Leo Sternbach (May 7, 1908 – September 28, 2005) was a Polish American chemist who is credited with first synthesizing benzodiazepines, the main class of tranquilizers.[1]
Leo Sternbach | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | May 7, 1908 |
| Died | September 28, 2005 (aged 97) |
| Nationality | Polish, American |
| Alma mater | Jagiellonian University |
| Occupation | Chemist |
| Known for | first synthesizing benzodiazepines |
Background and family
edit
Sternbach was born on May 7, 1908, in Opatija, Kingdom of Hungary, Austro-Hungarian Empire, to an upper middle class Jewish family. He had a younger brother, Giusi.[2] His father Michael Abracham Sternbach was from the Polish city of Przemyśl in Galicia (then part of Austria-Hungary), and his mother Piroska (née Cohn) Sternbach was from Orosháza, Hungary. Sternbach's parents met and married in Opatija where they both lived. The family lived in modest conditions, in a rented four-room apartment on the third floor of the "Vila Jadran" (Villa Adriatic), near the pharmacy owned by Sternbach's father. Sternbach attended a private German school in Opatija until it was closed in 1920, and—since he could not speak Italian—continued his schooling in Villach, Graz, and Bielitz. In 1926, Sternbach moved with his family to Kraków, Poland. In the same year, his younger brother died of scarlet fever, at the age of fifteen.[3][4]
Education and career
editHe received his master's degree in pharmacy in 1929 and his doctoral degree in organic chemistry in 1931 from the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. In 1937, he received a scholarship from Feliks Wislicki Foundation. He moved to Vienna and then to Zürich where he continued his researches started in Kraków. In Vienna, he worked with Wolfgang Joseph Pauli (Sr.) and Sigmund Fränkel; after which he worked with Leopold Ružička at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. When war started, he was still in Switzerland. His mother, Hungarian born, survived hidden by Poles. While in Basel on June 1, 1940, he started his career at Hoffmann-La Roche where he worked until 2003. He married Herta Kreuzer. In 1941, he moved to the United States to work at Hoffmann-La Roche in Nutley, New Jersey, thus escaping the Nazis.[5]
While working for Hoffmann-La Roche in Nutley, New Jersey, Sternbach did significant work on new drugs. He is credited with the discovery of chlordiazepoxide (Librium), diazepam (Valium), flurazepam (Dalmane), nitrazepam (Mogadon), flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), clonazepam (Klonopin), and trimethaphan (Arfonad). Librium, based on the R0 6-690 compound discovered by Sternbach in 1956, was approved for use in 1960. In 1963, its improved version, Valium, was released and became astonishingly popular: between 1969 and 1982, it was the most prescribed drug in America, with over 2.3 billion doses sold in its peak year of 1978. With Moses Wolf Goldberg, Sternbach also developed "the first commercially applicable" method for synthesizing biotin.[6]
Sternbach held 241 patents, and his discoveries helped to turn Roche into a pharmaceutical industry giant. He did not become wealthy from his discoveries, but he was happy; he treated chemistry as a passion and said, "I always did just what I wanted to do". He was active in his career until the age of 95. Sternbach was a longtime resident of Upper Montclair, New Jersey, from 1943 to 2003. He then moved to Chapel Hill, North Carolina, where he died in 2005.[7][8]
Legacy
editA book Good chemistry: The life and legacy of Valium inventor Leo Sternbach was published by McGraw-Hill in 2004.
Sternbach's uncle, Leon Sternbach, the brother of Sternbach's father Michael, was a professor of classical philology at Jagiellonian University. He was murdered in 1940 in the Nazi Sachsenhausen concentration camp as the result of the Nazi action against Polish academic teachers called Sonderaktion Krakau. His killer was Gustav Sorge.
He is present in the New Jersey Inventor's Hall of Fame; and was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in February 2005, a few months before his death.[9] Sternbach is a member of the Medicinal Chemistry Hall of Fame.[10]
References
edit- ^ Alex Baenninger; "Good chemistry: The life and legacy of valium inventor Leo Sternbach", New York : McGraw-Hill, 2004. ISBN 0-07-142617-5
- ^ (in Croatian) Ha-Kol (Glasilo Židovske zajednice u Hrvatskoj); Sanja Dukić; Povratak velikana u rodnu Opatiju; stranica 40, 41; broj 94, svibanj / lipanj 2006.
- ^ (in Croatian) Ha-Kol (Glasilo Židovske zajednice u Hrvatskoj); Sanja Dukić; Opatijsko djetinjstvo dr. Lea Sternbacha; stranica 42, 43, 44; broj 94, svibanj / lipanj 2006.
- ^ Simper, Sanja (June 2007). "Dr. Leo Henryk Sternbach's Childhood in Opatija" (PDF). Acta medico-historica Adriatica. 5 (1). Croatian Scientific Society for the History of Health Culture & Faculty of Medicine of the University of Rijeka: 91–104. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
- ^ Koeppel, Tonja (12 March 1986). Leo H. Sternbach, Transcript of an Interview Conducted by Tonja Koeppel at Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. Nutley, New Jersey on 12 March 1986 (PDF). Philadelphia, PA: The Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry.
- ^ Bonrath W, et al. (May 2009). "Biotin: The Chiral Challenge". CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry. Vol. 63, no. 5. pp. 265–269.
- ^ Pearce, Jeremy. "Leo Sternbach, 97, Valium Creator, Dies", The New York Times, October 1, 2005. Accessed October 17, 2007. "The couple lived in Upper Montclair, N.J., until last year, when they moved to Chapel Hill."
- ^ Inventor of Valium and National Inventors Hall of Fame Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine, Roche, September 30, 2005. Accessed October 17, 2007. "A devoted family man, Sternbach lived with his wife, Herta, in Upper Montclair, New Jersey, from 1943 to 2003..."
- ^ "National Inventors Hall of Fame announces 2005 inductees", Medical News Today, February 12, 2005. Accessed October 17, 2007.
- ^ "Medicinal Chemistry Hall of Fame". Medicinal Chemistry Division, American Chemical Society. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
External links
edit- Center for Oral History. "Leo H. Sternbach". Science History Institute.
- Koeppel, Tonja (12 March 1986). Leo H. Sternbach, Transcript of an Interview Conducted by Tonja Koeppel at Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. Nutley, New Jersey on 12 March 1986 (PDF). Philadelphia, PA: The Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry.