discovered during the excavation of Pompeii.[9] Street food was widely consumed by poor urban residents of ancient Rome whose tenement houses did not have ovens or hearths.[10] Chickpea soup[11] with bread and grain paste[12] were common meals.

A travelling Florentine reported in the late 14th century noted that in Cairo, people brought picnic cloths made of rawhide to spread on the streets and sit on while they ate their meals of lamb kebabs, rice, and fritters they purchased from street vendors.[13] In Renaissance Turkey, many crossroads had vendors selling "fragrant bites of hot meat," including chicken and lamb that had been spit-roasted.[13] In 1502, Ottoman Turkey became the first country to legislate and standardize the sale of street food.[14]

In the 19th century, street food vendors in Transylvania sold gingerbread nuts, cream mixed with corn, and bacon and other meat fried on top of ceramic vessels with hot coals inside.[15] French fries, consisting of fried strips of potato, probably originated as a street food in Paris in the 1840s.[16] Street foods in Victorian London included tripe, pea soup, pea pods in butter, whelk, prawns and jellied eels.[17]

Americas

Aztec market places had vendors who sold beverages such as atolli ("a gruel made from maize dough"), almost 50 types of tamales (with ingredients ranging from the meat of turkey, rabbit, gopher, frog and fish to fruits, eggs and maize flowers),[18] as well as insects and stews.[19] Spanish colonization brought European food stocks like wheat, sugarcane and livestock to Peru, but most commoners continued to primarily eat their traditional diets. Imports were only accepted at the margins of their diet, for example, grilled beef hearts sold by street vendors.[20] Some of Lima's 19th-century street vendors such as "Erasmo, the 'negro' Sango vendor" and Na Agardite are still remembered today.[21]

During the American Colonial period, "street vendors sold oysters, roasted corn ears, fruit, and sweets at low prices to all classes." Oysters, in particular, were cheap and popular street food until around 1910 when overfishing and pollution caused prices to rise.[22] Street vendors in New York City faced considerable opposition. After previous restrictions had limited their operating hours, street food vendors were completely banned in New York City by 1707.[23] Many women of African descent made their living selling street foods in America in the 18th and 19th centuries, with products ranging from fruit, cakes, and nuts in Savannah, to coffee, biscuits, pralines and other sweets in New Orleans.[24] Cracker Jack started as one of many street food exhibits at the Columbian Exposition.[25]

Asia

A whole street taken up by street food vendors during the Yasothon Rocket Festival in Thailand

The selling of street food in China stretches back millennia and became an integral part of Chinese food culture during the Tang Dynasty. In ancient China, street food generally catered to the poor, though wealthy residents would send servants to buy street food and bring it back for them to eat at home.[10] Street food continues to play a major role in Chinese cuisine with regional street food generating a strong interest in culinary tourism among both domestic and international travellers.[26] Because of the Chinese diaspora, Chinese street food has had a major influence on other cuisines across Asia and even introduced the concept of a street food culture to other countries. The street food culture of much of Southeast Asia was established by coolie workers imported from China during the late 19th century.[27]

Ramen, whose predecessor was originally brought to Japan by Chinese immigrants in the late 19th or early 20th century, began as a street food for Chinese laborers and students who lived in Yokohama Chinatown.[28][29] However, ramen gradually became a "national dish" of Japan and even acquired regional variations as it spread across the country.[30]

Street food was commonly sold by the ethnic Chinese population of Thailand and did not become popular among native Thai people until the early 1960s,[31] when the rapid urban population growth stimulated the street food culture, and by the 1970s it had "displaced home-cooking."[32] As a result, many Thai street foods are derived from or heavily influenced by Chinese cuisine.[33] About 76% of urban residents in Thailand regularly visit street food vendors. The rise of the country's tourism industry has also contributed to the popularity of Thai street food. Thailand's 103,000 street food vendors alone generated 270 billion baht in revenues in 2017. Suvit Maesincee, Minister of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, expects the Thai street food segment to grow by six to seven percent annually from 2020 forward.[34] Multiple studies showed that contamination of food that street food vendors sell is at the same level as the contamination at restaurants.[5] An estimated 2% or 160,000 vendors provide street food for Bangkok's 8 million people.[35]

An African man sells produce out of a wheelbarrow containing mangos, oranges, watermelons, and the like.
A fruit vendor in Zanzibar

The Arthashastra mentions food vendors in ancient India. One regulation states that "those who trade in cooked rice, liquor, and flesh" are to live in the south of the city. Another states that superintendents of storehouses may give surpluses of bran and flour to "those who prepare cooked rice, and rice-cakes", while a regulation involving city superintendents references "sellers of cooked flesh and cooked rice".[36]

In Delhi, India, it is said that kings used to visit the kebab vendors on the street, which are still in operation. During the colonial times, fusion street food was created, which was made with British customers in mind.[37]

In Indonesia, especially Java, traveling food and drink vendors have a long history, as they were described in temple bas reliefs dated from the 9th century, as well as mentioned in 14th-century inscription as a line of work. In Indonesia, street food is sold from carts and bicycles. During the colonial Dutch East Indies period c. 19th century, several street foods were developed and documented, including satay and dawet (cendol) street vendors. The current proliferation of Indonesia's vigorous street food culture is contributed by the massive urbanization in recent decades that has opened opportunities in food service sectors. This took place in the country's rapidly expanding urban agglomerations, especially in Greater Jakarta, Bandung, and Surabaya.[38]

Singapore has a large number of hawker centres which evolved from the traditional commerce of street food and was incorporated into UNESCO's List of Intangible Cultural Heritage on 16 December 2020.[39][40]

Around the world

Main article: Regional street food
See also: List of street foods
Food carts lining a street in Jakarta, Indonesia, selling street foods
Porilainen, a Finnish burger-like sandwich

Street food vending is found all around the world and varies greatly between regions and cultures.[2]

Dorling Kindersley describes the street food of Vietnam as being "fresh and lighter than many of the cuisines in the area" and "draw[ing] heavily on herbs, Chile peppers and lime," while street food of Thailand is "fiery" and "pungent with shrimp paste and fish sauce."[41] Street food in Thailand offers a varied selection of ready-to-eat meals, snacks, fruits and drinks. The capital of Thailand, Bangkok, has been listed as one of the best places for street food.[42][43] Popular street offerings in Bangkok include Pad Thai (stir fried rice noodle), green papaya salad, sour tom yum soup, Thai curries and mango sticky rice.

Indonesian street food is a diverse mix of local Indonesian, Chinese, and Dutch influences.[44] Indonesian street food is often strongly flavored and spicy. Much of the street food in Indonesia is fried, such as fritters, nasi goreng and ayam goreng. Bakso (meatball soup), satay (skewered chicken) and gado-gado (vegetable salad served in peanut sauce) are also popular.[45]

Doner kebab, an originally Turkish dish that found popularity in Germany

Indian street food is as diverse as Indian cuisine. Some of the more popular street food dishes are vada pav, misal pav, chole bhature, parathas, bhel puri, sev puri, gol gappa (also called pani puri in Karnatake and Maharashtra or puchka in West Bengal) aloo tikki, kebabs, tandoori chicken, samosas, kachori, idli, pohe, egg bhurji, pav bhaji, pulaw, pakora, lassi, kulfi and falooda. In Hindi-speaking regions of India, street food is popularly known as nukkadwala food ("corner" food). In South India, foods like mirchi bajji, punugulu, and mokkajonna (corn roasted on coal) are common street foods, along with breakfast items like idli, dosa and bonda. Other popular Asian fusion street food include gobi manchurian, momos and omelette. While some vendors streamline the recipes of popular dishes to sell them on the street, several restaurants have taken their inspiration from the street food of India.[46]

Street food in Hyderabad, India

Falafel is a popular dish in the Middle East. Vendors sell it on street corners in Israel, Egypt, and Syria. Another food sold commonly on the street in Egypt is ful, a slow-cooked fava bean dish.[47]

In Denmark, sausage wagons allow passers-by to purchase sausages and hot dogs.

In Jamaica a traditional dish is Jamaican jerk chicken. The original marinade calls for ingredients such as Scotch bonnet peppers, allspice berries and sometimes wood from laurel trees.[48]

Grilled bread with jam served with sweetened milk in Bangkok

Mexican street food is known as antojitos (translated as "little cravings") and features several varieties of tacos, such as tacos al pastor, as well as huaraches and other maize-based foods.

New York City's signature street food is the hot dog, but New York street food also includes everything from Middle Eastern falafel to Jamaican jerk chicken to Belgian waffles.[41]

In Hawaii, the local street food tradition of "plate lunch" (rice, macaroni salad, and a portion of meat) was inspired by the bento of the Japanese who had been brought to Hawaii as plantation workers.[49]

Cultural and economic aspects

Street vendor of snack foods in Nepal

Because of differences in culture, social stratification, and history, the ways in which family street vendor enterprises are traditionally created and run vary in different areas of the world.[50] Often, women's success in the street food market depends on trends of gender equality. This is evidenced in Bangladesh, where few women are street vendors. However, in Nigeria and Thailand, women dominate the street food trade.[51]

Doreen Fernandez says Filipino cultural attitudes towards meals affect the street food phenomenon in the Philippines, because eating street food outside does not conflict with eating at one's house, which typically lacks dedicated eating rooms.[15]

Other cultural phenomena that affect the street food market include the cultural implications of eating while walking down the street. In some cultures, this is considered to be rude,[52] such as Japanese[53] or Swahili cultures. Despite not being allowed for adults, it is culturally acceptable for children to do.[54] In India, Henrike Donner wrote about a "marked distinction between food that could be eaten outside, especially by women," and the food prepared and eaten at home, with some non-Indian food being too "strange" or tied too closely to non-vegetarian preparation methods to be made at home.[55]

In Tanzania's Dar es Salaam region, street food vendors produce economic benefits beyond their families. Because street food vendors purchase local fresh foods, urban gardens and small-scale farms in the area have expanded.[56] In the United States, street food vendors are credited with supporting New York City's rapid growth by supplying meals for the city's merchants and workers.[57] Proprietors of street food in the United States have had a goal of upward mobility, moving from selling on the street to their own shops.[58] However, in Mexico, an increase in street vendors has been seen as a sign of deteriorating economic conditions in which food vending is the only employment opportunity that unskilled labor who have migrated from rural areas to urban areas are able to find.[19]

In 2002, Coca-Cola reported that China, India, and Nigeria, where the company's expansion efforts included training and equipping mobile street vendors to sell its products, were some of their fastest-growing markets.[56]

The libertarian Reason magazine states that in US cities, food trucks are subject to regulations designed to prevent them from competing with brick and mortar restaurants. For example, in Chicago, a regulation prevents food trucks "...from selling food within 200 feet of brick-and-mortar restaurants and, hence, prohibit them from operating throughout the city's downtown area," which critics have called an "anti-competitive" rule for food truck operators.[59]

Since 1984, Folsom Street Fair in San Francisco is home of one of the most diverse street food fairs.[60] In addition to much leather, and people in various states of dress and undress, the event features an outdoor food court serving a variety of street food. For donations of $10 or more, visitors get a $2 discount on each drink purchased at the fair. In 2018, the street photographer Michael Rababy documented it in his book, Folsom Street Food Court.[60][61]

Netflix has also featured the street foods of the world through its TV series Street Food, with the first volume focusing on Asia, and the second on Latin America.[62][63][64]

Health and safety

As early as the 14th century, government officials oversaw street food vendor activities.[13] With the increasing pace of globalization and tourism, the safety of street food has become one of the major concerns of public health, and a focus for governments and scientists to raise public awareness.[65][66][67] However, despite concerns about contamination at street food vendors, the incidence of such is low, with studies showing rates comparable to restaurants.[49]

In Singapore, street food vendors known as "hawkers", over half of which were unlicensed, were considered "primarily a nuisance to be removed from the streets".[68] 113 hawker centers were constructed between 1971 and 1986 to remove hawkers from the streets while preserving the food culture.[68]

In 2002, a sampling of 511 street foods in Ghana by the World Health Organization showed that most had microbial counts within the accepted limits,[69] and a different sampling of 15 street foods in Calcutta showed that they were "nutritionally well balanced", providing roughly 200 kcal (Cal) of energy per rupee of cost.[70]

In the United Kingdom, the Food Standards Agency has provided comprehensive guidance of food safety for the vendors, traders and retailers of the street food sector since 2000.[71] Other effective ways of enhancing the safety of street foods include: mystery shopping programs, training, rewarding programs to vendors, regulatory governing and membership management programs, and technical testing programs.[72][73][74][75][76]

In India, the government recognized the fundamental rights of the street food vendors and have imposed reasonable restrictions. And in 2006, the India legislature enacted the Food Safety and Standards Act to monitor the quality of food.[77]

Despite knowledge of the risk factors, actual harm to consumers’ health is yet to be fully proven and understood. Due to difficulties in tracking cases and the lack of disease-reporting systems, follow-up studies proving actual connections between street food consumption and food-borne diseases are still very few. Little attention has been devoted to consumers and their eating habits, behaviors and awareness. The fact that social and geographical origins largely determine consumers’ physiological adaptation and reaction to foods—whether contaminated or not—is neglected in the literature.[78]

In the late 1990s, the United Nations and other organizations began to recognize that street vendors had been an underused method of delivering fortified foods to populations, and in 2007, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization recommended considering methods of adding nutrients and supplements to street foods that are commonly consumed by the particular culture.[49]

See also

References

  1. ^ Simopoulos, Artemis P.; Bhat, Ramesh Venkataramana (2000). Street Foods. Karger Publishers. p. vii. ISBN 9783805569279.
  2. ^ a b Wanjek, Christopher (2005). Food at Work: Workplace Solutions for Malnutrition, Obesity and Chronic Diseases. Geneva: International Labour Organization. ISBN 978-92-2-117015-0.
  3. ^ Privitera, Donatella; Nesci, Francesco Saverio (2015). "Globalization vs. Local. The Role of Street Food in the Urban Food System". Procedia Economics and Finance. 22: 716–722. doi:10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00292-0.
  4. ^ "Spotlight: School Children, Street Food and Micronutrient Deficiencies in Tanzania". Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. February 2007. Archived from the original on 9 April 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
  5. ^ a b "History of Street Food and Interesting Facts". History of Fast Food. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  6. ^ a b "Food for the Cities: Street Foods". www.fao.org. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  7. ^ Kaufman, Cathy K. (2006). Cooking in Ancient Civilizations. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313332043.
  8. ^ Simopoulos, A. P.; Bhat, R. V., eds. (2000). Street Foods. Karger. ISBN 9783805569279.
  9. ^ Freedman, Paul, ed. (2007). Food: The History of Taste. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520254763.
  10. ^ a b Higman, B. W. (2012). How Food Made History. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781444344653.
  11. ^ Dalby, Andrew (2003). Food in the Ancient World A-Z. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415232593.
  12. ^ Civitello, Linda (2011). Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People. Wiley. ISBN 9781118098752.
  13. ^ a b c Snodgrass, Mary (2004). Encyclopedia of Kitchen History. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780203319178.
  14. ^ Kraig, Bruce; Sen, Colleen Taylor, eds. (2013). Street Food around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. ABC-Clio. ISBN 9781598849554.
  15. ^ a b Walker, Harlan (1991). Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 1991: Public Eating: Proceedings. Prospect Books. ISBN 9780907325475.
  16. ^ Marshall, Bill (2005). France and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-Clio. ISBN 9781851094110.
  17. ^ Wright, Clarissa Dickson (2012). A History of English Food. Arrow. ISBN 9781448107452.
  18. ^ Evans, Susan Toby; Webster, David L., eds. (2001). Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: An Encyclopedia. Garland Publishing. ISBN 9780815308874.
  19. ^ a b Long-Solís, Janet; Vargas, Luis Alberto (2005). Food Culture in Mexico. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313324314.
  20. ^ Pilcher, J. (2005). Food In World History. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780203970058.
  21. ^ Albala, Ken, ed. (2011). Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia. Greenwood. ISBN 9780313376269.
  22. ^ Turner, Katherine Leonard (2008). Good Food for Little Money: Food and Cooking Among Urban Working-Class Americans, 1875–1930. University of Delaware. ISBN 9780549754237.[permanent dead link]
  23. ^ Simopoulos, A. P.; Bhat, R. V., eds. (2000). Street Foods. Karger. ISBN 9783805569279.
  24. ^ Bower, Anne L., ed. (2009). African American Foodways: Explorations of History & Culture. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252076305.
  25. ^ Smith, Andrew F. (2011). Eating History: 30 Turning Points in the Making of American Cuisine. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231140935.
  26. ^ Wang, Dingbao. "Zìfù" 自負. Tang Zhiyan 唐摭言 (in Chinese).
  27. ^ Petrini, Carlo, ed. (2001). Slow Food: Collected Thoughts on Taste, Tradition, and the Honest Pleasures ... Chelsea Green Publishing. ISBN 9781603581721.
  28. ^ Okuyama, Tadamasa (2003). 文化麺類学・ラーメン篇 [Cultural Noodle-logy;Ramen] (in Japanese). Akashi Shoten. ISBN 978-4750317922.
  29. ^ Kosuge, Keiko (1998). にっぽんラーメン物語 [Japanese Ramen Story] (in Japanese). Kodansha. ISBN 978-4062563024.
  30. ^ Assmann, Stephanie; Rath, Eric C., eds. (2010). Japanese Foodways, Past and Present. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252077524.
  31. ^ David Thompson (2009). Thai Street Food. Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed. ISBN 9781580082846. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  32. ^ B. W. Higman (8 August 2011). How Food Made History. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444344653. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  33. ^ Carlo Petrini (October 2001). Slow Food: Collected Thoughts on Taste, Tradition, and the Honest Pleasures ... Chelsea Green. ISBN 9781603581721. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  34. ^ Hutasingh, Onnucha (17 February 2020). "Smart Food Cart to Aid Gastronomic Tourism". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  35. ^ Poon, Linda (14 April 2017). "Bangkok's Street Vendors Are Not the Enemies of Public Space". Bloomburg City Lab. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  36. ^ "Kautilya's Arthashastra: Book II,"The Duties of Government Superintendents"".
  37. ^ "Street Food in India | Asia Highlights". www.asiahighlights.com. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  38. ^ Firman, Tommy (12 May 2012). "Urbanization and Urban Development Patterns". The Jakarta Post.
  39. ^ "UNESCO - Browse the Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage and the Register of good safeguarding practices".
  40. ^ "Hawker Culture in Singapore".
  41. ^ a b Kindersley, Dorling (2011). Ultimate Food Journeys: The World's Best Dishes and Where to Eat Them. DK Publishing. ISBN 9780756695880.
  42. ^ Wiens, Mark (9 May 2011). "Top 16 Bangkok Street Food Sanctuaries (Are You Ready to Eat?)". Migrationology.
  43. ^ "The 10 Best Street Food Cities in the World, per Virtual Tourist.Com, Frommer's". NY Daily News. 31 July 2012.
  44. ^ Jing Xuan Teng (3 October 2016). "The Best Street Food in Jakarta, Indonesia". The Culture Trip.
  45. ^ "Indonesian Street food". Food & Travel.
  46. ^ "Nukkadwala – Inspired by A Billion Foodies". Nukkadwala. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  47. ^ Anderson, Heather Arndt (2013). Breakfast: A History. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7591-2165-2.
  48. ^ "Jamaican "Jerk" Chicken Recipe". Pepper. 29 November 2018. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  49. ^ a b c Etkin, Nina L. (2009). Foods of Association: Biocultural Perspectives on Foods and Beverages that Mediate Sociability. The University of Arizona Press. ISBN 9780816527779.
  50. ^ Chow, Esther Ngan-Ling; Berheide, Catherine White, eds. (1994). Women, the Family, and Policy: A Global Perspective. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791417850.
  51. ^ Tinker, Irene (1997). Street Foods: Urban Food and Employment in Developing Countries. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195104356.
  52. ^ Knox, Dan; Hannam, Kevin (2010). Understanding Tourism: A Critical Introduction. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781412922784.
  53. ^ Ashkenazi, Michael; Jacob, Jeanne (2003). Food Culture in Japan. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313324383.
  54. ^ Albala, Ken (2011). Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia. Greenwood. pp. 2–. ISBN 9780313376276.
  55. ^ Donner, Henrike, ed. (2011). Being Middle-Class in India: A Way of Life. Routledge. ISBN 9780415671675.
  56. ^ a b Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2004). Globalization of Food Systems in Developing Countries: Impact on Food Security and Nutrition. ISBN 9789251052280.
  57. ^ Start Your Own Food Truck Business. Entrepreneur Press. 2011. ISBN 9781613081143.
  58. ^ Smith, Andrew F., ed. (2007). The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195307962.
  59. ^ Linnekin, Baylen (3 March 2018). "Food Trucks Still Under Attack from Regulators". Reason. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
  60. ^ a b Rababy, Michael (2018). Folsom Street Food Court. Delancey Street Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0692183731.
  61. ^ Bull, Chris (26 September 2018). "Photos: Folsom Street Fair May Be All About the Hot Guys, but Don't Forget the Street Food". GayCities Blog. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  62. ^ Wilkinson, Alissa (27 April 2019). "Netflix's Wonderful Street Food Focuses on the Human Aspect of Ordinary Food". Vox. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  63. ^ Cortez, Mario A. (24 July 2020). "'Street Food: Latin America' Is a Mouth-Watering, Welcome Escape". Remezcla. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  64. ^ Anderson, John (16 July 2020). "'Street Food: Latin America' Review: A Platter of Vicarious Delights". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  65. ^ Mukhola, Murembiwa Stanley (2006). Guidelines for an Environmental Education Training Programme for Street Food Vendors in Polokwane City (D. Ed. thesis). University of Johannesburg. hdl:10210/1181.
  66. ^ Lues, Jan F. R.; Rasephei, M. R.; Venter, P.; Theron, M. M. (2006). "Assessing Food Safety and Associated Food Handling Practices in Street Food Vending". International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 16 (5): 319–328. Bibcode:2006IJEHR..16..319L. doi:10.1080/09603120600869141. PMID 16990173. S2CID 27054452.
  67. ^ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2003), The Informal Food Sector: Municipal Support Policies for Operators (PDF), retrieved 20 June 2019.
  68. ^ a b "Hawker Centres: The View from Above".
  69. ^ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2004). Globalization of Food Systems in Developing Countries: Impact on Food Security and Nutrition. Food & Agriculture Org. ISBN 9789251052280.
  70. ^ Simopoulos, A. P.; Bhat, R. V., eds. (2000). Street Foods. Karger. ISBN 9783805569279.
  71. ^ Food Standards Agency. "Safer Food, Better Business". Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  72. ^ "Retailers Support Program". Sydney Markets. Archived from the original on 29 August 2007. Retrieved 25 November 2007.
  73. ^ "Food Safety Supervisor Course". Queen Victoria Market. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 25 November 2007.
  74. ^ "Producer Rules and Regulations". Green City Market. Archived from the original on 13 May 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2007.
  75. ^ "How To Become A Stallholder". Adelaide Showgrounds Farmers Market. Archived from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2007.
  76. ^ "Chemical Residue and Microbial Testing Program for Australia's Fresh Produce Industry" (PDF). Fresh Source. Brisbane Markets. June 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2007. Retrieved 27 November 2007.
  77. ^ Gaur, Rathna Malhotra (2021). "Clean Food Program for the Street Food Vendors in India". European Food and Feed Law Review (EFFL). 16: 309.
  78. ^ Marras, S. R. (2014). "Comparative Analysis of Legislative Approaches to Street Food in South American Metropolises". In Cardoso, R.; Companion, M.; Marras, S. (eds.). Street Food: Culture, Economy, Health and Governance. Routledge. pp. 15–45.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Street_food&oldid=1256757230"