2006 Lebanon War

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The 2006 Israel-Lebanon crisis, 'Operation Just Reward' (Israeli operation), or 'True Promise' (Hezbollah operation) is a series of military incidents, predominantly in southern Lebanon and northern Israel. The major hostilities began on July 12, 2006, when Hezbollah staged a cross-border attack on two Israeli Humvees. Three Israeli soldiers were killed and two were captured and taken into Lebanon. In response, Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) launched an offensive (Operation Just Reward) into Lebanon. In the following days hostilities between Israel and Hezbollah escalated.

World War III 2006-????
Part of the 2006 Arab-Israeli conflict
File:54240.jpg
The Israeli Air Force strikes a position in Lebanon.
DateJuly 12, 2006
Location
Result Conflict ongoing
Belligerents
Israel Israel File:Flag of Hezbollah.svg Hezbollah
Lebanon Lebanon
Commanders and leaders
Dan Halutz (Chief of Staff),
Udi Adam (Regional)
Hassan Nasrallah,
Michel Sulaiman
Casualties and losses
4 civilians killed,[1]
120 civilians injured,[1]
8 soldiers killed,
5 soldiers wounded,[2]
2 soldiers captured[3][4][2] (Israeli government account)
63 civilians killed
167 civilians injured, [5].
2 Lebanese soldiers killed,
1 Hezbollah militant killed
(Lebanese government account)

There is concern that the Syrian or Iranian governments, which have strong ties to Hezbollah, may become involved in the conflict, causing the situation to deteriorate further.[6]

Historical background

Hezbollah is a Shia Muslim organization. It was supported by Syria, funded and armed by Iran, "inspired by the success of the Iranian Revolution" and "was formed primarily to offer resistance to the Israeli occupation". Its military arm, the Islamic Resistance was "largely" the reason for Israels eventual withdrawl from southern Lebanon in 2000. Hezbollah's political rhetoric historally revolved on calls for the destruction of the state of Israel.[7]

In 1978, Israel invaded Lebanon and occupied the southern part of the country in response to PLO raids, resulting in United Nations passing UN Resolutions 425 and 426, which call for the immediate withdrawal of forces and end to military action in Lebanon[8]. Israel again invaded Lebanon in 1982 after further attacks and occupied southern Lebanon until 2000, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 9,797 Lebanese military personnel, and 2,513 civilians, as well as 675 Israeli soldiers.[9]. During this 22-year period, Israeli troops were involved to varying degrees in a number of incidents, most notably the Sabra and Shatila Massacre[10] and the Qana shelling.[11]

Since that time, Hezbollah set up bases of operation in the area in contravention of the Security Council resolution 1559, which calls for the disbanding of any armed militias operating in the area. Israel has carried out numerous air assaults aimed at striking the Lebanese cities, in response to this Hezbollah has fired mortar rockets into Israel,[12][13][14][15][16] while Hezbollah and the Lebanese government cited the constant violation of Lebanese air space by Israeli planes, the issue of Israeli land mines, and the occupation of Shebaa Farms[citation needed], a territory which they and Syria consider Lebanese although the United Nations has ruled that it is an occupied territory of Syria, and not part of Lebanon. [17][18]

Conflict

Hezbollah raid

The fighting began at around 9 AM Local Time on July 12, 2006[2] when Hezbollah launched a barrage of 9K51 Grad rockets and mortars on Israeli towns and military positions along the Lebanese border, apparently as a diversion.[19] A force of infiltrators then attacked two armoured IDF Humvees patrolling the border near the Israeli village of Zar'it with anti-tank rockets. Hezbollah has named this operation "True Promise".

The IDF confirmed that two Israeli soldiers were captured by Hezbollah, and identified them as Ehud Goldwasser and Eldad Regev. An Israeli Merkava Mk. II tank was damaged by a 300 kg improvised explosive device, as it attempted to pursue Hezbollah into Lebanon. All four of the crew-members were killed. Another Israeli soldier was killed when he came under heavy fire during an attempted recovery of the bodies from the tank. [20] In all 8 soldiers were killed, 2 kidnapped and 2 wounded.

Israeli response

File:Attack Lebanon 2006.JPG
An Israeli missile exploding on the Lebanese side of the border, just outside the town of Zar'it in northern Israel.

Israel retaliated with air strikes, carried out by the Israeli Air Force (IAF), destroying bridges and infrastructure in southern Lebanon. Hezbollah's television channel al-Manar has confirmed a total 55 civilians were killed. [21]

An unnamed 'senior IDF officer' was quoted as saying that the strike was targeted against rocket launch sites and rocket storerooms, although many of them were intentionally located in population centers. [22] [23] An unnamed Lebanese official responded that "Hezbollah did not store arms in civilian areas.” [23] Airstrikes were also carried out against outposts of Hezbollah.[24] Israel has named the overall operation "Just Reward."

Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert declared the Hezbollah attack an "act of war" by Lebanon and promised a "very painful and far-reaching response." Israeli Defense Minister Amir Peretz also said[24] that "the State of Israel sees itself free to use all measures that it finds it needs, and the (Israeli Forces) have been given orders in that direction." Israel Defense Forces Chief of Staff Dan Halutz said "If the soldiers are not returned we will turn Lebanon's clock back 20 years."

Israel called up reserve troops, signaling a large-scale campaign, as operations continue in an attempt to free a soldier captured by Palestinians in Gaza. Israel sent troops and tanks into southern Lebanon, and the Israeli cabinet met at 7 PM Local Time, 4 PM UTC, Noon Eastern Time, July 12, 2006.[24]

Hezbollah declared an all-out military alert, and said it had 13,000 rockets capable of hitting towns and installations far into northern Israel. As a result, Defense Minister Peretz told commanders to prepare civil defense plans.[25][26]

Early on July 13, 2006, Israel sent IDF jets to bomb Lebanon's international airport near Beirut, forcing its closure and diverting its arriving flights to Cyprus. Israel also targeted Hezbollah's al-Manar television, but Hezbollah continued transmission from another location. Hezbollah retaliated by bombarding the Israeli towns of Nahariya and Safed, as well as villages nearby, with 9K51 Grad rockets. The attacks killed two civilians and wounded 29 more.[27] Nahariya residents began leaving the city en masse in fear of further Katyusha attacks.[28]Israel is now imposing an air and sea blockade on Lebanon, [29][30] and has bombed the main Beirut-Damascus highway.

Israel's Foreign Ministry Spokesman Mark Regev claims the Hezbollah militants that captured the two soldiers are trying to transfer them to Iran. However, the spokesman did not disclose his source.[31]

Lt.-Gen. Udi Adam of the Northern Command, says Israel has not ruled out sending ground forces into Lebanon.[32]

Residents of Haifa, Israel, are reportedly being ordered into bomb shelters;[33] an estimated 220,000 people across northern Israel have gone into shelters.[34]

Attacks on Lebanon

File:Lebmap.jpg
Map of conflict as of July 14, 2006.
File:IDF troops 2006.JPG
An Israeli soldier and a Merkava Mk 2 tank on the move outside the town of Zar'it in northern Israel, near the Israeli-Lebanese border.

According to the Lebanese government, the majority of casualties caused by the Israeli attacks have been civilians. The Lebanese security officials say Israeli attacks have killed 55 people and wounded 110, many of whom were civilians.[35] Twelve members of one Lebanese family died when Israeli planes bombed their home in the Lebanese village of Zibqine, near Tyre, and seven from another family were killed in Baflay.[36] Israel intensified its response on Lebanon by attacking the Beirut International Airport and damaging three runways.[37] Israel announced that it imposed an air, land and naval blockade on Lebanon. Israel attacked Hezbollah's TV station Al-Manar and Radio station Al-Nour in Haret Hreyk, a southern suburb of Beirut and in Baalbeck. On July 13, Israeli warplanes bombed the road to Damascus, Syria.[38]

Israeli jets attacked two Lebanese military air bases, destroying runways. Attacks against the Rayak air base in the eastern Bekaa Valley near the Syrian border and the Qulayaat military airport in northern Lebanon were the first attacks against Lebanon's army in the conflict.[39][40][41][42]

Israel has now attacked Beirut's international airport four times and have destroyed the airport fuel depots. Israel has also neutralised the third and final military airport by bombing its runways.[42][43][44]

Israeli planes have struck a bridge in a suburb south of Beirut, a place highly valued by Hezbollah. They also struck a power plant's fuel storage south of Beirut (but did not destroy the plant itself). The Lebanese army then retaliated with anti-aircraft fire. People living in this region heard at least three strikes. No casualties have been reported yet.[45]

Israel has been very precise in the level of damage in inflicts, for example a missle punched a hole in a suspension brigde, but did not bring it down, unlike less expensive bridges that were completely destroyed. Israel blew up fuel depots near a power station, but did not destroy the station itself. [46]

According to the BBC, Lebanese police also reported an Israeli air strike early on Friday on a pro-Syrian Palestinian group in eastern Lebanon. The base of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command is less than two kilometres from the Syrian border.[47]

News services report that three explosions have been heard in Beirut. Hezbollah TV reports that the airstrike destroyed a building containing the headquarters of Hezbollah, with Hezbollah's chief, Hassan Nasrallah, likely inside. He was not harmed, however, and has since released a videotape.[48][49][50]

Attacks on Israel

Besides the initial raid, Hezbollah militants targeted several Israeli towns with 9K51 Grad rockets and there have been numerous civilian injuries, as well as a 47-year-old woman who was killed in Nahariya, a 37-year-old man who died of his wounds in Safed, and a five year old and his grandmother who were killed in Meron.[51][52][53]

Hezbollah has threatened to hit the city Haifa, "if the southern suburbs and the city of Beirut are subjected to any direct Israeli aggression". Two rockets hit the city, hours after the threat.[54] Hezbollah denied firing any rockets at the city.[55][56] IDF sources have reported that two rockets were fired from inside Lebanon.[57][44][55] The attack is the first time rockets have hit so far south into Israel. One shock injury has been reported.[44]

There have been reports that the missile fired at Haifa was a Fajr 7, supplied by Iran, and possibly even launched by Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps. These missiles have a range of approximately 75 km.[58] Another source has confirmed that Israeli military sources say the rockets fired into Israel were at least made in Iran.[59]

The Jerusalem Post reported that an attempt by a group of Hezbollah members to enter Israel was stopped by IDF on the 14th of July.[60]

Some 220,000 Israeli civilians spent Thursday night in bomb shelters, after two civilians were killed in rocket attacks.[34] 14 Israelis remain hospitalized following Thursday's rocket attacks. [61]

On July 14, Hezbollah has launched about 100 Katyusha rockets on Israeli towns of Nahariya, Safed, Hatzor, Rosh Pina, Kiryat Shmona, and Karmiel, and in the agricultural settlements Matat, Sasa, Peki'in, Beit Jan, Biria, Biranit, Kabri, Gesher Haziv, Saar and Ben Ami, resulting in 30 injuries. [52][62] Late the same day, a Katyusha in Meron killed two people, a grandmother and her 5-year-old grandson.

Also on July 14, an Israeli warship that was firing into Lebanon from Lebanese waters was severely damaged after being hit by an unmanned aerial vehicle packed with explosives.[63]Four Israelis may be missing, but reports of casualties vary.[64][65]

Casualties

Israeli: Eight Israeli soldiers were killed, two captured and five more wounded.[2] Four civilians have been killed, and 120 civilians were wounded.[1] A gunboat was fired upon and lightly damaged.

Lebanese: One Hezbollah member has been killed as well as two soldiers in the Lebanese army.[66] Lebanese security officials have so far reported that 63 Lebanese civilians have been killed and another 167 had been wounded by July 14.[67]

Foreign nationals: The Kuwaiti Foreign Ministry has reported that two Kuwaiti nationals have been killed.[68] Also, a complete family of four Brazilians, including two children, was killed in the Israeli bombings in Srifa,[69] drawing condemnation from foreign relations minister Celso Amorim.[70] Four members of a German-Lebanese family from Moenchengladbach were killed in an Israeli air raid in Chehour in southern Lebanon.[71]

Possible expansion and resolution

There are concerns of escalation. According to Professor Gerald Steinberg, a Senior Research Associate at the pro-Israeli Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, "Israel may have to take alarming force as an outcome of the latest attacks, which may even result in the disarming of the Hezbollah," and that "Lebanon continues to allow these terrorist activities to take place within her borders and therefore the Lebanese government plays a key role in the reoccurrence of these events."[72]

DEBKAfile reported that Iranian national security advisor and senior nuclear negotiator Ali Larijani flew to Damascus. According to the report, he will remain there for the duration of the crisis in line with an Iranian-Syrian mutual defense pact, and would deem any attack on Syria an assault on Iran. DEBKAfile also reported that Hezbollah "acted on orders from Tehran to open a second front against Israel, partly to ease IDF military pressure on the Hamas in the Gaza Strip". According to DEBKAfile, Iran is also taking up this action to divert attention at the upcoming G8 summit away from the Iranian nuclear crisis, and onto this flare-up instead. Finally, they report that both Syrian and Iranian armed forces have been brought to a state of high alert.[73]

Meanwhile, Israel has issued a warning to people living in a Shi’ite neighbourhood in southern Beirut, the Lebanese capital, telling them to leave.[citation needed] It considers the area a Hezbollah base of operations.

As Hezbollah operates freely in Lebanon and is a member of the ruling government, Israel held the whole Lebanese government accountable and targeted strategic locations throughout the country.

According to Israel Foreign Ministry spokesman Mark Regev, Hezbollah is attempting to transfer the captured soldiers to Iran. Regev has not disclosed the source of this information.[74] But an Iranian foreign ministry spokesman denied the accusation, calling it "simply nonsense."[75]

The situation is further complicated by the thousands of foreign nationals who are stranded in the country. Although at least 15,000 tourists and Lebanese citizens fled via road into Syria on July 13, an Israeli strike on that road has now made travel into or out of the country virtually impossible.

On July 14, Israeli prime minister Ehud Olmert outlined three conditions for the Israeli operation to end: full implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559 calling for the disarming of Hezbollah, an end to rocket attacks from Lebanon on Israeli towns, and the return of the two abducted soldiers.[76]

Also on July 14, Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah said that Hezbollah is ready for "open war" with Israel.[67]

International reaction

The international reaction to the crisis has mostly been a general condemnation of what the leaders consider to be a harsh response by Israel. At the same time, many leaders have stated that Hezbollah initiated the crisis. Many nations have also expressed concern of a possible escalation of the conflict. [77]

See also

References

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