尼布甲尼撒二世

尼布甲尼撒二世
美索不达米亚王朝表、巴比伦国王
缟玛瑙眼石上，刻有尼布甲尼撒二世的铭文的雕刻品
統治	前605年—前562年在位
前任	那波帕拉薩爾
繼任	以未米羅達

尼布甲尼撒二世（亚拉姆语：ܢܵܒܘܼ ܟܘܼܕܘܼܪܝܼ ܐܘܼܨܘܼܪ；希伯来语：נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר‬ Nəḇūḵaḏneṣṣar；古希臘語：Ναβουχοδονόσωρ；Naboukhodonósôr；阿拉伯语：نِبُوخَذنِصَّر nibūḫaḏniṣṣar；约前634年—前562年），是位于巴比伦的迦勒底帝国最伟大的君主，在位时间约为公元前605年–前562年。他因在首都巴比伦建成著名的空中花园而为人赞颂，同时也因毁掉了所罗门圣殿而为人熟知。他曾征服犹大王国和耶路撒冷，并流放犹太人。《圣经列王纪》和《耶利米书》描述了他征服犹大王国的过程。

用巴比伦的语言解释他的名字意思是“皇冠的保护和继承者尼布”，或“保卫边疆者尼布”。

早年

尼布甲尼撒的父亲是迦勒底帝国的开国君主－那波帕拉薩爾，母亲是出身于伊朗的米底王国公主，这两个王国联姻后，势力大增。尔后那波帕拉薩爾将巴比伦从亚述人的属国地位中独立出来，并打垮亚述人，将亚述帝国的都城尼尼微夷为平地。尼布甲尼撒是他父亲的长子和继承人，前607年随父亲出征亚述北部山区，后来单独指挥作战。由于埃及曾经击败亚述人，并占领了原亚述帝国西部卡尔基米什一带，导致前亚述帝国领土被伽勒底和米底分割。前606年，他带兵任总司令，在卡尔基米什痛歼埃及军队，收复了前亚述领地。前605年8月，那波帕拉薩爾去世，尼布甲尼撒赶回巴比伦继承王位。

對外征戰

前604年他发兵征服叙利亚和巴勒斯坦部分地区。尔后雇用希腊佣兵作战，但于前601年被埃及军队打败，损失惨重，他竭力补充损失的战车和兵员，卷土重来。前597年，他率兵攻占耶路撒冷，并将猶大王國國王约雅斤掳回巴比伦，圣经中还记载了他在前586年对耶路撒冷的另一次进攻以及对推罗城的围攻，并将两座城市毁灭，将神殿拆毁。

大英博物馆目前保存有描述他的楔形文字泥版文书，写到：“巴比伦国王，尼布甲尼撒，在第37年，带领军队进攻埃及，埃及国王雅赫摩斯集合军队前往应战”。

成就

他同时也是一位卓越的外交家，曾派遣使节和小亚细亚的希腊人国家吕底亚及米底周旋，解除西方的威胁，他将巴比伦建成一个著名的城市，完善输水设施和水库。

圣经中的描写

尼布甲尼撒多次在《聖經》中出现。《圣经列王纪》中描述了尼布甲尼撒二世两次包围耶路撒冷，《耶利米书》则描述了第二次围城和洗劫摧毁所罗门圣殿。

尼布甲尼撒二世是《但以理書》中的重要人物，4章1-37節中描述，這夢見於但以理所謄錄的巴比倫國史文獻內。這份文獻是由飽受教訓而學會謙卑自抑的尼布甲尼撒執筆的。首先尼布甲尼撒承認至高上帝的大能及他的王國。然後他敘述所發的可怕的夢，並解釋這夢如何應驗在他身上。他夢見一棵大樹，高得頂天，所産的果子可供衆生食用，其蔭可遮庇萬民。一位守望者大聲喊叫説：『要伐倒這樹。把樹的殘株用鐵圈和銅圈箍住。經過七期，好叫世人知道至高者在人的國中掌權，要將國賜給極卑微的人統治。』（但以理書4:14-17）但以理把夢講解出來，指明樹代表尼布甲尼撒。這個含有預言性的夢不久便實現了。有一天國王因自己的威榮而自命不凡，隨即變成有如瘋子一般，在田間吃草為生，與獸無異，一共過了七年。此後他的神智回復正常，他於是稱頌耶和華的至尊地位。

逝世

他于公元前562年去世，由他儿子以未米羅達繼位。公元前539年，他去世后尚不到25年，巴比伦就被波斯帝國的居鲁士大帝征服。

参考文献

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外部链接

• Inscription of Nabuchadnezzar. Babylonian and Assyrian Literature – old translation
• Nabuchadnezzar Ishtar gate Inscription
• Jewish Encyclopedia on Nebuchadnezzar
• Nebuchadnezzar II on Ancient History Encyclopedia

前任： 那波帕拉薩爾

美索不达米亚王朝表

继任： 以未米羅達