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User:Pinkville/Notes 2

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Pierre Joseph Rossier (born 16 July 1829 - died between 1883 and 1898) was a pioneering Swiss photographer who produced the first commercial photographs of China, the Philippines, Japan and Siam (now Thailand). He is an important figure in the early history of photography not only because of his own images but because he trained a number of renowned photographers, including Ueno Hikoma and other members of the first generation of photographers in Japan.

Identity and origins

Until very recently, little was known about Rossier and even his given name was a mystery. In his own time he was sometimes referred to as "P. Rossier" and at other times as "M. Rossier". Documents discovered in the Fribourg Town Archives finally proved that his given name was Pierre, and it can be assumed that the "M" in "M. Rossier" stood for "Monsieur". He was long thought to be from France, and while he was in Japan he was even referred to as an "Englishman"[1]. However, recent research has revealed that Rossier was Swiss, and that he was born on 16 July 1829 in Grandsivaz, a small village in the Canton of Fribourg. He was the fourth of ten children of a farming family of modest means. At the age of 16 he became a teacher at a school in a neighbouring village but by 1855 he had made a career change, for in that year he was issued a passport to visit France and England to work as a photographer[2].

At some point after leaving Switzerland and arriving in England Rossier was commissioned by the firm of Negretti and Zambra to travel to China to photograph the Second Opium War (1858-1860). It may be that the firm considered Rossier's Swiss citizenship an asset for such a voyage, that his country's neutrality might help him find passage aboard either British or French ships. Taking into account the high costs and uncertainty undertaken by the firm and the potential hazards for Rossier himself, this was an important commission[3].

Photographing in Asia

Rossier was in Hong Kong in 1858, and he soon began taking photographs, mostly in and around Canton (now Guangzhou)[4]. In November 1859 Negretti and Zambra published a set of 50 of Rossier's views, including stereographs. These received favourable reviews in photographic periodicals of the day. In 1858 or 1859 Rossier travelled to the Philippines where he visited the Taal Volcano. Rossier was in Japan by 1859, producing photographs first in Nagasaki, then in Kanagawa, Yokohama, and Edo (now Tokyo). One of the photographs Rossier took during the summer of 1859, while in Nagasaki, was a group portrait of Philipp Franz von Siebold, his son Alexander, and a group of samurai from the Saga clan[5].

At the end of June 1860 he was in Shanghai, and it is likely that he visited the city in an attempt to gain permission to accompany the Anglo-French military expedition that had already arrived in northern China, thereby fulfilling his commission to document the Second Opium War[6]. This attempt was unsuccessful; both forces had already hired photographers to document the mission. The British forces were accompanied by photographers Felice Beato and John Papillon, and the French by Antoine Fauchery, another photographer named du Pin, and possibly also by Louis Legrand. Although Rossier failed even to embark on the mission he had been hired to document, he remained in East Asia for some time longer.

By October 1860 Rossier had returned to Nagasaki, where he took photographs of the harbour on behalf of the British Consul, George S. Morrison, for which Rossier was paid $70[7]. Although Rossier's photographs of Japan were advertised by Negretti and Zambra on at least two occasions in 1860, the firm did not finally publish them until October or November of 1861[8]. Five of Rossier's views of Japan appeared earlier, in George Smith's book, Ten Weeks in Japan, in April 1861.

Thanks to a number of documents of the time, it is now certain that Negretti and Zambra's photographs of China and Japan were taken by Rossier, but for many years it was thought that they might have been taken by either Walter B. Woodbury, who also had dealings with Negretti and Zambra but who was based in Batavia (now Jakarta), or Abel Gower, who was an amateur photographer in Japan. Interestingly, the Leiden University photographs collection includes a portrait of Gower, signed "P. Rossier", and in 1859 Rossier and Gower shared passage on the HMS Sampson from Nagasaki to Edo[9].

Teaching photography

Rossier arrived in Japan at a time when early experiments in photography were being conducted in Kyūshū, particularly in Nagasaki. The city was the centre of rangaku, the study of Western science, and it was here that physicians Jan Karel van den Broek and J. L. C. Pompe van Meerdervoort were instrumental in teaching their Japanese students not only medicine, but also chemistry and photography[10]. Neither Van den Broek nor Pompe was an experienced photographer, and their attempts to produce photographs were largely failures[11]. Nevertheless, in turn they taught wet-collodion process photography to Yoshio Keisai[12], Furukawa Shumpei, Kawano Teizō, Maeda Genzō, Ueno Hikoma, and Horie Kuwajirō, among others[13].

On his arrival in Japan, Rossier presumably introduced himself as a photographer despatched to Japan by the London firm of Negretti and Zambra, perhaps thereby inspiring a misconception, for while he remained in the country he was often referred to as an "English" photographer. In Nagasaki, Rossier was assisted in his work by Maeda, who had been instructed to accompany the "Englishman" and to further learn photography[14]. With Maeda and other students as an escort, Rossier took photographs around the city of priests, beggars, the audience of a sumo match, the group portrait of the Siebolds and samurai, and the foreign settlement. Rossier believed that Pompe's failures in photography were due to a lack of the necessary chemicals and so he provided Maeda with a letter of recommendation to procure photographic apparatus and chemicals from a source in Shanghai. Both Maeda and Furukawa bought lenses, chemicals and albumen paper through Rossier[15].

At this time Ueno Hikoma and Horie Kuwajiro also received photographic instruction from Rossier. Apparently, Ueno had originally intended to learn not only the practice of photography, but also the manufacture of cameras. The encounter with Rossier seems to have convinced Ueno to choose photography as a career, but he was so overwhelmed by the refined technology of the camera that he quickly dropped the notion of making one himself. Within a few months he and Horie had purchased a French camera and chemicals, thereafter launching their independent photographic careers[16].

Although Rossier's time in Japan was brief, and the surviving photographic legacy of his sojourn is small, he nevertheless had a lasting impact on photography in the country.

Later years and legacy

In 1861 Rossier was in Siam where he assisted the French zoologist Firmin Bocourt by taking ethnographic portraits for the latter's scientific expedition of 1861-1862. In February 1862 Rossier was again in Shanghai, where he sold his cameras and other photographic equipment before embarking for Europe.

Rossier returned to Switzerland in early 1862 and in October 1865 he married Catharine Barbe Kaelin (1843 - 1867). The couple had a son, Christophe Marie Pierre Joseph, who was born on 30 July 1866. It is possible that Catherine never recovered from the childbirth because she died on 4 April 1867 at the age of 23.

Rossier maintained a photographic studio in Fribourg until at least 1876 and he also had a studio in Einsiedeln. He produced stereographs and cartes-de-visite comprising portraits and views of Fribourg, Einsiedeln and other places in Switzerland in the 1860s and 1870s. In 1872 he applied for a passport to travel to France where he may have produced photographs. At some point between 1871 and 1884 he married gain. His second wife, Marie Virginie Overney, was employed as a household servant by the landlords of his studio. They had a son, Joseph Louis, who was born in Paris on 16 March 1884 and who went on to own a cafe in Vevey, Switzerland, dying in 1927.

Pierre Rossier died in Paris sometime between 1883 and 1898.

Examples of Rossier's views of Switzerland are held in several institutions and private collections in that country. Rossier took the first commercial photographs of China and Japan, and they are now quite rare. He complained at times of the adverse effects of the climate on his photographic chemicals and some of his negatives may have been damaged en route to London from Asia. Though his surviving images are scarce, his importance to the early history of photography in Asia is great. Before his arrival in Japan in 1859 Japanese students of photography had struggled to produce satisfactory images, but Rossier's experience, instruction, and contacts with photographic materials suppliers were extremely helpful in the development of an antonymous photographic practice in Japan.

Notes

  1. ^ In fact, the Union List of Artist Names, a research database of the Getty Institute, lists "Rossier, M." as "probably British" (ULAN).
  2. ^ Bennett provides an interesting account of the research involved in revealing the identity and background of Pierre Rossier. Most of what is now known about Rossier comes from Bennett's work. References to Bennett's Internet article, The Search for Rossier are cited as "Bennett", while references to his book, Early Japanese Images are cited as "Bennett [1996]".
  3. ^ Bennett.
  4. ^ Bennett. Worswick places Rossier in China from 1857 to 1859, but does not provide any further information (Worswick, 146).
  5. ^ This photograph is in the collection of the Siebold Memorial Museum in Nagasaki (Himeno, 22).
  6. ^ The British and French military forces were already assembling at Talien Bay and Chefoo, respectively, in June 1860 (Harris, 17) and it is known that Rossier was in Shanghai on 27 June 1860. There is a further possibility that Rossier visited Shanghai in order to procure photographic chemicals (Bennett).
  7. ^ In a letter dated 13 October 1860, Morrison wrote, "... considering that M. Rossier's time is specifically devoted to other purposes, and that he was occupied with them for several days... as he is not a tradesman here for the sale of photographs, was not in a position to bargain..." (Bennett). Seventy dollars was a substantial sum; to put the price in some perspective, fourteen years later Henry Smith Munroe, an American employee of the Japanese government, was considering buying some photographs by Uchida Kuichi. The complete set of 500 views cost $250, which represented three-quarters of Munro's monthly salary as a well-paid foreign advisor (Dobson, 20; Clark, Fraser, and Osman, 137-138).
  8. ^ In the 28 May 1860 edition of The Times there appeared an advertisement for a "full coloured" stereograph of "Japanese ladies in full dress" by Rossier. An advertisement in The Times, 3 October 1860, referred to the "expected" arrival of "photographs from Japan - A case of rare and curious photographs of the scenery of this interesting country, and illustrative of the manners and customs of the Japanese tribes, which have been executed by a special artist sent out for the purpose by the enterprising firm of Negretti and Zambra of London". Bennett speculates that Negretti and Zambra may have delayed publishing the images because of problems with the quality of the negatives, either because they were damaged in transit or because of Rossier's known difficulties in finding the correct photographic chemicals in Asia (Bennett).
  9. ^ Bennett.
  10. ^ More precisely, it was the insular Dutch enclave of Deshima, located in Nagasaki harbour, that provided the locale for these studies, with the experiments in photography beginning in the mid-1850s. Similar research began about the same time in the nearby Satsuma han at Kagoshima (Himeno, 18, 20-21).
  11. ^ Even with the help of the user's manual that accompanied the camera he had imported, it seems that Van den Broek never made a satisfactory photographic image and he decided that only an experienced photographer would be able to teach the use of the camera. Pompe was hardly more successful; one result of his experiments was described by Matsumoto Jun as "a meagre black shadow" (Himeno, 21-22).
  12. ^ Yoshio Keisai was an uncle and teacher of photographer Uchida Kuichi (Himeno24-25).
  13. ^ Himeno, 21-22.
  14. ^ It was Matsumoto Jun who ordered Maeda to assist Rossier. Interestingly, at some point between 1857 and 1859, Matsumoto adopted the 13 year-old future photographer Uchida Kuichi (Bennett [1996], 54).
  15. ^ Himeno, 21-22. Maeda and Furukawa succeeded in taking a photograph with these materials on 28 October 1860, which is still a memorial day in Fukuoka where the photograph was taken (Himeno, 22)
  16. ^ Himeno, 22. Ueno went on to become one of the most important and successful photographers in 19th century Japan.

References

  • Bennett, Terry. 'The Search for Rossier: Early Photographer of China & Japan', cited 12 September 2006.
  • Bennett, Terry. Early Japanese Images (Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1996), 54.
  • Clark, John, John Fraser, and Colin Osman. "A revised chronology of Felice (felix) Beato (1825/34?–1908?)". In Japanese Exchanges in Art, 1850s to 1930s with Britain, continental Europe, and the USA: Papers and Research Materials (Sydney: Power Publications, 2001), 137-138.
  • Dobson, Sebastian. "Yokohama Shashin". In Art & Artifice: Japanese Photographs of the Meiji Era – Selections from the Jean S. and Frederic A. Sharf Collection at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (Boston: MFA Publications, 2004), 20.
  • Harris, David. Of Battle and Beauty: Felice Beato's Photographs of China (Santa Barbara: Santa Barbara Museum of Art, 1999).
  • Himeno, Junichi. "Encounters With Foreign Photographers: The Introduction and Spread of Photography in Kyushu". In Reflecting Truth: Japanese Photography in the Nineteenth Century, ed. Nicole Coolidge Rousmaniere, Mikiko Hirayama (Amsterdam: Hotei Publishing, 2004), 18, 20-25.
  • Union List of Artist Names, s.v. "Rossier, M.", cited 15 September 2006.
  • Worswick, Clark. 'Japan: Photographs 1854-1905' (New York: Pennwick/Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), 146.
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