A quad, or "quadruple", is a figure skating jump with four or more, but less than five, revolutions[1]. Most quadruples have exactly four revolutions, but one instance of a jump with more than four revolutions, but less than five, is the quadruple Axel. No skater has yet accomplished a quadruple Axel in competition.
The first quad jump landed during an official ISU competition was performed by Kurt Browning in 1988.[2]
History
The following is a brief timeline of major events in the history of quadruple jumps in figure skating.
- 1978-79
- Robert Wagenhoffer (USA) is rumored to practice quads 10 years before one is officially landed.[3]
- 1983
- Alexandr Fadeev (URS) attempts a quad toe loop at the World Championships.[citation needed]
- Mark Cockerell (USA) lands quads in training at the US National Sports Festival, but decides not to try it during his performance.[4]
- 1984
- Alexandr Fadeev (URS) attempts a quad toe at the Olympics, but it is not officially recognized by the ISU because of a flawed landing.[5]
- 1986
- Jozef Sabovcik (CZE) attempts a quad toe at the European Championships, but attempt is ruled invalid because of touchdown with free foot.[6]
- 1987
- Brian Boitano (USA) makes a quad toe attempt at the World Championships but falls and loses his title to Brian Orser.[7]
- 1988
- Kurt Browning (CAN) lands the first quadruple jump (the first quadruple toe loop) at the World Championships. [8]
- Brian Boitano (USA) attempts a quad toe later in the same competition but cannot hold the landing and takes an extra step; ruled not valid.
- 1989
- Kurt Browning (CAN) lands a quad toe loops at the World Championships.
- Petr Barna (CZE) lands a quad toe loops at the same competition.
- 1990
- Surya Bonaly (FRA) attempts a quad toe loop at the European Championships; first quad attempt by a lady in a major competition. She also falls on a quad salchow attempt.
- Alexei Urmanov (URS) becomes the first Russian skater to land a quad (quad toe loop) in competition, at the Soviet championships in December.
- 1991
- Michael Chack (USA) attempts a one-foot axel/quad salchow combination at the U.S. Nationals; quad landing is two-footed.
- Alexei Urmanov lands a quadruple toe loop at the European Championships in January.
- Surya Bonaly (FRA) lands an underrotated quad attempt at the World Championships.
- Elvis Stojko (CAN) lands the first quad in combination, the first quadruple toe loop-double toe loop combination, at the World Championships.
- 1992
- Surya Bonaly (FRA) lands an underrotated quad toe at the Olympics and later repeats this at the World Championships.[9]
- Petr Barna (CZE) lands the first quad in Olympic competition (a quad toe loop).
- 1994
- Min Zhang (CHN) lands a quad toe at the Winter Olympics, Lillehammer.
- 1995
- Michael Weiss (USA) falls on a quad toe attempt at the U.S. Nationals.
- Francis Gastellu (FRA) lands a quad toe at the French Nationals.[10]
- 1996
- Surya Bonaly (FRA) falls on a quadruple salchow attempt at the World Championships; first quad salchow attempt by a lady in major competition.
- Guo Zhengxin (CHN) landed a quad-toe-double toe at the World Championships.[11]
- 1997
- Michael Weiss (USA) two-foots a quad toe attempt at the U.S. Nationals.
- Elvis Stojko (CAN) lands the first quad-triple combination (the first quad toe-triple toe) at the Champions Series Final.
- A total of three quads are landed by three different skaters at this competition: Ilya Kulik (RUS), Alexei Urmanov (RUS) and Elvis Stojko (CAN).
- Zhengxin Guo (CHN) is the first to land two quads in a single performance at the World Championships: a quad toe, plus a quad toe-double toe combination, thus also making him the first to land a single quad and a quad in combination together in one performance.
- Elvis Stojko repeats his quad toe-triple toe at the World Championships.
- Anthony Liu (AUS) becomes the first Australian to land a quad at his country's national championships in July (quad toe loop).
- 17-year-old Tim Goebel (USA) attempts quads throughout the fall season at the Junior Champions series, and attempts a quad salchow at the Ukrainian Souvenir competition (where five other men planned quads). The attempt is ruled a two-footed landing.
- 1998
- Michael Weiss (USA) attempts a quad lutz in both his U.S. Nationals free skate (two-footed) and in his Olympic free skate (fall).
- Todd Eldredge (USA) falls on a quad toe attempt at the U.S. Nationals.
- Timothy Goebel (USA) becomes the first American to land a quadruple jump (a quad salchow in combination with a double toe loop) in competition at the Junior Champions Series Final. In so doing he also lands the first quadruple salchow and the first quad salchow in combination (as well as the first quad combination by an American). The jump is not ratified by the ISU for nearly a month.[12]
- Ilya Kulik (RUS) becomes the first Olympic champion to land a quad in a winning program.
- The ISU votes to permit solo quadruple jumps in the men's short program at their biennial congress in June.
- Timothy Goebel lands a clean (solo) quad salchow at the Goodwill Games in July.
- Derek Schmidt (CAN) attempts quad toe loops in his short programs during two minor regional Canadian summer competitions but fails to complete the jumps cleanly.
- Elvis Stojko (CAN) is the first to attempt a quad (toe loop) in a short program at a major international competition at Skate America, but falls on the attempt.
- 1999
- Min Zhang (CHN) becomes the first man to land a quadruple jump (a toe loop) in a short program at the Four Continents Championship in February.[13]
- Timothy Goebel (USA) becomes the first man to land three quadruple jumps in a program (long program) at Skate America in October.
- Evgeny Plushenko (RUS) performs a quad-triple-double (quadruple toe-triple toe-double loop) combination at the NHK Trophy.
- Michael Weiss (USA) is the first American to land a quadruple toe at the World Championships. [14]
- 2000
- Alexei Yagudin (RUS) lands two quadruple jumps in his long program, including one in combination[15]
- 2001
- Evgeny_Plushenko (RUS) lands a quad-triple-double-double (quadruple toe-triple toe-double loop-double loop) at the World Championships.
- 2002
- Miki Ando (JPN) becomes the first lady to land a quadruple (a salchow) at the Junior Grand Prix Final.
- Evgeny Plushenko (RUS) lands a quad-triple-triple (quadruple toe-triple toe-triple loop) combination in competition at the Cup of Russia.
- Timothy Goebel (USA) is the first to land four quadruple jumps in a program at the Olympic Games.
Fome here on out, the ability to land quadruple jumps has become common among World and Olympic level skaters, to the point that not having one in a program is considered a handicap.[16]
References
- ^ http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/programme/glossary_uk.asp?DiscCode=FS
- ^ "A Quadruple Jump on Ice". The New York Times. 1988-03-26. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ http://andrejkoymasky.com/liv/fam/biow1/wage1.html
- ^ AP (6/27/2003). "Cockerell Captures Skating". The New York Times.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Smith. "Figure Skating: A Celebration"
- ^ Smith. "Figure Skating: A Celebration"
- ^ "Boitano Isn't Upset By Loss Of His Title". The New York Times. 3/14/1987.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ "A Quadruple Jump on Ice". The New York Times. 1988-03-26. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ "Fire of an ice queen".
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ L'Equipe. 12/1994
- ^ www
.iceskatingintnl .com /archive /results _worlds /world96m .htm - ^ Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 4/1/1998
- ^ http://www.isufs.org/bios/isufs00003104.htm
- ^ http://www.goldenskate.com/articles/2003/051604.shtml
- ^ "Quad jumps bring Yagudin third title". The Independent, London. 3/21/2000.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Meri-Jo Borzilleri (3/25/2003). "Not taking same path as others". Gazette, The (Colorado Springs).
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help)