Hor

Hor Awibre
Hor Awibre
Hor, Awibre, Auibre
	Ka statue of the pharaoh Awibre Hor, on display at the Egyptian Museum, Cairo
Pharaoh
Reign	2 years, 1777-1775 BC (Ryholt), a few months (Baker), 7 months c. 1760 BC (Verner), c. 1732 BC (Schneider)
Predecessor	Renseneb
Successor	Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
Horus name
Horus name
	Hotepibtawy ; Ḥtp-jb-t3wj; He who satisfies the heart of the two Lands
;
Nebty name
	Neferkhaw ; Nfr-ḫˁw; He whose apparitions are perfect
Golden Horus
Prenomen (Praenomen)
Nomen
	Hor; Ḥr.(w); Horus
	;
Consort	Nubhetepti I
Children	Nubhetepti-khered, possibly Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw and Djedkheperew
Died	(40s yrs)
Burial	shaft tomb at Dahshur
Dynasty	13th Dynasty

Hor Awibre (also known as Hor I) was an Egyptian pharaoh of the early 13th Dynasty in the late Middle Kingdom.

Attestations

Hor remained unattested until the discovery in 1894 of his nearly intact tomb in Dashur by Jacques de Morgan, see below.^[1]

Tanis/Memphis, Architrave

At Tanis (Nile Delta region), in a secondary context, a granite architrave with the cartouches of Hor and Sekhemre Khutawy Khabaw was found. The architrave probably originated in Memphis and came to the Delta region during the Hyksos period.^[1] Based on this evidence, the egyptologist Kim Ryholt proposed that Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw was a son and coregent of Hor Awibre.^[2] Present location of this architrave is unknown.

Plaque, Berlin 7670

Of Unknown Provenance, a plaque has been found.^[3]

Lisht, plaque

At Lisht, a plaque with his name was found at the Pyramid of Amenemhat I. There were found several faience plaques with 13th Dynasty king's names.^[4]

Jar Lid, LACMA M.80.203.226

Jar lid with the prenomen Awibre, LACMA.

Of Unknown Provenance, a jar lid with partial name of the 13th Dynasty King Hor I.^[5]^[6]

Non-Contemporary Attestation

The Turin King List entry 7:17 lists "The Dual King Awtibra ... 7 days".^[7]^[8] In this list, Hor us preceded by Renseneb (7:16) and succeeded by Sedjefakare (7:18).

Reign

According to Ryholt and Darrell Baker, Hor Awibre was the fifteenth ruler of the 13th Dynasty.^[1]^[2] Alternatively, Detlef Franke and Jürgen von Beckerath see him as the fourteenth king of the dynasty.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12] No evidence has been found that relate Hor to his predecessor on the throne, Renseneb, which led Ryholt and Baker to propose that he was an usurper.

Hor Awibre's reign length is partially lost to a lacuna of the Turin canon and is consequently unknown. According to the latest reading of the Turin canon by Ryholt, the surviving traces indicate the number of days as "[... and] 7 days".^[2] In the previous authoritative reading of the canon by Alan Gardiner, which dates to the 1950s, this was read as "[...] 7 months".^[13] This led scholars such as Miroslav Verner and Darrell Baker to believe that Hor's reign was ephemeral, while Ryholt's reading leaves a longer reign possible and indeed Ryholt credits Hor with 2 years of reign.^[1]^[2] In any case, Hor most likely reigned only for a short time, in particular not long enough to prepare a pyramid, which was still the common burial place for kings of the early 13th dynasty. Regardless of the duration of his reign, Hor was seemingly succeeded by his two sons Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw and Djedkheperew.

Burial

Mummy

Funerary mask of Hor

The mummy of the king had been ransacked for his jewelry and only Hor's skeleton was left in his coffin.^[14] The king was determined to have been in his forties at the time of his death. He was found with his arms across his chest.^[15]

Shaft Tomb

Shaft Tomb of Hor (no. 1) north of the Pyramid of Amenemhat III

Plan of the tomb of king Hor

At Dahshur, the Shaft-tomb of Hor is located inside the Pyramid Complex of Amenemhat III, reusing and expanding a shaft-tomb originally made for a member of the royal court of Amenemhat III. Ten such shaft-tombs were located north of the pyramid, where Hor occupies the first and Nubhotepti-Khered the second. His tomb was found nearly intact tomb in 1894 by Jacques de Morgan working in collaboration with Georges Legrain and Gustave Jequier.^[14] It was nothing more than a shaft built on the north-east corner of the pyramid of the 12th Dynasty pharaoh Amenemhat III.^[16] The tomb was originally made for a member of Amenemhat's court and was later enlarged for Hor, with the addition of a stone burial chamber and antechamber.^[1]

Next to the burial of Hor was found the totally undisturbed tomb of the 'king's daughter' Nubhetepti-khered. She was likely a daughter of Hor^[17] or otherwise a daughter of Amenemhat III.^[16]

Burial Equipment

Drawing by Jacques de Morgan of the scepters and staves of Hor Awibre.

Burial goods include a canopic chest,^[18] canopic jars,^[19] gold-leaf,^[20] and a ka-statuette.^[21]^[22] His burial goods show a special type of hieroglyphs known as "incomplete hieroglyphs", which developed in the reign of Amenemhat III onwards (i.e. burial equipment of Nefruptah), where parts of animal hieroglyphs have been ritually 'mutilated' removing their legs etc.^[23]

Although the tomb had been pillaged in antiquity, it still contained a naos with a rare life-size wooden statue of the Ka of the king. This statue is one of the most frequently reproduced examples of Ancient Egyptian art and is now in the Egyptian Museum under the catalog number CG259.^[16] It is one of the best-preserved and most accomplished wooden statues to survive from antiquity, and illustrates an artistic genre that must once have been common in Egyptian art, but has rarely survived in such good condition.

The tomb also contained the partly gilded rotten wooden coffin of the king. The king's wooden funerary mask, its eyes of stones set in bronze,^[14] had been stripped of its gold gilding but still held the king's skull. Hor's canopic box was also found complete with its canopic vessels.

Other artifacts from the tomb include small statues, alabaster and wooden vases, some jewelry, two alabaster stelae inscribed with blue painted hieroglyphs and a number of flails, scepters and wooden staves which had all been disposed in a long wooden case. These had been intentionally broken in pieces.^[14] The tomb also housed weapons such as a granite macehead^[14] and a golden-leaf dagger and numerous pottery.

Theories

Some Egyptologists speculate his reign was from c. 1777 BC until 1775 BC^[2] or for a few months, c. 1760 BC or c. 1732 BC,^[24]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Darrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC, Stacey International, ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9, 2008, p. 112-113-114
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f K.S.B. Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997, excerpts available online.
^ Berlin 7670
^ Dieter Arnold: The Pyramid Complex of Amenemhat I at Lisht, The Metropolitan Museum of Art New York 2015, ISBN 9781588396044, p. 59, pl. 93
^ Los Angeles Country Museum of Art, LACMA M.80.203.226
^ "Jar Lid with Partial Name of the 13th Dynasty King Hor I | LACMA Collections". collections.lacma.org. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
^ Lundström, Peter. "Turin king list: Column 7". Pharaoh.se. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
^ Alan H. Gardiner: The Royal Canon of Turin, Oxford 1959, Vol. III, 6.14, Warminster 1987, ISBN 0-900416-48-3.
^ Thomas Schneider: Ancient Egyptian Chronology - Edited by Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, And David a. Warburton, available online, see p. 176
^ Detlef Franke: Zur Chronologie des Mittleren Reiches (12.-18. Dynastie) Teil 1 : Die 12. Dynastie, in Orientalia 57 (1988)
^ Jürgen von Beckerath: Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der Zweiten Zwischenzeit in Ägypten, Glückstadt, 1964
^ Jürgen von Beckerath: Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägyptens, Münchner Ägyptologische Studien 46. Mainz am Rhein, 1997
^ Alan Gardiner, editor. Royal Canon of Turin. Griffith Institute, 1959. (Reprint 1988. ISBN 0-900416-48-3)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Jacques de Morgan: Fouilles a Dahchour, mars-juin, 1894, Vienna, 1895. Available online.
^ Edward F. Wente (1995) Who was who among the royal mummies. In The Orientalt Institute no. 144
^ ^a ^b ^c Verner, Miroslav. The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. Grove Press. 2001 (1997). ISBN 0-8021-3935-3
^ Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 0-500-05128-3
^ Cairo, Egyptian Museum JE 51266
^ Cairo, Egyptian Museum CG 4019-4022
^ Copenhagen, National Museum 4220
^ Cairo, Egyptian Museum JE-/CG 1163
^ Ryholt 1997:339-340 File 13/15
^ Miniachi (2010) The Incomplete Hieroglyphs System at the end of the Middle Kingdom
^ Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen

Preceded by Renseneb	Pharaoh of Egypt Thirteenth Dynasty	Succeeded by Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw

[encyclo-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Darrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC, Stacey International, ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9, 2008, p. 112-113-114

[ryholt-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f K.S.B. Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997, excerpts available online.

[3] Berlin 7670

[4] Dieter Arnold: The Pyramid Complex of Amenemhat I at Lisht, The Metropolitan Museum of Art New York 2015, ISBN 9781588396044, p. 59, pl. 93

[5] Los Angeles Country Museum of Art, LACMA M.80.203.226

[6] "Jar Lid with Partial Name of the 13th Dynasty King Hor I | LACMA Collections". collections.lacma.org. Retrieved 2023-12-29.

[7] Lundström, Peter. "Turin king list: Column 7". Pharaoh.se. Retrieved 2023-12-29.

[8] Alan H. Gardiner: The Royal Canon of Turin, Oxford 1959, Vol. III, 6.14, Warminster 1987, ISBN 0-900416-48-3.

[9] Thomas Schneider: Ancient Egyptian Chronology - Edited by Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, And David a. Warburton, available online, see p. 176

[10] Detlef Franke: Zur Chronologie des Mittleren Reiches (12.-18. Dynastie) Teil 1 : Die 12. Dynastie, in Orientalia 57 (1988)

[11] Jürgen von Beckerath: Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der Zweiten Zwischenzeit in Ägypten, Glückstadt, 1964

[12] Jürgen von Beckerath: Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägyptens, Münchner Ägyptologische Studien 46. Mainz am Rhein, 1997

[13] Alan Gardiner, editor. Royal Canon of Turin. Griffith Institute, 1959. (Reprint 1988. ISBN 0-900416-48-3)

[morgan-14] Jacques de Morgan: Fouilles a Dahchour, mars-juin, 1894, Vienna, 1895. Available online.

[15] Edward F. Wente (1995) Who was who among the royal mummies. In The Orientalt Institute no. 144

[MV-16] Verner, Miroslav. The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. Grove Press. 2001 (1997). ISBN 0-8021-3935-3

[DH-17] Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 0-500-05128-3

[18] Cairo, Egyptian Museum JE 51266

[19] Cairo, Egyptian Museum CG 4019-4022

[20] Copenhagen, National Museum 4220

[21] Cairo, Egyptian Museum JE-/CG 1163

[22] Ryholt 1997:339-340 File 13/15

[23] Miniachi (2010) The Incomplete Hieroglyphs System at the end of the Middle Kingdom

[24] Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen

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