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Grylloblattidae

"Rock crawler" redirects here. For the vehicle used in the off-road discipline of the same name, see Rock crawling.

Grylloblattidae, commonly known as the icebugs or ice crawlers, is a family of extremophile (psychrophile) and wingless insects that live in the cold on top of mountains and the edges of glaciers. It is the only member of Grylloblattodea, which is generally considered an order. Alternatively, Grylloblattodea, along with Mantophasmatodea (rock crawlers), have been ranked as suborders of the order Notoptera.[1] Grylloblattids are wingless insects mostly less than 3 cm long, with a head resembling that of a cockroach, with long antennae and having elongated cerci arising from the tip of their abdomen. They cannot tolerate warmth (most species will die at 10 °C) and many species have small distribution ranges.

Grylloblattidae
Galloisiana nipponensis
Specimen of Grylloblatta in lateral view
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Superorder: Notoptera
Order: Grylloblattodea
Family: Grylloblattidae
E. M. Walker, 1914
Genera

Galloisiana
Grylloblatta
Grylloblattella
Grylloblattina
Namkungia

Overview

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Grylloblattids, ice crawlers or icebugs puzzled the scientists who discovered them in 1914, E.M. Walker and T.B. Kurata; the first species named was Grylloblatta campodeiformis, which means "cricket-cockroach shaped like a Campodea" (a kind of two-pronged bristletail). Most are nocturnal and appear to feed on detritus. They have long antennae (23–45 segments) and long cerci (5–8 segments), but no wings. Their eyes are either missing or reduced and they have no ocelli (simple eyes).[2] Their closest living relatives are the recently discovered Mantophasmatodea.[3] Most species are less than 3 cm long, the largest being Namkungia magnus.[4]

The family has its own order, Grylloblattodea (sometimes considered a suborder of Notoptera[1]). It contains 5 genera and about 34 extant species.[5][6]

Most species have restricted distributions and small populations and with increased warming their habitats are threatened, making them endangered. In North America some species like Grylloblatta barberi and G. oregonensis are known from single sites.[7]

Habitat and distribution

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Grylloblattodea are nocturnal extremophiles typically found in leaf litter and under stones in extremely cold environments, usually at higher elevations. They are known to inhabit cold temperate forests to glaciers and the edges of ice sheets. Their optimal living temperature is between 1–4 °C (34–39 °F). They can be killed at colder temperatures due to ice formation in the body, so when the temperature drops below their optimal range they survive by living under snow pack near the soil.[8] They have a very narrow range of temperatures that they prefer and cannot withstand high temperatures; many species are killed when the temperature rises about 5 °C above their optimal temperature. They move in response to the seasons so as to maintain an optimal temperature in their foraging habitat.[9]

Grylloblattidae are patchily distributed in glaciers, caves, montane environments, and occasionally also lower-elevation forests in western North America, East Asia (Korea and Japan), Central Asia (Siberia, China, and Kazakhstan). They are predicted to occur in several other mountain chains in Asia, including parts of the Himalayas.[10]

Diet

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They are omnivorous, but feed primarily on dead arthropods and carrion. When arthropod carcasses are scarce, they subsist on plant material.[8]

Evolution

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Grylloblattidae is generally thought to have emerged from within the "Grylloblattida", a poorly defined group of extinct winged insects that first appeared in the Late Carboniferous,[11] over 300 million years ago. The winged Aristovia from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber of Myanmar, around 100 million years ago is thought to be closely related to modern Grylloblattidae due to its very similar mouthparts.[12]

Taxonomy

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List of Grylloblattodea genera and species along with their type localities:[13]

In total, there are 33 extant species and 5 extant genera described as of 2015.

References

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  1. ^ a b Arillo, A.; Engel, M.S. (2006). "Rock crawlers in Baltic amber (Notoptera: Mantophasmatodea)". American Museum Novitates. 3539: 1–10.
  2. ^ Richards, O. W.; Davies, R. G. (1977). "Grylloblattodea". Imms' General Textbook of Entomology. Springer Netherlands. p. 533. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-6516-7_9. ISBN 978-0-412-15230-6.
  3. ^ Stephen L. Cameron, Stephen C. Barker & Michael F. Whiting (2006). "Mitochondrial genomics and the new insect order Mantophasmatodea". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 38 (1): 274–279. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.020. PMID 16321547.
  4. ^ Kim, Byung-Woo; Lee, Woncheol (2006). "Redescription of the Largest Ice Bug, Namkungia Magnus Com. Nov. (Grylloblattodea, Grylloblattidae) from Korea". Zootaxa. 1359: 57–66. doi:10.5281/zenodo.174644.
  5. ^ Terry L. Erwin (1997). "Biodiversity at its utmost: tropical forest beetles". In Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla, Don E. Wilson & Edward O. Wilson (ed.). Biodiversity II. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. pp. 27–40. ISBN 978-0-309-05584-0.
  6. ^ Zhang, Z.-Q. (2011). "Phylum Arthropoda von Siebold, 1848 In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3148: 99–103. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.14.
  7. ^ Schoville, Sean D (2014). "Current status of the systematics and evolutionary biology of Grylloblattidae (Grylloblattodea)". Systematic Entomology. 39 (2): 197–204. doi:10.1111/syen.12052.
  8. ^ a b David Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel (2005). "Polyneoptera: Grylloblattodea: The Ice Crawlers". Evolution of the Insects. New York City: Cambridge University Press. pp. 222–224. ISBN 9780521821490.
  9. ^ Schoville, Sean D.; Slatyer, Rachel A.; Bergdahl, James C.; Valdez, Glenda A. (2015). "Conserved and narrow temperature limits in alpine insects: Thermal tolerance and supercooling points of the ice-crawlers, Grylloblatta (Insecta: Grylloblattodea: Grylloblattidae)". Journal of Insect Physiology. 78: 55–61. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.04.014. ISSN 0022-1910. PMID 25956197.
  10. ^ Bai, Ming; Jarvis, Karl; Wang, Shu-Yong; Song, Ke-Qing; Wang, Yan-Ping; Wang, Zhi-Liang; Li, Wen-Zhu; Wang, Wei; Yang, Xing-Ke (2010). "A Second New Species of Ice Crawlers from China (Insecta: Grylloblattodea), with Thorax Evolution and the Prediction of Potential Distribution". PLOS ONE. 5 (9): e12850. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...512850B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012850. PMC 2943926. PMID 20877572.
  11. ^ Cawood, Rebecca; Nel, Andre; Garrouste, Romain; Moyo, Sydney; Villet, Martin H.; Prevec, Rose (2022-06-29). "The first 'Grylloblattida' of the family Liomopteridae from the Middle Permian in the Onder Karoo, South Africa (Insecta: Polyneoptera)". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 21 (22): 451–461. doi:10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22. ISSN 1777-571X. S2CID 250157791.
  12. ^ Cui, Yingying; Bardin, Jérémie; Wipfler, Benjamin; Demers‐Potvin, Alexandre; Bai, Ming; Tong, Yi‐Jie; Chen, Grace Nuoxi; Chen, Huarong; Zhao, Zhen‐Ya; Ren, Dong; Béthoux, Olivier (2024-03-07). "A winged relative of ice‐crawlers in amber bridges the cryptic extant Xenonomia and a rich fossil record". Insect Science. doi:10.1111/1744-7917.13338. ISSN 1672-9609.
  13. ^ Wipfler, Benjamin; Bai, Ming; Schoville, Sean; Dallai, Romano; Uchifune, Toshiki; Machida, Ryuichiro; Cui, Yingying; Beutel, Rolf G. (2014-01-20). "Ice Crawlers (Grylloblattodea) – the history of the investigation of a highly unusual group of insects". Journal of Insect Biodiversity. 2 (2): 1–25. doi:10.12976/jib/2014.2.2. ISSN 2147-7612. S2CID 84729486. Retrieved 2021-12-12.
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