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{{French art history}}
<!-- For practical purposes, the history of French art has been divided into a series of separate articles accessible through the template to the right. The template also gives direct access to French art category indexes, such as alphabetical lists of painters or sculptors. To locate artists from a particular period or art movement, the relatively comprehensive manual list of painters and artistic movements in chronological order is recommended. In addition to a brief historic overview, some supplementary or general material is included on this page, including art vocabulary and general French art references.-->
'''French art''' consists of the [[visual arts|visual]] and [[plastic arts]] (including [[French architecture]], woodwork, textiles, and ceramics) originating from the geographical area of [[France]]. Modern France was the main centre for the European [[art of the Upper Paleolithic]], then left many [[megalith]]ic monuments, and in the [[Iron Age]] many of the most impressive finds of early [[Celtic art]]. The [[Gallo-Roman]] period left a distinctive provincial style of sculpture, and the region around the modern Franco-German border led the empire in the mass production of finely decorated [[Ancient Roman pottery]], which was exported to Italy and elsewhere on a large scale. With [[Merovingian art]] the story of French styles as a distinct and influential element in the wider development of the art of Christian Europe begins.
France can fairly be said to have been a leader in the development of [[Romanesque art]] and [[Gothic art]], before the [[Italian Renaissance|Renaissance]] led to Italy becoming the main source of stylistic developments until France matched Italy's influence during the [[Rococo]] and [[Neoclassicism]] periods and then regained the leading role in the Arts from the 19th to the mid-20th century.
==Historic overview==
===Prehistory===
[[File:Venus of Brassempouy.jpg|thumb|left|Front and side view of the [[Venus of Brassempouy]]]]
Currently, the earliest known European art is from the [[Upper Palaeolithic]] period of between 40,000 and 10,000 years ago and France has a large selection of extant [[pre-historic art]] from the [[Châtelperronian]], [[Aurignacian]], [[Solutrean]], [[Gravettian]], and [[Magdalenian]] cultures. This art includes [[cave painting]]s, such as the famous paintings at [[Pech Merle]] in the [[Lot (département)|Lot]] in [[Languedoc]] which date back to 16,000 BC, [[Lascaux]], located near the village of [[Montignac, Dordogne|Montignac]], in the [[Dordogne]], dating back to between 13,000 and 15,000 BC, or perhaps, as far back as 25,000 BC, the [[Cosquer Cave]], the [[Chauvet Cave]] dating back to 29,000 BC, and the [[Cave of the Trois-Frères|Trois-Frères cave]]; and [[portable art]], such as animal carvings and great goddess statuettes called [[Venus figurines]], such as the "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060904222320/http://www.musee-antiquitesnationales.fr/pages/page_id18159_u1l2.htm Venus of Brassempouy]" of 21,000 BC, discovered in the [[Landes (department)|Landes]], now in the museum at the [[Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] or the [[Venus of Lespugue]] at the [[Musée de l'Homme]]. Ornamental beads, bone pins, carvings, as well as flint and stone [[arrowhead]]s also are among the prehistoric objects from the area of France.
Speculations exist that only [[Homo sapiens]] are capable of artistic expression, however, a recent find, the [[Mask of la Roche-Cotard]]—a [[Mousterian]] or [[Neanderthal]] artifact, found in 2002 in a cave near the banks of the [[Loire River]], dating back to about [[Paleolithic|33,000 B.C.]]—now suggests that Neanderthal humans may have developed a sophisticated and complex artistic tradition.
[[File:Carnac megalith alignment 1.jpg|right|thumb|200px|''The Menec alignments'', the most well-known megalithic site among the Carnac stones]]
In the [[Neolithic]] period (''see'' [[Neolithic Europe]]), [[megalith]]ic (large stone) monuments, such as the [[dolmen]]s and [[menhir]]s at [[Carnac stones|Carnac]], [[Saint-Sulpice-de-Faleyrens]] and elsewhere in France begin to appear; this appearance is thought to start in the fifth millennium BC, although some authors speculate about [[Mesolithic]] roots. In France there are some 5,000 megalithics monuments, mainly in Brittany, where there is the largest concentration of these monuments. In this area there is wide variety of these monuments that have been well preserved, like menhirs, dolmen, cromlechs and cairns. The [[Gavrinis|Cairn of Gavrinis]] in southern Brittany is an outstanding example of megalithic art : its 14 meters inner corridor is nearly completely adorned with ornamental carvings. The [[Broken Menhir of Er Grah|great broken menhir of Er-Grah]], now in four pieces was more than 20 meters high originally, making it the largest menhir ever erected. France has also numerous painted stones, polished stone axes, and inscribed menhirs from this period. The Grand-Pressigny area was known for its precious silex blades and they were extensively exported during the Neolithic.
In France from the Neolithic to the [[Bronze Age]], one finds a variety of archaeological cultures, including the [[Rössen culture]] of c. 4500–4000 BC, [[Beaker culture]] of c. 2800–1900 BC, [[Tumulus culture]] of c. 1600–1200 BC, [[Urnfield culture]] of c. 1300–800 BC, and, in a transition to the [[Iron Age]], [[Hallstatt culture]] of c. 1200–500 BC.
For more on Prehistoric sites in Western France, ''see'' [[Prehistory of Brittany]].
===Celtic and Roman periods===
[[File:Parade helmet.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Agris Helmet]]]]
From the [[Proto-Celtic]] Urnfield and Hallstat cultures, a continental [[Iron Age]] [[Celtic art]] developed; mainly associated with [[La Tène culture]], which flourished during the late Iron Age from 450 BC to the Roman conquest in the first century BC. This art drew on native, classical and perhaps, the [[Mediterranean]], oriental sources. The Celts of [[Gaul]] are known through numerous tombs and burial mounds found throughout France.
Celtic art is very ornamental, avoiding straight lines and only occasionally using symmetry, without the imitation of nature nor ideal of beauty central to the [[Classicism|classical]] tradition, but apparently, often involves complex symbolism. This artwork includes a variety of styles and often incorporates subtly modified elements from other cultures, an example being the characteristic over-and-under interlacing which arrived in France only in the sixth century, although it was already used by [[Germany|Germanic]] artists. The Celtic [[Vix Grave|Vix grave]] in present-day Burgundy revealed the largest bronze crater of the Antiquity, that was probably imported by Celtic aristocrats from Greece.
[[File:Orange roman theatre.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Théâtre antique d'Orange]]]]
The region of Gaul ({{lang-la|Gallia}}) came under the rule of the [[Roman Empire]] from the first century BC to the fifth century AD. Southern France, and especially Provence and Languedoc, is known for its many intact Gallo-Roman monuments. [[Lugdunum]], modern Lyon, was at the time of the Roman Empire the largest city outside Italy and gave birth to two Roman Emperors. The city still boasts some Roman remains including a Theater. Monumental works from this period include the [[Théâtre antique d'Orange|amphitheater]] in [[Orange, Vaucluse]], the "[[Maison Carrée]]" at [[Nîmes]] which is one of the best preserved Roman temples in Europe, the city of [[Vienne, Isère|Vienne]] near Lyon, which features an exceptionally well preserved temple (the temple of Augustus and Livia), a circus as well as other remains, the [[Pont du Gard]] [[aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]] which is also in an exceptional state of preservation, the Roman cities of [[Glanum]] and [[Vaison-la-Romaine]], two intact Gallo-Roman arenas in [[Arena of Nîmes|Nîmes]] and [[Arles Amphitheatre|Arles]], and the [[Thermes de Cluny|Roman baths]], and the [[Arènes de Lutèce|arena]] of [[Paris]].
===Medieval period===
====Merovingian art====
{{Main|Merovingian art}}
Merovingian art is the art and architecture of the [[Merovingian]] dynasty of the [[Franks]], which lasted from the fifth century to the eighth century in present-day France and [[Germany]]. The advent of the Merovingian dynasty in [[Gaul]] during the fifth century led to important changes in the arts. In architecture, there was no longer the desire to build robust and harmonious buildings. Sculpture regressed to being little more than a simple technique for the ornamentation of [[sarcophagus|sarcophagi]], [[altars]], and ecclesiastical furniture. On the other hand, the rise of [[goldsmith|gold work]] and [[Illuminated manuscript|manuscript illumination]] brought about a resurgence of [[Celt]]ic decoration, which, with [[Christian art|Christian]] and other contributions, constitutes the basis of Merovingian art. The unification of the [[Franks|Frankish]] kingdom under [[Clovis I]] (465–511) and his successors, corresponded with the need to build churches. The plans for them probably were copied from [[Roman architecture|Roman]] [[basilica]]s. Unfortunately, these timber structures have not survived because of destruction by fire, whether accidental or caused by the [[Normans]] at the time of their incursions.
====Carolingian art====
{{Main|Carolingian art}}
[[File:Karolingischer Buchmaler um 820 001.jpg|thumb|Aachen Gospels, c. 820, an example of Carolingian [[Illuminated manuscript|illumination]]]]
Carolingian art is the approximate 120-year period from 750 to 900—during the reign of [[Charles Martel]], [[Pippin the Younger]], [[Charlemagne]], and his immediate heirs—popularly known as the [[Carolingian Renaissance]]. The Carolingian era is the first period of the Medieval art movement known as '''[[Pre-Romanesque art and architecture|Pre-Romanesque]]'''. For the first time, Northern European kings patronized classical Mediterranean Roman art forms, blending classical forms with Germanic ones, creating entirely new innovations in figurine line drawing, and setting the stage for the rise of [[Romanesque art]] and, eventually, [[Gothic art]] in the West.
Illuminated manuscripts, metalwork, small-scale sculpture, mosaics, and frescos survive from the period. The Carolingians also undertook major architectural building campaigns at numerous churches in France. These include, those of [[Metz]], [[Lyon]], [[Vienne]], [[Le Mans]], [[Reims]], [[Beauvais]], [[Verdun]], [[Saint-Germain in Auxerre]], Saint-Pierre in [[Flavigny Abbey|Flavigny]], and [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]], as well as the town center of [[Chartres]]. The [[Centula Abbey]] of [[Saint-Riquier]] ([[Somme (department)|Somme]]), completed in 788, was a major achievement in monastic architecture. Another important building (mostly lost today) was "Theodulf's Villa" in [[Germigny-des-Prés]].
With the end of Carolingian rule around 900, artistic production halted for almost three generations. After the demise of the Carolingian Empire, France split into a number of feuding provinces, lacking any organized patronage. French art of the tenth and eleventh centuries was produced by local monasteries to promote literacy and piety, however, the primitive styles produced were not so highly skilled as the techniques of the earlier Carolingian period.
Multiple regional styles developed based on the chance availability of Carolingian manuscripts as models to copy, and the availability of itinerant artists. The monastery of Saint Bertin became an important center under its abbot Odbert (986–1007), who created a new style based on Anglo-Saxon and Carolingian forms. The nearby [[St. Vaast's Abbey|abbey of St. Vaast]] (Pas-de-Calais) also created a number of important works. In southwestern France a number of manuscripts were produced c. 1000, at the monastery of [[Saint Martial]] in [[Limoges]], as well as at [[Albi]], [[Figeac]], and [[Saint-Sever-de-Rustan]] in [[Gascony]]. In Paris a unique style developed at the [[abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés]]. In [[Normandy]] a new style arose in 975. By the later tenth century with the [[Cluny]] reform movement and a revived spirit for the concept of Empire, art production resumed.
[[File:Basilique de Vézelay Narthex Tympan central 220608.jpg|thumb|right|Central tympanum of the narthex of the [[Vézelay Abbey]] in [[Vézelay]], 1140–1150]]
====Romanesque art====
{{Main|Romanesque art}}
[[Romanesque art]] refers to the art of Western Europe during a period of one hundred and fifty years, from approximately 1000 AD to the rise of the [[Gothic Art|Gothic style]], which arose in the middle of the twelfth century in France. "Romanesque Art" was marked by a renewed interest in Roman construction techniques. For example, the twelfth-century capitals on the cloister of [[Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert]], adopt an [[acanthus (ornament)|acanthus]]-leaf [[Motif (art)|motif]] and the decorative use of drill holes, which were commonly found on Roman monuments. Other important Romanesque buildings in France include the abbey of [[Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire]] in [[Loiret]], the churches of [[Abbey Church of Saint Foy|Saint-Foy]] in [[Conques]] of [[Aveyron]], Saint-Martin in [[Tours]], Saint-Philibert in [[Tournus]] of [[Saône-et-Loire]], [[Abbey of Saint-Remi|Saint-Remi]] in [[Reims]], and [[Saint-Sernin Basilica|Saint-Sernin]] in [[Toulouse]]. In particular, [[Normandy]] experienced a large building campaign in the churches of [[Bernay, Eure|Bernay]], [[Mont-Saint-Michel]], [[Coutances Cathedral]], and [[Bayeux]].
[[File:Sainte Chapelle - Upper level 1.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Interior of the Chapelle Haute, [[Sainte Chapelle]], Paris]]
Most Romanesque sculpture was integrated into church architecture, not only for aesthetic, but also for structural purposes. Small-scale sculpture during the pre-Romanesque period was influenced by [[Byzantine]] and [[Early Christian]] sculpture. Other elements were adopted from various local styles of Middle Eastern countries. Motifs were derived from the arts of the "barbarian," such as grotesque figures, beasts, and geometric patterns, which were all important additions, particularly in the regions north of the Alps. Among the important sculptural works of the period are the ivory carvings at the monastery of [[Abbey of St. Gall|Saint Gall]]. Monumental sculpture was rarely practised separately from architecture in the Pre-Romanesque period. For the first time after the fall of the Roman empire, monumental sculpture emerged as a significant art form. Covered church [[façades]], doorways, and [[Capital (architecture)|capitals]] all increased and expanded in size and importance, as in the [[Last Judgment]] [[tympanum (architecture)|Tympanum]], [[Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne]], and the Standing Prophet at [[Moissac]]. Monumental doors, baptismal fonts, and candle holders, frequently decorated with scenes from biblical history, were cast in bronze, attesting to the skills of the contemporary metalworkers. Frescoes were applied to the vaults and walls of churches. Rich textiles and precious objects in gold and silver, such as chalices and reliquaries, were produced in increasing numbers to meet the needs of the liturgy, and to serve the cult of the saints. In the twelfth century, large-scale stone sculpture spread throughout Europe. In the French Romanesque churches of [[Provence]], [[Burgundy (region)|Burgundy]], and [[Aquitaine]], sculptures adorned the façades and statues were incorporated into the capitals.
====Gothic====
{{Main|Gothic art|Gothic architecture}}
Gothic art and architecture were products of a Medieval art movement that lasted about three hundred years. It began in France, developing from the Romanesque period in the mid-twelfth century. By the late fourteenth century, it had evolved toward a more secular and natural style known as, [[International Gothic]], which continued until the late fifteenth century, when it evolved further, into [[Renaissance art]]. The primary Gothic art media were [[sculpture]], [[panel painting]], [[stained glass]], [[fresco]], and [[illuminated manuscript]].
[[File:Cenral tympanum Chartres.jpg|thumb|right|The Western (Royal) Portal at Chartres Cathedral, ''c.'' 1145, these architectural statues are the earliest Gothic sculptures, a revolution in style and the models for a generation of sculptors]]
Gothic architecture was born in the middle of the twelfth century in [[Île-de-France]], when [[Abbot Suger]] built the abbey at [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|St. Denis]], ''c.'' 1140, considered the first Gothic building, and soon afterward, the [[Chartres Cathedral]], ''c.'' 1145. Prior to this, there had been no sculpture tradition in Île-de-France—so sculptors were brought in from [[Burgundy (region)|Burgundy]], who created the revolutionary figures acting as columns in the Western (Royal) Portal of Chartres Cathedral (''see image'') —it was an entirely new invention in French art, and would provide the model for a generation of sculptors. Other notable Gothic churches in France include [[Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Bourges|Bourges Cathedral]], [[Amiens Cathedral]], [[Notre-Dame of Laon|Notre-Dame de Laon]], [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre Dame]] in [[Paris]], [[Reims Cathedral]], the [[Sainte-Chapelle]] in [[Paris]], [[Strasbourg Cathedral]].
The designations of styles in French Gothic architecture are as follows: Early Gothic, High Gothic, Rayonnant, and Late Gothic or "Flamboyant". Division into these divisions is effective, but debatable. Because Gothic cathedrals were built over several successive periods, and the artisans of each period not necessarily following the wishes of previous periods, the dominant architectural style often changed during the building of a particular building. Consequently, it is difficult to declare one building as belonging to certain era of Gothic architecture. It is more useful to use the terms as descriptors for specific elements within a structure, rather than applying it to the building as a whole.
The French ideas spread. Gothic sculpture evolved from the early stiff and elongated style, still partly Romanesque, into a spatial and naturalistic treatment in the late twelfth and early thirteenth century. Influences from surviving ancient Greek and Roman sculptures were incorporated into the treatment of drapery, facial expression, and pose of the Dutch-Burgundian sculptor, [[Claus Sluter]], and the taste for naturalism first signaled the end of Gothic sculpture, evolving into the classicistic Renaissance style by the end of the fifteenth century.
[[File:Enguerrand Quarton, Le Couronnement de la Vierge (1454).jpg|thumb|left|260px|[[Enguerrand Quarton]], ''The Coronation of the Virgin'', 1452–53]]
Painting in a style that may be called, "Gothic," did not appear until about 1200, nearly fifty years after the start of Gothic architecture and sculpture. The transition from Romanesque to Gothic is very imprecise and by no means clearly delineated, but one may see the beginning of a style that is more somber, dark, and emotional than the previous period. This transition occurs first in England and France around 1200, in Germany around 1220, and in Italy around 1300. Painting, the representation of images on a surface, was practiced during the Gothic period in four primary crafts, [[fresco]]s, [[panel painting]]s, [[manuscript illumination]], and [[stained glass]]. Frescoes continued to be used as the main pictorial narrative craft on church walls in southern Europe as a continuation of early Christian and Romanesque traditions. In the north, stained glass remained the dominant art form until the fifteenth century. At the end of the 14th century and during the 15th century French princely courts like those of the dukes of Burgundy, the duke of Anjou or the duke of Berry as well as the pope and the cardinals in Avignon employed renowned painters, like the [[Limbourg Brothers]], [[Barthélemy d'Eyck]], [[Enguerrand Quarton]] or [[Jean Fouquet]], who developed the so-called [[International Gothic]] style that spread through Europe and incorporated the new Flemish influence as well as the innovations of the Italian early Renaissance artists.
===Early Modern period===
[[File:Meister der Schule von Fontainebleau 001.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Diana the Huntress'' - School of Fontainebleau, 1550–1560]]
{{Main|French Renaissance}}
In the late fifteenth century, the French [[Italian Wars|invasion of Italy]] and the proximity of the vibrant [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundy]] court, with its Flemish connections, brought the French into contact with the goods, paintings, and the creative spirit of the [[Northern Renaissance|Northern]] and [[Italian Renaissance]]. Initial artistic changes at that time in France were executed by Italian and Flemish artists, such as [[Jean Clouet]] and his son [[François Clouet]], along with the Italians, [[Rosso Fiorentino]], [[Francesco Primaticcio]], and [[Niccolò dell'Abbate]] of what is often called the first [[School of Fontainebleau]] from 1531. [[Leonardo da Vinci]] also was invited to France by François I, but other than the paintings which he brought with him, he produced little for the French king.
The art of the period from François I through Henri IV often is heavily inspired by late Italian pictorial and sculptural developments commonly referred to as [[Mannerism]], which is associated with the later works of [[Michelangelo]] as well as [[Parmigianino]], among others. It is characterized by figures which are elongated and graceful that rely upon visual [[rhetoric]], including the elaborate use of [[allegory]] and [[mythology]]. Perhaps the greatest accomplishment of the French Renaissance was the construction of the [[Châteaux of the Loire Valley]]. No longer conceived of as fortresses, such pleasure palaces took advantage of the richness of the rivers and lands of the Loire region and they show remarkable architectural skill.
====Baroque and Classicism====
{{main|French Baroque and Classicism}}
[[File:Nicolas Poussin - Et in Arcadia ego (deuxième version).jpg|thumb|left|250px|''[[Les Bergers d’Arcadie]]'' by Nicolas Poussin, 1637-38]]
The seventeenth century marked a golden age for French art in all fields.
In the early part of the seventeenth century, late [[Mannerism|mannerist]] and early [[Baroque]] tendencies continued to flourish in the court of [[Marie de Medici]] and [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]].
Art from this period shows influences from both the north of Europe, namely the Dutch and Flemish schools, and from Roman painters of the [[Counter-Reformation]]. Artists in France frequently debated the contrasting merits of [[Peter Paul Rubens]] with his Flemish baroque, voluptuous lines and colors to [[Nicolas Poussin]] with his rational control, proportion, Roman classicist baroque style. Another proponent of classicism working in Rome was [[Claude Gellée]], known as Le Lorrain, who defined the form of classical landscape.
Many young French painters of the beginning of the century went to Rome to train themselves and soon assimilated [[Caravaggio]]'s influence like [[Valentin de Boulogne]] and [[Simon Vouet]]. The later is credited with bringing the baroque in France and at his return in Paris in 1627 he was named first painter of the king. But French painting soon departed from the extravagance and naturalism of the Italian baroque and painters like [[Eustache Le Sueur]] and [[Laurent de La Hyre]], following Poussin example developed a classicist way known as "Parisian atticism", inspired by Antiquity, and focusing on proportion, harmony and the importance of drawing. Even Vouet, after his return from Italy, changed his manner to a more measured but still highly decorative and elegant style.
[[File:Georges de La Tour 009.jpg|thumb|190px|[[Georges de La Tour]], ''The Penitent Magdalene'', c. 1640.]]
But at the same time there was still a strong ''[[Caravaggisti]]'' Baroque school represented in the period by the amazing candle-lit paintings of [[Georges de La Tour]]. The wretched and the poor were featured in a [[Utrecht Caravaggisti|quasi-Dutch manner]] in the paintings by the three [[Le Nain]] brothers. In the paintings of [[Philippe de Champaigne]] there are both propagandistic portraits of [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]]' s minister [[Cardinal Richelieu]] and other more contemplative portraits of people in the Catholic [[Jansenist]] sect.
In architecture, architects like [[Salomon de Brosse]], [[François Mansart]] and [[Jacques Lemercier]] helped define the French form of the baroque, developing the formula of the urban [[hôtel particulier]] that was to influence all of Europe and strongly departed from the Italian equivalent, the [[palazzo]]. Many aristocratic castles were rebuilt in the new classic-baroque style, some of the most famous being [[château de Maisons|Maisons]] and [[château de Cheverny|Cheverny]], characterized by high roofs ''"à la française"'' and a form that retained the medieval model of the castle adorned with prominent towers.
From the mid to late seventeenth century, French art is more often referred to by the term "Classicism" which implies an adherence to certain rules of proportion and sobriety uncharacteristic of the Baroque, as it was practiced in most of the rest of Europe during the same period. Under [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]], the Baroque as it was practiced in Italy, was not in French taste, for instance, as [[Bernini]]'s famous proposal for redesigning the Louvre was rejected by Louis XIV.[[File:Le chateau de Vaux le Vicomte.jpg|left|thumb|260px|[[Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte]] by [[Louis Le Vau]].]] Through [[propaganda]], wars, and great architectural works, [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] launched a vast program designed for the glorification of France and his name. The [[Palace of Versailles]], initially a tiny hunting lodge built by his father, was transformed by Louis XIV into a marvelous palace for fêtes and parties, under the direction of architects [[Louis Le Vau]] (who had also built the [[château de Vaux-le-Vicomte]]) and [[Jules Hardouin Mansart]] (who built the [[Les Invalides|church of the Invalides]] in Paris), painter and designer [[Charles Le Brun]], and the landscape architect [[André Le Nôtre]] who perfected the rational form of the [[French garden]] that from Versailles spread in all of Europe.
For sculpture Louis XIV's reign also proved an important moment thanks to the King's protection of artists like [[Pierre Puget]], [[François Girardon]] and [[Antoine Coysevox]]. In Rome, [[Pierre Legros]], working in a more baroque manner, was one of the most influential sculptors of the end of the century.
====Rococo and Neoclassicism====
[[File:Salon de la princesse hotel de soubise.jpg|thumb|Boiseries of the ''Salon de la princesse'' by [[Germain Boffrand]], [[hôtel de Soubise]], Paris]]
{{Main|French Rococo and Neoclassicism}}
[[Rococo]] and [[Neoclassicism]] are terms used to describe the visual and plastic arts and architecture in Europe from the early eighteenth century to the end of the eighteenth century. In France, the death of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] in 1715 lead to a period of freedom commonly called the [[Régence]]. Versailles was abandoned from 1715 to 1722, the young king Louis XV and the government led by the [[Philippe II, Duke of Orléans|duke of Orléans]] residing in Paris. There a new style emerged in the decorative arts, known as ''rocaille'' : the asymmetry and dynamism of the baroque was kept but renewed in a style that is less rhetoric and with less pompous effects, a deeper research of artificiality and use of motifs inspired by nature. This manner used to decorate rooms and furniture also existed in painting. Rocaillle painting turned toward lighters subjects, like the "fêtes galantes", theater settings, pleasant mythological narratives and the female nude. Most of the times the moralising sides of myths or history paintings are omitted and the accent is put on the decorative and pleasant aspect of the scenes depicted. Paintings from the period show an emphasis more on color than drawing, with apparent brush strokes and very colorful scenes. Important French painters from this period include [[Antoine Watteau]], considered the inventor of the ''fête galante'', [[Nicolas Lancret]] and [[François Boucher]], known for his gentle pastoral and galant scenes. [[Pastel]] portrait painting became particularly fashionable in Europe at the time and France was the major center of activity for pastellists, with the prominent figures of [[Maurice Quentin de La Tour]], [[Jean-Baptiste Perronneau]] and the Swiss [[Jean-Etienne Liotard]].
[[File:Jean-Honoré Fragonard - Inspiration.jpg|thumb|left|''Inspiration'' by [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]], 1769]]
The [[Louis XV style]] of decoration, although already apparent at the end of the last reign, was lighter with pastel colors, wood panels, smaller rooms, less gilding, and fewer brocades; shells, garlands, and occasional Chinese subjects predominated. The [[Chantilly porcelain|Chantilly]], [[Vincennes porcelain|Vincennes]] and then [[Sèvres porcelain|Sèvres manufactures]] produced some of the finest porcelain of the time. The highly skilled ''[[ébéniste]]s'', cabinet-makers mostly based in Paris, created elaborate pieces of furniture with precious wood and bronze ornaments that were to be highly praised and imitated in all of Europe. The most famous are [[Jean-François Oeben]], who created the work desk of king Louis XV in Versailles, [[Bernard II van Risamburgh]] and [[Jean-Henri Riesener]]. Highly skilled artists, called the ''ciseleur-doreurs'', specialized in bronze ornaments for furniture and other pieces of decorative arts - the most famous being [[Pierre Gouthière]] and [[Pierre-Philippe Thomire]]. Talented silversmiths like [[Thomas Germain]] and his son [[François-Thomas Germain]] created elaborate silverware services that were highly praised by the various royalties of Europe. Rooms in ''châteaux'' and ''hôtels particuliers'' were more intimate than during the reign of Louis XIV and were decorated with rocaille style [[boiseries]] (carved wood panels covering the walls of a room) conceived by architects like [[Germain Boffrand]] and [[Gilles-Marie Oppenord]] or ''ornemanistes'' (designers of decorative objects) like [[Juste-Aurèle Meissonnier]]. [[File:Place de la bourse.jpg|thumb|right|270px|[[Place de la Bourse]] in Bordeaux by [[Ange-Jacques Gabriel]]]]
The most prominent architects of the first half of the century were, apart Boffrand, [[Robert de Cotte]] and [[Ange-Jacques Gabriel]], who designed public squares like the [[place de la Concorde]] in Paris and the [[place de la Bourse]] in [[Bordeaux]] in a style consciously inspired by that of the era of Louis XIV. During the first half of the century, France replaced Italy as the artistic centre and main artistic influence in Europe and many French artists worked in other courts across the continent.
The latter half of the eighteenth century continued to see French preeminence in Europe, particularly through the arts and sciences, and the speaking the [[French language]] was expected for members of the European courts. The French academic system continued to produce artists, but some, such as [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]] and [[Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin]], explored new and increasingly impressionist styles of painting with thick brushwork. Although the hierarchy of genres continued to be respected officially, [[Genre works|genre painting]], [[Landscape art|landscape]], [[portrait]], and [[still life]] were extremely fashionable. Chardin and [[Jean-Baptiste Oudry]] were hailed for their still lives although this was officially considered the lowest of all genres in the hierarchy of painting subjects.
[[File:Prometheus Adam Louvre MR1745.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''Prometheus'' by [[Nicolas-Sébastien Adam]], 1762]]
One also finds in this period a ''Pre-romanticist'' aspect. [[Hubert Robert]]'s images of ruins, inspired by Italian ''capriccio'' paintings, are typical in this respect as well as the image of storms and moonlight marines by [[Claude Joseph Vernet]]. So too the change from the rational and geometrical ''French garden'' of [[André Le Nôtre]] to the ''English garden'', which emphasized artificially wild and irrational nature. One also finds in some of these gardens—curious ruins of temples—called "follies".
The last half of the eighteenth century saw a turn to [[Neoclassicism]] in France, that is to say a conscious use of Greek and Roman forms and [[iconography]]. This movement was promoted by intellectuals like Diderot, in reaction to the artificiality and the decorative essence of the ''rocaille'' style. In painting, the greatest representative of this style is [[Jacques-Louis David]], who, mirroring the profiles of Greek vases, emphasized the use of the profile. His subject matter often involved classical history such as the death of Socrates and Brutus. The dignity and subject matter of his paintings were greatly inspired by the works of [[Nicolas Poussin]] from the seventeenth century. Poussin and David were in turn major influences on [[Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres]]. Other important neoclassical painters of the period are [[Jean-Baptiste Greuze]], [[Joseph-Marie Vien]] and, in the portrait genre, [[Elisabeth-Louise Vigee-Le Brun]]. Neoclassicism also penetrated decorative arts and architecture.
[[File:Jacques-Louis David - Oath of the Horatii - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|[[Jacques-Louis David]], ''[[Oath of the Horatii]]'', 1786]]
Architects like [[Claude-Nicolas Ledoux|Ledoux]] and [[Étienne-Louis Boullée|Boullée]] developed a radical style of neoclassical architecture based on simple and pure geometrical forms with a research of simetry and harmony, elaborating visionary projects like the complex of the [[Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans|Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans]] by Ledoux, a model of an ideal factory developed from the rational concepts of the [[Enlightment philosophers|Enlightment]] thinkers.
===Modern period===
====19th century====
{{main|19th-century French art}}
The [[French Revolution]] and the [[Napoleonic wars]] brought great changes to the arts in France. The program of exaltation and myth making attendant to the Emperor [[Napoleon I of France]] was closely coordinated in the paintings of David, Gros and Guérin. [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]] was the main figure of neoclassicism until the 1850s and a prominent teacher, giving priority to drawing over color. Meanwhile, [[Orientalism]], Egyptian motifs, the tragic [[anti-hero]], the wild landscape, the [[historical novel]], and scenes from the Middle Ages and the Renaissance—all these elements of [[Romanticism]]—created a vibrant period that defies easy classification. The most important romantic painter of the period was Eugène Delacroix, who had a successful public career and was the main opponent of Ingres. Before him, [[Théodore Géricault]] opened the path to romanticism with his monumental ''[[Raft of the Medusa]]'' exposed at the 1819 Salon. [[Camille Corot]] tried to escape the conventional and idealized form of landscape painting influenced by classicism to be more realist and sensible to atmospheric variations at the same time.
[[File:Eugène Delacroix - Le Massacre de Scio.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[The Massacre at Chios]]'', Eugène Delacroix, 1824]]
Romantic tendencies continued throughout the century, both idealized landscape painting and [[Realism (arts)|Realism]] have their seeds in Romanticism. The work of [[Gustave Courbet]] and the [[Barbizon school]] are logical developments from it, as is the late nineteenth century [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]] of such painters as [[Gustave Moreau]], the professor of [[Henri Matisse]] and [[Georges Rouault]], as well as [[Odilon Redon]].
[[Academic painting]] developed at the [[École des Beaux-Arts de Paris|Ecole des Beaux-Arts]] was the most successful with the public and the State : highly trained painters like [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], [[William Bouguereau]] and [[Alexandre Cabanel]] painted historical scenes inspired by the antique, following the footsteps of Ingres and the neoclassics. Though criticized for their conventionalism by the young avant-garde painters and critics, the most talented of the Academic painters renewed the historical genre, drawing inspiration from multiple cultures and techniques, like the Orient and the new framings made possible by the invention of photography
For many critics [[Édouard Manet]] wrote of the nineteenth century and the modern period (much as [[Charles Baudelaire]] does in poetry). His rediscovery of Spanish painting from the golden age, his willingness to show the unpainted canvas, his exploration of the forthright nude, and his radical brush strokes are the first steps toward Impressionism. [[Impressionism]] would take the [[Barbizon school]] one step farther, rejecting once and for all a belabored style and the use of mixed colors and black, for fragile transitive effects of light as captured outdoors in changing light (partly inspired by the paintings of [[J. M. W. Turner]] and [[Eugène Boudin]]). It led to [[Claude Monet]] with his cathedrals and haystacks, [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]] with both his early outdoor festivals and his later feathery style of ruddy nudes, [[Edgar Degas]] with his dancers and bathers. Other important impressionists were [[Alfred Sisley]], [[Camille Pissarro]] and [[Gustave Caillebotte]].
After that threshold was crossed, the next thirty years became a litany of amazing experiments. [[Vincent van Gogh]], Dutch born, but living in France, opened the road to [[expressionism]]. [[Georges-Pierre Seurat|Georges Seurat]], influenced by color theory, devised a [[pointillism|pointillist]] technique that governed the Impressionist experiment and was followed by [[Paul Signac]]. [[Paul Cézanne]], a painter's painter, attempted a geometrical exploration of the world, that left many of his peers indifferent. [[Paul Gauguin]], a banker, found symbolism in [[Brittany]] along [[Émile Bernard (painter)|Emile Bernard]] and then exoticism and primitivism in [[French Polynesia]]. These painters were referred to as [[Post-Impressionism|Post-Impressionists]]. [[Les Nabis]], a movement of the 1890s, regrouping painters such as [[Paul Sérusier]], [[Pierre Bonnard]], [[Édouard Vuillard]] and [[Maurice Denis]], was influenced by Gauguin's example in Brittany: they explored a decorative art in flat plains with the graphic approach of a Japanese print. They preached that a work of art is the end product and the visual expression of an artist's synthesis of nature in personal aesthetic metaphors and symbols.
[[Henri Rousseau]], the self-taught dabbling postmaster, became the model for the naïve revolution.
====20th century====
{{Main|20th-century French art}}
[[File:Claude Monet - Rouen Cathedral, Facade (Sunset).JPG|thumb|175px|left|[[Claude Monet]], ''Rouen Cathedral, Facade (Sunset)'', c. 1892-1894]]
The early years of the twentieth century were dominated by experiments in colour and content that [[Impressionism]] and [[Post-Impressionism]] had unleashed. The products of the far east also brought new influences. At roughly the same time, [[Fauvism|Les Fauves]] ([[Henri Matisse]], [[André Derain]], [[Maurice de Vlaminck]], [[Albert Marquet]], [[Raoul Dufy]], [[Othon Friesz]], [[Charles Camoin]], [[Henri Manguin]]) exploded into color, much like German [[Expressionism]].
The discovery of African tribal masks by [[Pablo Picasso]], a Spaniard living in Paris, lead him to create his ''[[Les Demoiselles d'Avignon]]'' of 1907. Working independently, Picasso and [[Georges Braque]] returned to and refined Cézanne's way of rationally comprehension of objects in a flat medium, their experiments in [[cubism]] also would lead them to integrate all aspects and objects of day-to-day life, [[collage]] of newspapers, musical instruments, cigarettes, wine, and other objects into their works. [[Cubism]] in all its phases would dominate paintings of Europe and America for the next ten years. (See the article on [[Cubism]] for a complete discussion.)
[[World War I]] did not stop the dynamic creation of art in France. In 1916 a group of discontents met in a bar in Zurich, the [[Cabaret Voltaire (Zürich)|Cabaret Voltaire]], and created the most radical gesture possible, the anti-art of [[Dada]]. At the same time, [[Francis Picabia]] and [[Marcel Duchamp]] were exploring similar notions. At a 1917 art show in [[New York City|New York]], Duchamp presented a white porcelain urinal (''[[Fountain (Duchamp)|Fountain]]'') signed ''R. Mutt'' as work of art, becoming the father of the ''[[Readymades of Marcel Duchamp|readymade]]''.
When [[Dada]] reached Paris, it was avidly embraced by a group of young artists and writers who were fascinated with the writings of [[Sigmund Freud]], particularly by his notion of the [[unconscious mind]]. The provocative spirit of Dada became linked to the exploration of the unconscious mind through the use of [[automatic writing]], chance operations, and, in some cases, altered states. The [[surrealism|surrealists]] quickly turned to painting and sculpture. The shock of unexpected elements, the use of [[Frottage (surrealist technique)|Frottage]], [[collage]], and [[decalcomania]], the rendering of mysterious landscapes and dreamed images were to become the key techniques through the rest of the 1930s.
[[File:Violin and Candlestick.jpg|175px|thumb|[[Georges Braque]], ''Violin and Candlestick'', 1910]]
Immediately after this war the French art scene diverged roughly in two directions. There were those who continued in the artistic experiments from before the war, especially surrealism, and others who adopted the new [[Abstract Expressionism]] and [[action painting]] from New York, executing them in a French manner using [[Tachism]] or [[L'art informel]]. Parallel to both of these tendencies, [[Jean Dubuffet]] dominated the early post-war years while exploring childlike drawings, graffiti, and cartoons in a variety of media.
The late 1950s and early 1960s in France saw art forms that might be considered ''[[Pop Art]]''. [[Yves Klein]] had attractive nude women roll around in blue paint and throw themselves at canvases. [[Victor Vasarely]] invented [[Op-Art]] by designing sophisticated optical patterns. Artists of the [[Fluxus]] movement such as [[Ben Vautier]] incorporated [[graffiti]] and found objects into their work. [[Niki de Saint Phalle]] created bloated and vibrant plastic figures. [[Arman]] gathered together found objects in boxed or resin-coated assemblages, and [[César Baldaccini]] produced a series of large compressed object-sculptures. In May 1968, the radical youth movement, through their ''atelier populaire'', produced a great deal of poster-art protesting the moribund policies of president [[Charles de Gaulle]].
Many contemporary artists continue to be haunted by the horrors of the Second World War and the specter of the Holocaust. [[Christian Boltanski]]'s harrowing installations of the lost and the anonymous are particularly powerful.
==French and Western Art museums of France==
===In Paris===
[[File:Louvre Museum Wikimedia Commons.jpg|thumb|480px|[[Musée du Louvre]]]]
[[File:MuseeDOrsay.jpg|thumb|480px|[[Musée d'Orsay]]]]
* [[Musée du Louvre]]
* [[Musée d'Orsay]]
* [[Musée National d'Art Moderne]]
* [[Musée de Cluny]]
* [[Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris]]
* [[Petit Palais]]
* [[Musée Picasso]]
* [[Musée Rodin]]
* [[Musée de l'Orangerie]]
* [[Musée Zadkine]]
* [[Musée Maillol]]
* [[Musée Bourdelle]]
* [[Musée Gustave Moreau]]
* [[Musée Jacquemart-André]]
* [[Musée national Eugène Delacroix]]
* [[Musée national Jean-Jacques Henner]]
* [[Musée Marmottan Monet]]
* [[Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris]]
* [[Musée Nissim de Camondo]]
* [[Musée Cognacq-Jay]]
* [[Musée Carnavalet]]
===Near Paris===
* [[Musée Condé]] in [[Chantilly, Oise|Chantilly]]
* [[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Chartres]] in [[Chartres]]
* [[Château d'Écouen|Musée de la Renaissance]] in [[Écouen]]
* [[National Archaeological Museum (France)|Musée d'archéologie nationale]] in [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]]
* [[Musée départemental Maurice Denis "The Priory"]] in Saint-Germain-en-Laye
* [[Musée d'art et d'archéologie de Senlis]] in [[Senlis, Oise|Senlis]]
* [[Sèvres - Musée de la céramique]] in [[Sèvres]]
===Outside Paris===
[[File:Lille palais des beaux-arts.JPG|thumb|[[Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille]]]]
[[File:MBA Lyon facade nuit.jpg|thumb|[[Musée des beaux-arts de Lyon]]]]
[[File:Nancy Musee des Beaux-Arts BW 2015-07-18 13-55-20.jpg|thumb|[[Museum of Fine Arts of Nancy|Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nancy]]]]
[[File:Rouen, Musée des Beaux-Arts.jpg|thumb|[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen]]]]
[[File:Le Palais des Rohans.jpg|thumb|[[Palais Rohan, Strasbourg]] and [[Musée de l’Œuvre Notre-Dame]] (on the right)]]
====Major museums====
{{Culture of France}}
(alphabetically by city)
*[[Faure Museum (Aix-les-Bains)|Musée Faure]] in [[Aix-les-Bains]]
*[[Musée Granet]] in [[Aix-en-Provence]]
*[[Musée Toulouse-Lautrec]] in [[Albi]]
*[[Musée de Picardie]] in [[Amiens]]
*[[Musée de l'Arles et de la Provence antiques]] in [[Arles]]
*[[Musée du Petit Palais, Avignon|Musée du Petit Palais]] in [[Avignon]]
*[[Fondation Calvet]] in Avignon
*[[Musée Albert-André]] in [[Bagnols-sur-Cèze]]
*[[Musée Bonnat]] in [[Bayonne]]
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts et d'archéologie de Besançon]] in [[Besançon]]
*[[Musée Fernand Léger]] in [[Biot, Alpes-Maritimes]]
*[[Musée des beaux-arts de Bordeaux]] in [[Bordeaux]]
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Caen]] in [[Caen]]
*[[Goya Museum]] in [[Castres]]
*[[Musée d'Art Moderne de Céret]] in [[Céret]]
*[[Musée d'art Roger-Quilliot]] in [[Clermont-Ferrand]]
*[[Unterlinden Museum]] in [[Colmar]]
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon]] in [[Dijon]]
*[[Musée départemental d'Art ancien et contemporain]] in [[Épinal]]
*[[Chaalis Abbey|Jacquemart-André museum]] in [[Fontaine-Chaalis]]
*[[Museum of Grenoble|Musée de Grenoble]] in [[Grenoble]]
*[[Grenoble Archaeological Museum]] in Grenoble
*[[Matisse Museum (Le Cateau)|Musée Matisse]] in [[Le Cateau-Cambrésis]]
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts André-Malraux]] in [[Le Havre]]
*[[Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille]] in [[Lille]]
*[[Musée des beaux-arts de Lyon]] in [[Lyon]]
*[[Gallo-Roman Museum of Lyon|Musée gallo-romain]] in Lyon
*[[Musée des beaux-arts de Marseille]] in [[Marseille]]
*[[Musée Cantini]] in Marseille
*[[Museums of Metz]] in [[Metz]]
*[[Centre Pompidou-Metz]] in Metz
*[[Musée Ingres]] in [[Montauban]]
*[[Musée Fabre]] in [[Montpellier]]
*[[Château de Montsoreau-Museum of Contemporary Art]] in [[Montsoreau]]
*[[Museum of Fine Arts of Nancy|Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nancy]] in [[Nancy, France|Nancy]]
*[[Musée de l'École de Nancy]] in Nancy
*[[Palace of the Dukes of Lorraine|Musée Lorrain]] in Nancy
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nantes]] in [[Nantes]]
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nice|Musée des Beaux-Arts]] in [[Nice]]
*[[Musée national Message Biblique Marc Chagall]] in [[Nice]]
*[[Musée archéologique de Nîmes]] in [[Nîmes]]
*[[Musée Camille Claudel]] in [[Nogent-sur-Seine]]
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Reims]] in [[Reims]]
*[[Palace of Tau|Palais du Tau]] in Reims
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rennes]] in [[Rennes]]
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen]] in [[Rouen]]
*[[Musée d'art moderne de Saint-Étienne]] in [[Saint-Étienne]]
*[[Fondation Maeght]] in [[Saint-Paul, Alpes-Maritimes]]
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg]] in [[Strasbourg]]
*[[Musée d'art moderne et contemporain of Strasbourg]] in Strasbourg
*[[Musée de l’Œuvre Notre-Dame]] in Strasbourg
*[[Musée des Arts décoratifs, Strasbourg]] in Strasbourg
*[[Musée des Augustins]] in [[Toulouse]]
*[[Musée Saint-Raymond]] in Toulouse
*[[Fondation Bemberg]] in Toulouse
====Other museums====
(alphabetically by city)
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Brest]] in [[Brest, France|Brest]]
*[[Musée Théodore Deck et des pays du Florival]] in [[Guebwiller]]
*[[Musée historique de Haguenau]] in [[Haguenau]]
*[[Musée Eugène Boudin]] in [[Honfleur]]
*[[Musée Crozatier]] in [[Le Puy-en-Velay]]
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Libourne]] in [[Libourne]]
*[[Musée Girodet]] in [[Montargis]]
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Mulhouse]] in [[Mulhouse]]
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nîmes]] in [[Nîmes]]
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Pau]] in [[Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques|Pau]]
*[[Musée Hyacinthe Rigaud]] in [[Perpignan]]
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Pont-Aven]] in [[Pont-Aven]]
*[[La Piscine Museum]] in [[Roubaix]]
*[[Musée Paul-Dupuy]] in [[Toulouse]]
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Valenciennes]] in [[Valenciennes]]
===Textile and tapestry museums===
(alphabetically by city)
*[[Musée des tapisseries]] in [[Aix-en-Provence]]
*[[Château d'Angers]] in [[Angers]]
*[[Bayeux Tapestry|Musée de la tapisserie de Bayeux]] in [[Bayeux]]
*[[Musée des Tissus et des Arts décoratifs]] in [[Lyon]]
*[[Musée de l'impression sur étoffes]] in [[Mulhouse]]
*[[Musée Galliera]] in [[Paris]]
*[[Gobelins Manufactory]] in Paris
*[[Musée du papier peint]] in [[Rixheim]]
==Vocabulary==
French words and expressions dealing with the arts:
* ''peintre'' — painter
** ''peinture à l'huile'' — [[oil painting]]
* ''tableau'' — painting
* ''toile'' — canvas
* ''gravure'' — [[printmaking|print]]
* ''dessin'' — drawing
* ''aquarelle'' — [[watercolor]]
* ''croquis'' — sketch
* ''ébauche'' — draft
* ''crayon'' — pencil
* ''paysage'' — [[Landscape art|landscape]]
* ''nature morte'' — [[still life]]
* ''la peinture d'histoire'' — [[History painting]], see [[Hierarchy of genres]]
* ''tapisserie'' – [[tapestry]]
* ''vitrail'' – [[stained glass]]
==See also==
* [[List of French artists]]
* For information about French literature, see: [[French literature]]
* For information about French history, see: [[History of France]]
* For other topics on French culture, see: [[French culture]]
==References and further reading==
* [[Anthony Blunt]]: ''Art and Architecture in France 1500-1700'' {{ISBN|0-300-05314-2}}
* André Chastel. ''French Art Vol I: Prehistory to the Middle Ages'' {{ISBN|2-08-013566-X}}
* André Chastel. ''French Art Vol II: The Renaissance'' {{ISBN|2-08-013583-X}}
* André Chastel. ''French Art Vol III: The Ancient Régime'' {{ISBN|2-08-013617-8}}
*"French Art at the Saint Louis Art Museum," website http://frenchart.umsl.edu.
{{France topics}}
{{European topic|| art}}
{{Westernart}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:French Art}}
[[Category:French art| ]]
[[Category:Arts in France|·Art]]
[[Category:Art by country]]
[[Category:European art]]
[[Category:Western art]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | 'FRANCE SHIT [[File:Vierge a l'Enfant debout.jpg|thumb|French ivory [[Virgin and Child]], end of the 13th century, 25 cm high, curving to fit the shape of the ivory tusk.]]
{{French art history}}
<!-- For practical purposes, the history of French art has been divided into a series of separate articles accessible through the template to the right. The template also gives direct access to French art category indexes, such as alphabetical lists of painters or sculptors. To locate artists from a particular period or art movement, the relatively comprehensive manual list of painters and artistic movements in chronological order is recommended. In addition to a brief historic overview, some supplementary or general material is included on this page, including art vocabulary and general French art references.-->
'''French art''' consists of the [[visual arts|visual]] and [[plastic arts]] (including [[French architecture]], woodwork, textiles, and ceramics) originating from the geographical area of [[France]]. Modern France was the main centre for the European [[art of the Upper Paleolithic]], then left many [[megalith]]ic monuments, and in the [[Iron Age]] many of the most impressive finds of early [[Celtic art]]. The [[Gallo-Roman]] period left a distinctive provincial style of sculpture, and the region around the modern Franco-German border led the empire in the mass production of finely decorated [[Ancient Roman pottery]], which was exported to Italy and elsewhere on a large scale. With [[Merovingian art]] the story of French styles as a distinct and influential element in the wider development of the art of Christian Europe begins.
France can fairly be said to have been a leader in the development of [[Romanesque art]] and [[Gothic art]], before the [[Italian Renaissance|Renaissance]] led to Italy becoming the main source of stylistic developments until France matched Italy's influence during the [[Rococo]] and [[Neoclassicism]] periods and then regained the leading role in the Arts from the 19th to the mid-20th century.
==Historic overview==
===Prehistory===
[[File:Venus of Brassempouy.jpg|thumb|left|Front and side view of the [[Venus of Brassempouy]]]]
Currently, the earliest known European art is from the [[Upper Palaeolithic]] period of between 40,000 and 10,000 years ago and France has a large selection of extant [[pre-historic art]] from the [[Châtelperronian]], [[Aurignacian]], [[Solutrean]], [[Gravettian]], and [[Magdalenian]] cultures. This art includes [[cave painting]]s, such as the famous paintings at [[Pech Merle]] in the [[Lot (département)|Lot]] in [[Languedoc]] which date back to 16,000 BC, [[Lascaux]], located near the village of [[Montignac, Dordogne|Montignac]], in the [[Dordogne]], dating back to between 13,000 and 15,000 BC, or perhaps, as far back as 25,000 BC, the [[Cosquer Cave]], the [[Chauvet Cave]] dating back to 29,000 BC, and the [[Cave of the Trois-Frères|Trois-Frères cave]]; and [[portable art]], such as animal carvings and great goddess statuettes called [[Venus figurines]], such as the "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060904222320/http://www.musee-antiquitesnationales.fr/pages/page_id18159_u1l2.htm Venus of Brassempouy]" of 21,000 BC, discovered in the [[Landes (department)|Landes]], now in the museum at the [[Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] or the [[Venus of Lespugue]] at the [[Musée de l'Homme]]. Ornamental beads, bone pins, carvings, as well as flint and stone [[arrowhead]]s also are among the prehistoric objects from the area of France.
Speculations exist that only [[Homo sapiens]] are capable of artistic expression, however, a recent find, the [[Mask of la Roche-Cotard]]—a [[Mousterian]] or [[Neanderthal]] artifact, found in 2002 in a cave near the banks of the [[Loire River]], dating back to about [[Paleolithic|33,000 B.C.]]—now suggests that Neanderthal humans may have developed a sophisticated and complex artistic tradition.
[[File:Carnac megalith alignment 1.jpg|right|thumb|200px|''The Menec alignments'', the most well-known megalithic site among the Carnac stones]]
In the [[Neolithic]] period (''see'' [[Neolithic Europe]]), [[megalith]]ic (large stone) monuments, such as the [[dolmen]]s and [[menhir]]s at [[Carnac stones|Carnac]], [[Saint-Sulpice-de-Faleyrens]] and elsewhere in France begin to appear; this appearance is thought to start in the fifth millennium BC, although some authors speculate about [[Mesolithic]] roots. In France there are some 5,000 megalithics monuments, mainly in Brittany, where there is the largest concentration of these monuments. In this area there is wide variety of these monuments that have been well preserved, like menhirs, dolmen, cromlechs and cairns. The [[Gavrinis|Cairn of Gavrinis]] in southern Brittany is an outstanding example of megalithic art : its 14 meters inner corridor is nearly completely adorned with ornamental carvings. The [[Broken Menhir of Er Grah|great broken menhir of Er-Grah]], now in four pieces was more than 20 meters high originally, making it the largest menhir ever erected. France has also numerous painted stones, polished stone axes, and inscribed menhirs from this period. The Grand-Pressigny area was known for its precious silex blades and they were extensively exported during the Neolithic.
In France from the Neolithic to the [[Bronze Age]], one finds a variety of archaeological cultures, including the [[Rössen culture]] of c. 4500–4000 BC, [[Beaker culture]] of c. 2800–1900 BC, [[Tumulus culture]] of c. 1600–1200 BC, [[Urnfield culture]] of c. 1300–800 BC, and, in a transition to the [[Iron Age]], [[Hallstatt culture]] of c. 1200–500 BC.
For more on Prehistoric sites in Western France, ''see'' [[Prehistory of Brittany]].
===Celtic and Roman periods===
[[File:Parade helmet.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Agris Helmet]]]]
From the [[Proto-Celtic]] Urnfield and Hallstat cultures, a continental [[Iron Age]] [[Celtic art]] developed; mainly associated with [[La Tène culture]], which flourished during the late Iron Age from 450 BC to the Roman conquest in the first century BC. This art drew on native, classical and perhaps, the [[Mediterranean]], oriental sources. The Celts of [[Gaul]] are known through numerous tombs and burial mounds found throughout France.
Celtic art is very ornamental, avoiding straight lines and only occasionally using symmetry, without the imitation of nature nor ideal of beauty central to the [[Classicism|classical]] tradition, but apparently, often involves complex symbolism. This artwork includes a variety of styles and often incorporates subtly modified elements from other cultures, an example being the characteristic over-and-under interlacing which arrived in France only in the sixth century, although it was already used by [[Germany|Germanic]] artists. The Celtic [[Vix Grave|Vix grave]] in present-day Burgundy revealed the largest bronze crater of the Antiquity, that was probably imported by Celtic aristocrats from Greece.
[[File:Orange roman theatre.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Théâtre antique d'Orange]]]]
The region of Gaul ({{lang-la|Gallia}}) came under the rule of the [[Roman Empire]] from the first century BC to the fifth century AD. Southern France, and especially Provence and Languedoc, is known for its many intact Gallo-Roman monuments. [[Lugdunum]], modern Lyon, was at the time of the Roman Empire the largest city outside Italy and gave birth to two Roman Emperors. The city still boasts some Roman remains including a Theater. Monumental works from this period include the [[Théâtre antique d'Orange|amphitheater]] in [[Orange, Vaucluse]], the "[[Maison Carrée]]" at [[Nîmes]] which is one of the best preserved Roman temples in Europe, the city of [[Vienne, Isère|Vienne]] near Lyon, which features an exceptionally well preserved temple (the temple of Augustus and Livia), a circus as well as other remains, the [[Pont du Gard]] [[aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]] which is also in an exceptional state of preservation, the Roman cities of [[Glanum]] and [[Vaison-la-Romaine]], two intact Gallo-Roman arenas in [[Arena of Nîmes|Nîmes]] and [[Arles Amphitheatre|Arles]], and the [[Thermes de Cluny|Roman baths]], and the [[Arènes de Lutèce|arena]] of [[Paris]].
===Medieval period===
====Merovingian art====
{{Main|Merovingian art}}
Merovingian art is the art and architecture of the [[Merovingian]] dynasty of the [[Franks]], which lasted from the fifth century to the eighth century in present-day France and [[Germany]]. The advent of the Merovingian dynasty in [[Gaul]] during the fifth century led to important changes in the arts. In architecture, there was no longer the desire to build robust and harmonious buildings. Sculpture regressed to being little more than a simple technique for the ornamentation of [[sarcophagus|sarcophagi]], [[altars]], and ecclesiastical furniture. On the other hand, the rise of [[goldsmith|gold work]] and [[Illuminated manuscript|manuscript illumination]] brought about a resurgence of [[Celt]]ic decoration, which, with [[Christian art|Christian]] and other contributions, constitutes the basis of Merovingian art. The unification of the [[Franks|Frankish]] kingdom under [[Clovis I]] (465–511) and his successors, corresponded with the need to build churches. The plans for them probably were copied from [[Roman architecture|Roman]] [[basilica]]s. Unfortunately, these timber structures have not survived because of destruction by fire, whether accidental or caused by the [[Normans]] at the time of their incursions.
====Carolingian art====
{{Main|Carolingian art}}
[[File:Karolingischer Buchmaler um 820 001.jpg|thumb|Aachen Gospels, c. 820, an example of Carolingian [[Illuminated manuscript|illumination]]]]
Carolingian art is the approximate 120-year period from 750 to 900—during the reign of [[Charles Martel]], [[Pippin the Younger]], [[Charlemagne]], and his immediate heirs—popularly known as the [[Carolingian Renaissance]]. The Carolingian era is the first period of the Medieval art movement known as '''[[Pre-Romanesque art and architecture|Pre-Romanesque]]'''. For the first time, Northern European kings patronized classical Mediterranean Roman art forms, blending classical forms with Germanic ones, creating entirely new innovations in figurine line drawing, and setting the stage for the rise of [[Romanesque art]] and, eventually, [[Gothic art]] in the West.
Illuminated manuscripts, metalwork, small-scale sculpture, mosaics, and frescos survive from the period. The Carolingians also undertook major architectural building campaigns at numerous churches in France. These include, those of [[Metz]], [[Lyon]], [[Vienne]], [[Le Mans]], [[Reims]], [[Beauvais]], [[Verdun]], [[Saint-Germain in Auxerre]], Saint-Pierre in [[Flavigny Abbey|Flavigny]], and [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]], as well as the town center of [[Chartres]]. The [[Centula Abbey]] of [[Saint-Riquier]] ([[Somme (department)|Somme]]), completed in 788, was a major achievement in monastic architecture. Another important building (mostly lost today) was "Theodulf's Villa" in [[Germigny-des-Prés]].
With the end of Carolingian rule around 900, artistic production halted for almost three generations. After the demise of the Carolingian Empire, France split into a number of feuding provinces, lacking any organized patronage. French art of the tenth and eleventh centuries was produced by local monasteries to promote literacy and piety, however, the primitive styles produced were not so highly skilled as the techniques of the earlier Carolingian period.
Multiple regional styles developed based on the chance availability of Carolingian manuscripts as models to copy, and the availability of itinerant artists. The monastery of Saint Bertin became an important center under its abbot Odbert (986–1007), who created a new style based on Anglo-Saxon and Carolingian forms. The nearby [[St. Vaast's Abbey|abbey of St. Vaast]] (Pas-de-Calais) also created a number of important works. In southwestern France a number of manuscripts were produced c. 1000, at the monastery of [[Saint Martial]] in [[Limoges]], as well as at [[Albi]], [[Figeac]], and [[Saint-Sever-de-Rustan]] in [[Gascony]]. In Paris a unique style developed at the [[abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés]]. In [[Normandy]] a new style arose in 975. By the later tenth century with the [[Cluny]] reform movement and a revived spirit for the concept of Empire, art production resumed.
[[File:Basilique de Vézelay Narthex Tympan central 220608.jpg|thumb|right|Central tympanum of the narthex of the [[Vézelay Abbey]] in [[Vézelay]], 1140–1150]]
====Romanesque art====
{{Main|Romanesque art}}
[[Romanesque art]] refers to the art of Western Europe during a period of one hundred and fifty years, from approximately 1000 AD to the rise of the [[Gothic Art|Gothic style]], which arose in the middle of the twelfth century in France. "Romanesque Art" was marked by a renewed interest in Roman construction techniques. For example, the twelfth-century capitals on the cloister of [[Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert]], adopt an [[acanthus (ornament)|acanthus]]-leaf [[Motif (art)|motif]] and the decorative use of drill holes, which were commonly found on Roman monuments. Other important Romanesque buildings in France include the abbey of [[Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire]] in [[Loiret]], the churches of [[Abbey Church of Saint Foy|Saint-Foy]] in [[Conques]] of [[Aveyron]], Saint-Martin in [[Tours]], Saint-Philibert in [[Tournus]] of [[Saône-et-Loire]], [[Abbey of Saint-Remi|Saint-Remi]] in [[Reims]], and [[Saint-Sernin Basilica|Saint-Sernin]] in [[Toulouse]]. In particular, [[Normandy]] experienced a large building campaign in the churches of [[Bernay, Eure|Bernay]], [[Mont-Saint-Michel]], [[Coutances Cathedral]], and [[Bayeux]].
[[File:Sainte Chapelle - Upper level 1.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Interior of the Chapelle Haute, [[Sainte Chapelle]], Paris]]
Most Romanesque sculpture was integrated into church architecture, not only for aesthetic, but also for structural purposes. Small-scale sculpture during the pre-Romanesque period was influenced by [[Byzantine]] and [[Early Christian]] sculpture. Other elements were adopted from various local styles of Middle Eastern countries. Motifs were derived from the arts of the "barbarian," such as grotesque figures, beasts, and geometric patterns, which were all important additions, particularly in the regions north of the Alps. Among the important sculptural works of the period are the ivory carvings at the monastery of [[Abbey of St. Gall|Saint Gall]]. Monumental sculpture was rarely practised separately from architecture in the Pre-Romanesque period. For the first time after the fall of the Roman empire, monumental sculpture emerged as a significant art form. Covered church [[façades]], doorways, and [[Capital (architecture)|capitals]] all increased and expanded in size and importance, as in the [[Last Judgment]] [[tympanum (architecture)|Tympanum]], [[Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne]], and the Standing Prophet at [[Moissac]]. Monumental doors, baptismal fonts, and candle holders, frequently decorated with scenes from biblical history, were cast in bronze, attesting to the skills of the contemporary metalworkers. Frescoes were applied to the vaults and walls of churches. Rich textiles and precious objects in gold and silver, such as chalices and reliquaries, were produced in increasing numbers to meet the needs of the liturgy, and to serve the cult of the saints. In the twelfth century, large-scale stone sculpture spread throughout Europe. In the French Romanesque churches of [[Provence]], [[Burgundy (region)|Burgundy]], and [[Aquitaine]], sculptures adorned the façades and statues were incorporated into the capitals.
====Gothic====
{{Main|Gothic art|Gothic architecture}}
Gothic art and architecture were products of a Medieval art movement that lasted about three hundred years. It began in France, developing from the Romanesque period in the mid-twelfth century. By the late fourteenth century, it had evolved toward a more secular and natural style known as, [[International Gothic]], which continued until the late fifteenth century, when it evolved further, into [[Renaissance art]]. The primary Gothic art media were [[sculpture]], [[panel painting]], [[stained glass]], [[fresco]], and [[illuminated manuscript]].
[[File:Cenral tympanum Chartres.jpg|thumb|right|The Western (Royal) Portal at Chartres Cathedral, ''c.'' 1145, these architectural statues are the earliest Gothic sculptures, a revolution in style and the models for a generation of sculptors]]
Gothic architecture was born in the middle of the twelfth century in [[Île-de-France]], when [[Abbot Suger]] built the abbey at [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|St. Denis]], ''c.'' 1140, considered the first Gothic building, and soon afterward, the [[Chartres Cathedral]], ''c.'' 1145. Prior to this, there had been no sculpture tradition in Île-de-France—so sculptors were brought in from [[Burgundy (region)|Burgundy]], who created the revolutionary figures acting as columns in the Western (Royal) Portal of Chartres Cathedral (''see image'') —it was an entirely new invention in French art, and would provide the model for a generation of sculptors. Other notable Gothic churches in France include [[Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Bourges|Bourges Cathedral]], [[Amiens Cathedral]], [[Notre-Dame of Laon|Notre-Dame de Laon]], [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre Dame]] in [[Paris]], [[Reims Cathedral]], the [[Sainte-Chapelle]] in [[Paris]], [[Strasbourg Cathedral]].
The designations of styles in French Gothic architecture are as follows: Early Gothic, High Gothic, Rayonnant, and Late Gothic or "Flamboyant". Division into these divisions is effective, but debatable. Because Gothic cathedrals were built over several successive periods, and the artisans of each period not necessarily following the wishes of previous periods, the dominant architectural style often changed during the building of a particular building. Consequently, it is difficult to declare one building as belonging to certain era of Gothic architecture. It is more useful to use the terms as descriptors for specific elements within a structure, rather than applying it to the building as a whole.
The French ideas spread. Gothic sculpture evolved from the early stiff and elongated style, still partly Romanesque, into a spatial and naturalistic treatment in the late twelfth and early thirteenth century. Influences from surviving ancient Greek and Roman sculptures were incorporated into the treatment of drapery, facial expression, and pose of the Dutch-Burgundian sculptor, [[Claus Sluter]], and the taste for naturalism first signaled the end of Gothic sculpture, evolving into the classicistic Renaissance style by the end of the fifteenth century.
[[File:Enguerrand Quarton, Le Couronnement de la Vierge (1454).jpg|thumb|left|260px|[[Enguerrand Quarton]], ''The Coronation of the Virgin'', 1452–53]]
Painting in a style that may be called, "Gothic," did not appear until about 1200, nearly fifty years after the start of Gothic architecture and sculpture. The transition from Romanesque to Gothic is very imprecise and by no means clearly delineated, but one may see the beginning of a style that is more somber, dark, and emotional than the previous period. This transition occurs first in England and France around 1200, in Germany around 1220, and in Italy around 1300. Painting, the representation of images on a surface, was practiced during the Gothic period in four primary crafts, [[fresco]]s, [[panel painting]]s, [[manuscript illumination]], and [[stained glass]]. Frescoes continued to be used as the main pictorial narrative craft on church walls in southern Europe as a continuation of early Christian and Romanesque traditions. In the north, stained glass remained the dominant art form until the fifteenth century. At the end of the 14th century and during the 15th century French princely courts like those of the dukes of Burgundy, the duke of Anjou or the duke of Berry as well as the pope and the cardinals in Avignon employed renowned painters, like the [[Limbourg Brothers]], [[Barthélemy d'Eyck]], [[Enguerrand Quarton]] or [[Jean Fouquet]], who developed the so-called [[International Gothic]] style that spread through Europe and incorporated the new Flemish influence as well as the innovations of the Italian early Renaissance artists.
===Early Modern period===
[[File:Meister der Schule von Fontainebleau 001.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Diana the Huntress'' - School of Fontainebleau, 1550–1560]]
{{Main|French Renaissance}}
In the late fifteenth century, the French [[Italian Wars|invasion of Italy]] and the proximity of the vibrant [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundy]] court, with its Flemish connections, brought the French into contact with the goods, paintings, and the creative spirit of the [[Northern Renaissance|Northern]] and [[Italian Renaissance]]. Initial artistic changes at that time in France were executed by Italian and Flemish artists, such as [[Jean Clouet]] and his son [[François Clouet]], along with the Italians, [[Rosso Fiorentino]], [[Francesco Primaticcio]], and [[Niccolò dell'Abbate]] of what is often called the first [[School of Fontainebleau]] from 1531. [[Leonardo da Vinci]] also was invited to France by François I, but other than the paintings which he brought with him, he produced little for the French king.
The art of the period from François I through Henri IV often is heavily inspired by late Italian pictorial and sculptural developments commonly referred to as [[Mannerism]], which is associated with the later works of [[Michelangelo]] as well as [[Parmigianino]], among others. It is characterized by figures which are elongated and graceful that rely upon visual [[rhetoric]], including the elaborate use of [[allegory]] and [[mythology]]. Perhaps the greatest accomplishment of the French Renaissance was the construction of the [[Châteaux of the Loire Valley]]. No longer conceived of as fortresses, such pleasure palaces took advantage of the richness of the rivers and lands of the Loire region and they show remarkable architectural skill.
====Baroque and Classicism====
{{main|French Baroque and Classicism}}
[[File:Nicolas Poussin - Et in Arcadia ego (deuxième version).jpg|thumb|left|250px|''[[Les Bergers d’Arcadie]]'' by Nicolas Poussin, 1637-38]]
The seventeenth century marked a golden age for French art in all fields.
In the early part of the seventeenth century, late [[Mannerism|mannerist]] and early [[Baroque]] tendencies continued to flourish in the court of [[Marie de Medici]] and [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]].
Art from this period shows influences from both the north of Europe, namely the Dutch and Flemish schools, and from Roman painters of the [[Counter-Reformation]]. Artists in France frequently debated the contrasting merits of [[Peter Paul Rubens]] with his Flemish baroque, voluptuous lines and colors to [[Nicolas Poussin]] with his rational control, proportion, Roman classicist baroque style. Another proponent of classicism working in Rome was [[Claude Gellée]], known as Le Lorrain, who defined the form of classical landscape.
Many young French painters of the beginning of the century went to Rome to train themselves and soon assimilated [[Caravaggio]]'s influence like [[Valentin de Boulogne]] and [[Simon Vouet]]. The later is credited with bringing the baroque in France and at his return in Paris in 1627 he was named first painter of the king. But French painting soon departed from the extravagance and naturalism of the Italian baroque and painters like [[Eustache Le Sueur]] and [[Laurent de La Hyre]], following Poussin example developed a classicist way known as "Parisian atticism", inspired by Antiquity, and focusing on proportion, harmony and the importance of drawing. Even Vouet, after his return from Italy, changed his manner to a more measured but still highly decorative and elegant style.
[[File:Georges de La Tour 009.jpg|thumb|190px|[[Georges de La Tour]], ''The Penitent Magdalene'', c. 1640.]]
But at the same time there was still a strong ''[[Caravaggisti]]'' Baroque school represented in the period by the amazing candle-lit paintings of [[Georges de La Tour]]. The wretched and the poor were featured in a [[Utrecht Caravaggisti|quasi-Dutch manner]] in the paintings by the three [[Le Nain]] brothers. In the paintings of [[Philippe de Champaigne]] there are both propagandistic portraits of [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]]' s minister [[Cardinal Richelieu]] and other more contemplative portraits of people in the Catholic [[Jansenist]] sect.
In architecture, architects like [[Salomon de Brosse]], [[François Mansart]] and [[Jacques Lemercier]] helped define the French form of the baroque, developing the formula of the urban [[hôtel particulier]] that was to influence all of Europe and strongly departed from the Italian equivalent, the [[palazzo]]. Many aristocratic castles were rebuilt in the new classic-baroque style, some of the most famous being [[château de Maisons|Maisons]] and [[château de Cheverny|Cheverny]], characterized by high roofs ''"à la française"'' and a form that retained the medieval model of the castle adorned with prominent towers.
From the mid to late seventeenth century, French art is more often referred to by the term "Classicism" which implies an adherence to certain rules of proportion and sobriety uncharacteristic of the Baroque, as it was practiced in most of the rest of Europe during the same period. Under [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]], the Baroque as it was practiced in Italy, was not in French taste, for instance, as [[Bernini]]'s famous proposal for redesigning the Louvre was rejected by Louis XIV.[[File:Le chateau de Vaux le Vicomte.jpg|left|thumb|260px|[[Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte]] by [[Louis Le Vau]].]] Through [[propaganda]], wars, and great architectural works, [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] launched a vast program designed for the glorification of France and his name. The [[Palace of Versailles]], initially a tiny hunting lodge built by his father, was transformed by Louis XIV into a marvelous palace for fêtes and parties, under the direction of architects [[Louis Le Vau]] (who had also built the [[château de Vaux-le-Vicomte]]) and [[Jules Hardouin Mansart]] (who built the [[Les Invalides|church of the Invalides]] in Paris), painter and designer [[Charles Le Brun]], and the landscape architect [[André Le Nôtre]] who perfected the rational form of the [[French garden]] that from Versailles spread in all of Europe.
For sculpture Louis XIV's reign also proved an important moment thanks to the King's protection of artists like [[Pierre Puget]], [[François Girardon]] and [[Antoine Coysevox]]. In Rome, [[Pierre Legros]], working in a more baroque manner, was one of the most influential sculptors of the end of the century.
====Rococo and Neoclassicism====
[[File:Salon de la princesse hotel de soubise.jpg|thumb|Boiseries of the ''Salon de la princesse'' by [[Germain Boffrand]], [[hôtel de Soubise]], Paris]]
{{Main|French Rococo and Neoclassicism}}
[[Rococo]] and [[Neoclassicism]] are terms used to describe the visual and plastic arts and architecture in Europe from the early eighteenth century to the end of the eighteenth century. In France, the death of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] in 1715 lead to a period of freedom commonly called the [[Régence]]. Versailles was abandoned from 1715 to 1722, the young king Louis XV and the government led by the [[Philippe II, Duke of Orléans|duke of Orléans]] residing in Paris. There a new style emerged in the decorative arts, known as ''rocaille'' : the asymmetry and dynamism of the baroque was kept but renewed in a style that is less rhetoric and with less pompous effects, a deeper research of artificiality and use of motifs inspired by nature. This manner used to decorate rooms and furniture also existed in painting. Rocaillle painting turned toward lighters subjects, like the "fêtes galantes", theater settings, pleasant mythological narratives and the female nude. Most of the times the moralising sides of myths or history paintings are omitted and the accent is put on the decorative and pleasant aspect of the scenes depicted. Paintings from the period show an emphasis more on color than drawing, with apparent brush strokes and very colorful scenes. Important French painters from this period include [[Antoine Watteau]], considered the inventor of the ''fête galante'', [[Nicolas Lancret]] and [[François Boucher]], known for his gentle pastoral and galant scenes. [[Pastel]] portrait painting became particularly fashionable in Europe at the time and France was the major center of activity for pastellists, with the prominent figures of [[Maurice Quentin de La Tour]], [[Jean-Baptiste Perronneau]] and the Swiss [[Jean-Etienne Liotard]].
[[File:Jean-Honoré Fragonard - Inspiration.jpg|thumb|left|''Inspiration'' by [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]], 1769]]
The [[Louis XV style]] of decoration, although already apparent at the end of the last reign, was lighter with pastel colors, wood panels, smaller rooms, less gilding, and fewer brocades; shells, garlands, and occasional Chinese subjects predominated. The [[Chantilly porcelain|Chantilly]], [[Vincennes porcelain|Vincennes]] and then [[Sèvres porcelain|Sèvres manufactures]] produced some of the finest porcelain of the time. The highly skilled ''[[ébéniste]]s'', cabinet-makers mostly based in Paris, created elaborate pieces of furniture with precious wood and bronze ornaments that were to be highly praised and imitated in all of Europe. The most famous are [[Jean-François Oeben]], who created the work desk of king Louis XV in Versailles, [[Bernard II van Risamburgh]] and [[Jean-Henri Riesener]]. Highly skilled artists, called the ''ciseleur-doreurs'', specialized in bronze ornaments for furniture and other pieces of decorative arts - the most famous being [[Pierre Gouthière]] and [[Pierre-Philippe Thomire]]. Talented silversmiths like [[Thomas Germain]] and his son [[François-Thomas Germain]] created elaborate silverware services that were highly praised by the various royalties of Europe. Rooms in ''châteaux'' and ''hôtels particuliers'' were more intimate than during the reign of Louis XIV and were decorated with rocaille style [[boiseries]] (carved wood panels covering the walls of a room) conceived by architects like [[Germain Boffrand]] and [[Gilles-Marie Oppenord]] or ''ornemanistes'' (designers of decorative objects) like [[Juste-Aurèle Meissonnier]]. [[File:Place de la bourse.jpg|thumb|right|270px|[[Place de la Bourse]] in Bordeaux by [[Ange-Jacques Gabriel]]]]
The most prominent architects of the first half of the century were, apart Boffrand, [[Robert de Cotte]] and [[Ange-Jacques Gabriel]], who designed public squares like the [[place de la Concorde]] in Paris and the [[place de la Bourse]] in [[Bordeaux]] in a style consciously inspired by that of the era of Louis XIV. During the first half of the century, France replaced Italy as the artistic centre and main artistic influence in Europe and many French artists worked in other courts across the continent.
The latter half of the eighteenth century continued to see French preeminence in Europe, particularly through the arts and sciences, and the speaking the [[French language]] was expected for members of the European courts. The French academic system continued to produce artists, but some, such as [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]] and [[Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin]], explored new and increasingly impressionist styles of painting with thick brushwork. Although the hierarchy of genres continued to be respected officially, [[Genre works|genre painting]], [[Landscape art|landscape]], [[portrait]], and [[still life]] were extremely fashionable. Chardin and [[Jean-Baptiste Oudry]] were hailed for their still lives although this was officially considered the lowest of all genres in the hierarchy of painting subjects.
[[File:Prometheus Adam Louvre MR1745.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''Prometheus'' by [[Nicolas-Sébastien Adam]], 1762]]
One also finds in this period a ''Pre-romanticist'' aspect. [[Hubert Robert]]'s images of ruins, inspired by Italian ''capriccio'' paintings, are typical in this respect as well as the image of storms and moonlight marines by [[Claude Joseph Vernet]]. So too the change from the rational and geometrical ''French garden'' of [[André Le Nôtre]] to the ''English garden'', which emphasized artificially wild and irrational nature. One also finds in some of these gardens—curious ruins of temples—called "follies".
The last half of the eighteenth century saw a turn to [[Neoclassicism]] in France, that is to say a conscious use of Greek and Roman forms and [[iconography]]. This movement was promoted by intellectuals like Diderot, in reaction to the artificiality and the decorative essence of the ''rocaille'' style. In painting, the greatest representative of this style is [[Jacques-Louis David]], who, mirroring the profiles of Greek vases, emphasized the use of the profile. His subject matter often involved classical history such as the death of Socrates and Brutus. The dignity and subject matter of his paintings were greatly inspired by the works of [[Nicolas Poussin]] from the seventeenth century. Poussin and David were in turn major influences on [[Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres]]. Other important neoclassical painters of the period are [[Jean-Baptiste Greuze]], [[Joseph-Marie Vien]] and, in the portrait genre, [[Elisabeth-Louise Vigee-Le Brun]]. Neoclassicism also penetrated decorative arts and architecture.
[[File:Jacques-Louis David - Oath of the Horatii - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|[[Jacques-Louis David]], ''[[Oath of the Horatii]]'', 1786]]
Architects like [[Claude-Nicolas Ledoux|Ledoux]] and [[Étienne-Louis Boullée|Boullée]] developed a radical style of neoclassical architecture based on simple and pure geometrical forms with a research of simetry and harmony, elaborating visionary projects like the complex of the [[Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans|Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans]] by Ledoux, a model of an ideal factory developed from the rational concepts of the [[Enlightment philosophers|Enlightment]] thinkers.
===Modern period===
====19th century====
{{main|19th-century French art}}
The [[French Revolution]] and the [[Napoleonic wars]] brought great changes to the arts in France. The program of exaltation and myth making attendant to the Emperor [[Napoleon I of France]] was closely coordinated in the paintings of David, Gros and Guérin. [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]] was the main figure of neoclassicism until the 1850s and a prominent teacher, giving priority to drawing over color. Meanwhile, [[Orientalism]], Egyptian motifs, the tragic [[anti-hero]], the wild landscape, the [[historical novel]], and scenes from the Middle Ages and the Renaissance—all these elements of [[Romanticism]]—created a vibrant period that defies easy classification. The most important romantic painter of the period was Eugène Delacroix, who had a successful public career and was the main opponent of Ingres. Before him, [[Théodore Géricault]] opened the path to romanticism with his monumental ''[[Raft of the Medusa]]'' exposed at the 1819 Salon. [[Camille Corot]] tried to escape the conventional and idealized form of landscape painting influenced by classicism to be more realist and sensible to atmospheric variations at the same time.
[[File:Eugène Delacroix - Le Massacre de Scio.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[The Massacre at Chios]]'', Eugène Delacroix, 1824]]
Romantic tendencies continued throughout the century, both idealized landscape painting and [[Realism (arts)|Realism]] have their seeds in Romanticism. The work of [[Gustave Courbet]] and the [[Barbizon school]] are logical developments from it, as is the late nineteenth century [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]] of such painters as [[Gustave Moreau]], the professor of [[Henri Matisse]] and [[Georges Rouault]], as well as [[Odilon Redon]].
[[Academic painting]] developed at the [[École des Beaux-Arts de Paris|Ecole des Beaux-Arts]] was the most successful with the public and the State : highly trained painters like [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], [[William Bouguereau]] and [[Alexandre Cabanel]] painted historical scenes inspired by the antique, following the footsteps of Ingres and the neoclassics. Though criticized for their conventionalism by the young avant-garde painters and critics, the most talented of the Academic painters renewed the historical genre, drawing inspiration from multiple cultures and techniques, like the Orient and the new framings made possible by the invention of photography
For many critics [[Édouard Manet]] wrote of the nineteenth century and the modern period (much as [[Charles Baudelaire]] does in poetry). His rediscovery of Spanish painting from the golden age, his willingness to show the unpainted canvas, his exploration of the forthright nude, and his radical brush strokes are the first steps toward Impressionism. [[Impressionism]] would take the [[Barbizon school]] one step farther, rejecting once and for all a belabored style and the use of mixed colors and black, for fragile transitive effects of light as captured outdoors in changing light (partly inspired by the paintings of [[J. M. W. Turner]] and [[Eugène Boudin]]). It led to [[Claude Monet]] with his cathedrals and haystacks, [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]] with both his early outdoor festivals and his later feathery style of ruddy nudes, [[Edgar Degas]] with his dancers and bathers. Other important impressionists were [[Alfred Sisley]], [[Camille Pissarro]] and [[Gustave Caillebotte]].
After that threshold was crossed, the next thirty years became a litany of amazing experiments. [[Vincent van Gogh]], Dutch born, but living in France, opened the road to [[expressionism]]. [[Georges-Pierre Seurat|Georges Seurat]], influenced by color theory, devised a [[pointillism|pointillist]] technique that governed the Impressionist experiment and was followed by [[Paul Signac]]. [[Paul Cézanne]], a painter's painter, attempted a geometrical exploration of the world, that left many of his peers indifferent. [[Paul Gauguin]], a banker, found symbolism in [[Brittany]] along [[Émile Bernard (painter)|Emile Bernard]] and then exoticism and primitivism in [[French Polynesia]]. These painters were referred to as [[Post-Impressionism|Post-Impressionists]]. [[Les Nabis]], a movement of the 1890s, regrouping painters such as [[Paul Sérusier]], [[Pierre Bonnard]], [[Édouard Vuillard]] and [[Maurice Denis]], was influenced by Gauguin's example in Brittany: they explored a decorative art in flat plains with the graphic approach of a Japanese print. They preached that a work of art is the end product and the visual expression of an artist's synthesis of nature in personal aesthetic metaphors and symbols.
[[Henri Rousseau]], the self-taught dabbling postmaster, became the model for the naïve revolution.
====20th century====
{{Main|20th-century French art}}
[[File:Claude Monet - Rouen Cathedral, Facade (Sunset).JPG|thumb|175px|left|[[Claude Monet]], ''Rouen Cathedral, Facade (Sunset)'', c. 1892-1894]]
The early years of the twentieth century were dominated by experiments in colour and content that [[Impressionism]] and [[Post-Impressionism]] had unleashed. The products of the far east also brought new influences. At roughly the same time, [[Fauvism|Les Fauves]] ([[Henri Matisse]], [[André Derain]], [[Maurice de Vlaminck]], [[Albert Marquet]], [[Raoul Dufy]], [[Othon Friesz]], [[Charles Camoin]], [[Henri Manguin]]) exploded into color, much like German [[Expressionism]].
The discovery of African tribal masks by [[Pablo Picasso]], a Spaniard living in Paris, lead him to create his ''[[Les Demoiselles d'Avignon]]'' of 1907. Working independently, Picasso and [[Georges Braque]] returned to and refined Cézanne's way of rationally comprehension of objects in a flat medium, their experiments in [[cubism]] also would lead them to integrate all aspects and objects of day-to-day life, [[collage]] of newspapers, musical instruments, cigarettes, wine, and other objects into their works. [[Cubism]] in all its phases would dominate paintings of Europe and America for the next ten years. (See the article on [[Cubism]] for a complete discussion.)
[[World War I]] did not stop the dynamic creation of art in France. In 1916 a group of discontents met in a bar in Zurich, the [[Cabaret Voltaire (Zürich)|Cabaret Voltaire]], and created the most radical gesture possible, the anti-art of [[Dada]]. At the same time, [[Francis Picabia]] and [[Marcel Duchamp]] were exploring similar notions. At a 1917 art show in [[New York City|New York]], Duchamp presented a white porcelain urinal (''[[Fountain (Duchamp)|Fountain]]'') signed ''R. Mutt'' as work of art, becoming the father of the ''[[Readymades of Marcel Duchamp|readymade]]''.
When [[Dada]] reached Paris, it was avidly embraced by a group of young artists and writers who were fascinated with the writings of [[Sigmund Freud]], particularly by his notion of the [[unconscious mind]]. The provocative spirit of Dada became linked to the exploration of the unconscious mind through the use of [[automatic writing]], chance operations, and, in some cases, altered states. The [[surrealism|surrealists]] quickly turned to painting and sculpture. The shock of unexpected elements, the use of [[Frottage (surrealist technique)|Frottage]], [[collage]], and [[decalcomania]], the rendering of mysterious landscapes and dreamed images were to become the key techniques through the rest of the 1930s.
[[File:Violin and Candlestick.jpg|175px|thumb|[[Georges Braque]], ''Violin and Candlestick'', 1910]]
Immediately after this war the French art scene diverged roughly in two directions. There were those who continued in the artistic experiments from before the war, especially surrealism, and others who adopted the new [[Abstract Expressionism]] and [[action painting]] from New York, executing them in a French manner using [[Tachism]] or [[L'art informel]]. Parallel to both of these tendencies, [[Jean Dubuffet]] dominated the early post-war years while exploring childlike drawings, graffiti, and cartoons in a variety of media.
The late 1950s and early 1960s in France saw art forms that might be considered ''[[Pop Art]]''. [[Yves Klein]] had attractive nude women roll around in blue paint and throw themselves at canvases. [[Victor Vasarely]] invented [[Op-Art]] by designing sophisticated optical patterns. Artists of the [[Fluxus]] movement such as [[Ben Vautier]] incorporated [[graffiti]] and found objects into their work. [[Niki de Saint Phalle]] created bloated and vibrant plastic figures. [[Arman]] gathered together found objects in boxed or resin-coated assemblages, and [[César Baldaccini]] produced a series of large compressed object-sculptures. In May 1968, the radical youth movement, through their ''atelier populaire'', produced a great deal of poster-art protesting the moribund policies of president [[Charles de Gaulle]].
Many contemporary artists continue to be haunted by the horrors of the Second World War and the specter of the Holocaust. [[Christian Boltanski]]'s harrowing installations of the lost and the anonymous are particularly powerful.
==French and Western Art museums of France==
===In Paris===
[[File:Louvre Museum Wikimedia Commons.jpg|thumb|480px|[[Musée du Louvre]]]]
[[File:MuseeDOrsay.jpg|thumb|480px|[[Musée d'Orsay]]]]
* [[Musée du Louvre]]
* [[Musée d'Orsay]]
* [[Musée National d'Art Moderne]]
* [[Musée de Cluny]]
* [[Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris]]
* [[Petit Palais]]
* [[Musée Picasso]]
* [[Musée Rodin]]
* [[Musée de l'Orangerie]]
* [[Musée Zadkine]]
* [[Musée Maillol]]
* [[Musée Bourdelle]]
* [[Musée Gustave Moreau]]
* [[Musée Jacquemart-André]]
* [[Musée national Eugène Delacroix]]
* [[Musée national Jean-Jacques Henner]]
* [[Musée Marmottan Monet]]
* [[Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris]]
* [[Musée Nissim de Camondo]]
* [[Musée Cognacq-Jay]]
* [[Musée Carnavalet]]
===Near Paris===
* [[Musée Condé]] in [[Chantilly, Oise|Chantilly]]
* [[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Chartres]] in [[Chartres]]
* [[Château d'Écouen|Musée de la Renaissance]] in [[Écouen]]
* [[National Archaeological Museum (France)|Musée d'archéologie nationale]] in [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]]
* [[Musée départemental Maurice Denis "The Priory"]] in Saint-Germain-en-Laye
* [[Musée d'art et d'archéologie de Senlis]] in [[Senlis, Oise|Senlis]]
* [[Sèvres - Musée de la céramique]] in [[Sèvres]]
===Outside Paris===
[[File:Lille palais des beaux-arts.JPG|thumb|[[Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille]]]]
[[File:MBA Lyon facade nuit.jpg|thumb|[[Musée des beaux-arts de Lyon]]]]
[[File:Nancy Musee des Beaux-Arts BW 2015-07-18 13-55-20.jpg|thumb|[[Museum of Fine Arts of Nancy|Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nancy]]]]
[[File:Rouen, Musée des Beaux-Arts.jpg|thumb|[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen]]]]
[[File:Le Palais des Rohans.jpg|thumb|[[Palais Rohan, Strasbourg]] and [[Musée de l’Œuvre Notre-Dame]] (on the right)]]
====Major museums====
{{Culture of France}}
(alphabetically by city)
*[[Faure Museum (Aix-les-Bains)|Musée Faure]] in [[Aix-les-Bains]]
*[[Musée Granet]] in [[Aix-en-Provence]]
*[[Musée Toulouse-Lautrec]] in [[Albi]]
*[[Musée de Picardie]] in [[Amiens]]
*[[Musée de l'Arles et de la Provence antiques]] in [[Arles]]
*[[Musée du Petit Palais, Avignon|Musée du Petit Palais]] in [[Avignon]]
*[[Fondation Calvet]] in Avignon
*[[Musée Albert-André]] in [[Bagnols-sur-Cèze]]
*[[Musée Bonnat]] in [[Bayonne]]
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts et d'archéologie de Besançon]] in [[Besançon]]
*[[Musée Fernand Léger]] in [[Biot, Alpes-Maritimes]]
*[[Musée des beaux-arts de Bordeaux]] in [[Bordeaux]]
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Caen]] in [[Caen]]
*[[Goya Museum]] in [[Castres]]
*[[Musée d'Art Moderne de Céret]] in [[Céret]]
*[[Musée d'art Roger-Quilliot]] in [[Clermont-Ferrand]]
*[[Unterlinden Museum]] in [[Colmar]]
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon]] in [[Dijon]]
*[[Musée départemental d'Art ancien et contemporain]] in [[Épinal]]
*[[Chaalis Abbey|Jacquemart-André museum]] in [[Fontaine-Chaalis]]
*[[Museum of Grenoble|Musée de Grenoble]] in [[Grenoble]]
*[[Grenoble Archaeological Museum]] in Grenoble
*[[Matisse Museum (Le Cateau)|Musée Matisse]] in [[Le Cateau-Cambrésis]]
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts André-Malraux]] in [[Le Havre]]
*[[Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille]] in [[Lille]]
*[[Musée des beaux-arts de Lyon]] in [[Lyon]]
*[[Gallo-Roman Museum of Lyon|Musée gallo-romain]] in Lyon
*[[Musée des beaux-arts de Marseille]] in [[Marseille]]
*[[Musée Cantini]] in Marseille
*[[Museums of Metz]] in [[Metz]]
*[[Centre Pompidou-Metz]] in Metz
*[[Musée Ingres]] in [[Montauban]]
*[[Musée Fabre]] in [[Montpellier]]
*[[Château de Montsoreau-Museum of Contemporary Art]] in [[Montsoreau]]
*[[Museum of Fine Arts of Nancy|Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nancy]] in [[Nancy, France|Nancy]]
*[[Musée de l'École de Nancy]] in Nancy
*[[Palace of the Dukes of Lorraine|Musée Lorrain]] in Nancy
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nantes]] in [[Nantes]]
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nice|Musée des Beaux-Arts]] in [[Nice]]
*[[Musée national Message Biblique Marc Chagall]] in [[Nice]]
*[[Musée archéologique de Nîmes]] in [[Nîmes]]
*[[Musée Camille Claudel]] in [[Nogent-sur-Seine]]
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Reims]] in [[Reims]]
*[[Palace of Tau|Palais du Tau]] in Reims
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rennes]] in [[Rennes]]
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen]] in [[Rouen]]
*[[Musée d'art moderne de Saint-Étienne]] in [[Saint-Étienne]]
*[[Fondation Maeght]] in [[Saint-Paul, Alpes-Maritimes]]
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg]] in [[Strasbourg]]
*[[Musée d'art moderne et contemporain of Strasbourg]] in Strasbourg
*[[Musée de l’Œuvre Notre-Dame]] in Strasbourg
*[[Musée des Arts décoratifs, Strasbourg]] in Strasbourg
*[[Musée des Augustins]] in [[Toulouse]]
*[[Musée Saint-Raymond]] in Toulouse
*[[Fondation Bemberg]] in Toulouse
====Other museums====
(alphabetically by city)
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Brest]] in [[Brest, France|Brest]]
*[[Musée Théodore Deck et des pays du Florival]] in [[Guebwiller]]
*[[Musée historique de Haguenau]] in [[Haguenau]]
*[[Musée Eugène Boudin]] in [[Honfleur]]
*[[Musée Crozatier]] in [[Le Puy-en-Velay]]
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Libourne]] in [[Libourne]]
*[[Musée Girodet]] in [[Montargis]]
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Mulhouse]] in [[Mulhouse]]
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nîmes]] in [[Nîmes]]
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Pau]] in [[Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques|Pau]]
*[[Musée Hyacinthe Rigaud]] in [[Perpignan]]
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Pont-Aven]] in [[Pont-Aven]]
*[[La Piscine Museum]] in [[Roubaix]]
*[[Musée Paul-Dupuy]] in [[Toulouse]]
*[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Valenciennes]] in [[Valenciennes]]
===Textile and tapestry museums===
(alphabetically by city)
*[[Musée des tapisseries]] in [[Aix-en-Provence]]
*[[Château d'Angers]] in [[Angers]]
*[[Bayeux Tapestry|Musée de la tapisserie de Bayeux]] in [[Bayeux]]
*[[Musée des Tissus et des Arts décoratifs]] in [[Lyon]]
*[[Musée de l'impression sur étoffes]] in [[Mulhouse]]
*[[Musée Galliera]] in [[Paris]]
*[[Gobelins Manufactory]] in Paris
*[[Musée du papier peint]] in [[Rixheim]]
==Vocabulary==
French words and expressions dealing with the arts:
* ''peintre'' — painter
** ''peinture à l'huile'' — [[oil painting]]
* ''tableau'' — painting
* ''toile'' — canvas
* ''gravure'' — [[printmaking|print]]
* ''dessin'' — drawing
* ''aquarelle'' — [[watercolor]]
* ''croquis'' — sketch
* ''ébauche'' — draft
* ''crayon'' — pencil
* ''paysage'' — [[Landscape art|landscape]]
* ''nature morte'' — [[still life]]
* ''la peinture d'histoire'' — [[History painting]], see [[Hierarchy of genres]]
* ''tapisserie'' – [[tapestry]]
* ''vitrail'' – [[stained glass]]
==See also==
* [[List of French artists]]
* For information about French literature, see: [[French literature]]
* For information about French history, see: [[History of France]]
* For other topics on French culture, see: [[French culture]]
==References and further reading==
* [[Anthony Blunt]]: ''Art and Architecture in France 1500-1700'' {{ISBN|0-300-05314-2}}
* André Chastel. ''French Art Vol I: Prehistory to the Middle Ages'' {{ISBN|2-08-013566-X}}
* André Chastel. ''French Art Vol II: The Renaissance'' {{ISBN|2-08-013583-X}}
* André Chastel. ''French Art Vol III: The Ancient Régime'' {{ISBN|2-08-013617-8}}
*"French Art at the Saint Louis Art Museum," website http://frenchart.umsl.edu.
{{France topics}}
{{European topic|| art}}
{{Westernart}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:French Art}}
[[Category:French art| ]]
[[Category:Arts in France|·Art]]
[[Category:Art by country]]
[[Category:European art]]
[[Category:Western art]]' |
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{{French art history}}
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<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks plainlist" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width: auto; border-spacing: 0;"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;font-size: 115%">French art history</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em;">
<ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Overview</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_art" title="Category:French art">Categories</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="navbox-title" style="padding:0.1em">
Historical periods</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em;">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance" title="French Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/17th-century_French_art" title="17th-century French art">17th century</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_French_art" title="18th-century French art">18th century</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_art" title="19th-century French art">19th century</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_French_art" title="20th-century French art">20th century</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="navbox-title" style="padding:0.1em">
French artists</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em;">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_artists" title="List of French artists">Artists (chronological)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_artists" title="Category:French artists">Artists</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:French_painters" title="Category:French painters">Painters</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_sculptors" title="Category:French sculptors">Sculptors</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_architects" title="List of French architects">Architects</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_photographers" title="List of French photographers">Photographers</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="navbox-title" style="padding:0.1em">
Thematic</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em;">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_artistic_movements" title="List of French artistic movements">Art movements (chronological)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Art_movements" title="Category:Art movements">Art movements (category)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_art_salons_and_academies" title="French art salons and academies">Salons and academies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Art_museums_and_galleries_in_France" title="Category:Art museums and galleries in France">French art museums</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="navbox-title" style="padding:0.1em">
Movements</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em;">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a> – <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="navbox-title" style="padding:0.1em">
See also</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em;">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Art">Art portal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Western_art_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Western art history">Western art history</a></li></ul></td>
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<p><b>French art</b> consists of the <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plastic_arts" title="Plastic arts">plastic arts</a> (including <a href="/wiki/French_architecture" title="French architecture">French architecture</a>, woodwork, textiles, and ceramics) originating from the geographical area of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Modern France was the main centre for the European <a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">art of the Upper Paleolithic</a>, then left many <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalithic</a> monuments, and in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> many of the most impressive finds of early <a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic art</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman">Gallo-Roman</a> period left a distinctive provincial style of sculpture, and the region around the modern Franco-German border led the empire in the mass production of finely decorated <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_pottery" title="Ancient Roman pottery">Ancient Roman pottery</a>, which was exported to Italy and elsewhere on a large scale. With <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingian art">Merovingian art</a> the story of French styles as a distinct and influential element in the wider development of the art of Christian Europe begins.
</p><p>France can fairly be said to have been a leader in the development of <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic art</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> led to Italy becoming the main source of stylistic developments until France matched Italy's influence during the <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> periods and then regained the leading role in the Arts from the 19th to the mid-20th century.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Historic_overview"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Historic overview</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Prehistory"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Prehistory</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Celtic_and_Roman_periods"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Celtic and Roman periods</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Medieval_period"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Medieval period</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Merovingian_art"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Merovingian art</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Carolingian_art"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Carolingian art</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Romanesque_art"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Romanesque art</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Gothic"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Gothic</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Early_Modern_period"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Early Modern period</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Baroque_and_Classicism"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Baroque and Classicism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Rococo_and_Neoclassicism"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Rococo and Neoclassicism</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Modern_period"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Modern period</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#19th_century"><span class="tocnumber">1.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">19th century</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#20th_century"><span class="tocnumber">1.5.2</span> <span class="toctext">20th century</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#French_and_Western_Art_museums_of_France"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">French and Western Art museums of France</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#In_Paris"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">In Paris</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Near_Paris"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Near Paris</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Outside_Paris"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Outside Paris</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Major_museums"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Major museums</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Other_museums"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other museums</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Textile_and_tapestry_museums"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Textile and tapestry museums</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Vocabulary"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Vocabulary</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#References_and_further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References and further reading</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Historic_overview">Historic overview</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Prehistory">Prehistory</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_of_Brassempouy.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Venus_of_Brassempouy.jpg/220px-Venus_of_Brassempouy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="589" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_of_Brassempouy.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Front and side view of the <a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Brassempouy" title="Venus of Brassempouy">Venus of Brassempouy</a></div></div></div>
<p>Currently, the earliest known European art is from the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Palaeolithic">Upper Palaeolithic</a> period of between 40,000 and 10,000 years ago and France has a large selection of extant <a href="/wiki/Pre-historic_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-historic art">pre-historic art</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2telperronian" title="Châtelperronian">Châtelperronian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian</a> cultures. This art includes <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a>, such as the famous paintings at <a href="/wiki/Pech_Merle" title="Pech Merle">Pech Merle</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lot_(d%C3%A9partement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lot (département)">Lot</a> in <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a> which date back to 16,000 BC, <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a>, located near the village of <a href="/wiki/Montignac,_Dordogne" title="Montignac, Dordogne">Montignac</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a>, dating back to between 13,000 and 15,000 BC, or perhaps, as far back as 25,000 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Cosquer_Cave" title="Cosquer Cave">Cosquer Cave</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chauvet_Cave" title="Chauvet Cave">Chauvet Cave</a> dating back to 29,000 BC, and the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Trois-Fr%C3%A8res" title="Cave of the Trois-Frères">Trois-Frères cave</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Portable_art" title="Portable art">portable art</a>, such as animal carvings and great goddess statuettes called <a href="/wiki/Venus_figurines" title="Venus figurines">Venus figurines</a>, such as the "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060904222320/http://www.musee-antiquitesnationales.fr/pages/page_id18159_u1l2.htm">Venus of Brassempouy</a>" of 21,000 BC, discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Landes_(department)" title="Landes (department)">Landes</a>, now in the museum at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Lespugue" title="Venus of Lespugue">Venus of Lespugue</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Homme" title="Musée de l'Homme">Musée de l'Homme</a>. Ornamental beads, bone pins, carvings, as well as flint and stone <a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">arrowheads</a> also are among the prehistoric objects from the area of France.
</p><p>Speculations exist that only <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a> are capable of artistic expression, however, a recent find, the <a href="/wiki/Mask_of_la_Roche-Cotard" title="Mask of la Roche-Cotard">Mask of la Roche-Cotard</a>—a <a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a> artifact, found in 2002 in a cave near the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Loire_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Loire River">Loire River</a>, dating back to about <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">33,000 B.C.</a>—now suggests that Neanderthal humans may have developed a sophisticated and complex artistic tradition.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnac_megalith_alignment_1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Carnac_megalith_alignment_1.jpg/200px-Carnac_megalith_alignment_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnac_megalith_alignment_1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>The Menec alignments</i>, the most well-known megalithic site among the Carnac stones</div></div></div>
<p>In the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period (<i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a>), <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalithic</a> (large stone) monuments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">menhirs</a> at <a href="/wiki/Carnac_stones" title="Carnac stones">Carnac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Sulpice-de-Faleyrens" title="Saint-Sulpice-de-Faleyrens">Saint-Sulpice-de-Faleyrens</a> and elsewhere in France begin to appear; this appearance is thought to start in the fifth millennium BC, although some authors speculate about <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> roots. In France there are some 5,000 megalithics monuments, mainly in Brittany, where there is the largest concentration of these monuments. In this area there is wide variety of these monuments that have been well preserved, like menhirs, dolmen, cromlechs and cairns. The <a href="/wiki/Gavrinis" title="Gavrinis">Cairn of Gavrinis</a> in southern Brittany is an outstanding example of megalithic art : its 14 meters inner corridor is nearly completely adorned with ornamental carvings. The <a href="/wiki/Broken_Menhir_of_Er_Grah" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken Menhir of Er Grah">great broken menhir of Er-Grah</a>, now in four pieces was more than 20 meters high originally, making it the largest menhir ever erected. France has also numerous painted stones, polished stone axes, and inscribed menhirs from this period. The Grand-Pressigny area was known for its precious silex blades and they were extensively exported during the Neolithic.
</p><p>In France from the Neolithic to the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, one finds a variety of archaeological cultures, including the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6ssen_culture" title="Rössen culture">Rössen culture</a> of c. 4500–4000 BC, <a href="/wiki/Beaker_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker culture">Beaker culture</a> of c. 2800–1900 BC, <a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus culture</a> of c. 1600–1200 BC, <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a> of c. 1300–800 BC, and, in a transition to the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> of c. 1200–500 BC.
</p><p>For more on Prehistoric sites in Western France, <i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Brittany" title="Prehistory of Brittany">Prehistory of Brittany</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Celtic_and_Roman_periods">Celtic and Roman periods</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Parade_helmet.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Parade_helmet.jpg/150px-Parade_helmet.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="191" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="3033" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Parade_helmet.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Agris_Helmet" title="Agris Helmet">Agris Helmet</a></div></div></div>
<p>From the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic">Proto-Celtic</a> Urnfield and Hallstat cultures, a continental <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic art</a> developed; mainly associated with <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a>, which flourished during the late Iron Age from 450 BC to the Roman conquest in the first century BC. This art drew on native, classical and perhaps, the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, oriental sources. The Celts of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> are known through numerous tombs and burial mounds found throughout France.
</p><p>Celtic art is very ornamental, avoiding straight lines and only occasionally using symmetry, without the imitation of nature nor ideal of beauty central to the <a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">classical</a> tradition, but apparently, often involves complex symbolism. This artwork includes a variety of styles and often incorporates subtly modified elements from other cultures, an example being the characteristic over-and-under interlacing which arrived in France only in the sixth century, although it was already used by <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germanic</a> artists. The Celtic <a href="/wiki/Vix_Grave" title="Vix Grave">Vix grave</a> in present-day Burgundy revealed the largest bronze crater of the Antiquity, that was probably imported by Celtic aristocrats from Greece.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_roman_theatre.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Orange_roman_theatre.jpg/200px-Orange_roman_theatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="166" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="498" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_roman_theatre.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_antique_d%27Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Théâtre antique d'Orange">Théâtre antique d'Orange</a></div></div></div>
<p>The region of Gaul (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Gallia</i>) came under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> from the first century BC to the fifth century AD. Southern France, and especially Provence and Languedoc, is known for its many intact Gallo-Roman monuments. <a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a>, modern Lyon, was at the time of the Roman Empire the largest city outside Italy and gave birth to two Roman Emperors. The city still boasts some Roman remains including a Theater. Monumental works from this period include the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_antique_d%27Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Théâtre antique d'Orange">amphitheater</a> in <a href="/wiki/Orange,_Vaucluse" title="Orange, Vaucluse">Orange, Vaucluse</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Maison_Carr%C3%A9e" title="Maison Carrée">Maison Carrée</a>" at <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a> which is one of the best preserved Roman temples in Europe, the city of <a href="/wiki/Vienne,_Is%C3%A8re" title="Vienne, Isère">Vienne</a> near Lyon, which features an exceptionally well preserved temple (the temple of Augustus and Livia), a circus as well as other remains, the <a href="/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard">Pont du Gard</a> <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">aqueduct</a> which is also in an exceptional state of preservation, the Roman cities of <a href="/wiki/Glanum" title="Glanum">Glanum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaison-la-Romaine" title="Vaison-la-Romaine">Vaison-la-Romaine</a>, two intact Gallo-Roman arenas in <a href="/wiki/Arena_of_N%C3%AEmes" title="Arena of Nîmes">Nîmes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arles_Amphitheatre" title="Arles Amphitheatre">Arles</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Thermes_de_Cluny" title="Thermes de Cluny">Roman baths</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ar%C3%A8nes_de_Lut%C3%A8ce" title="Arènes de Lutèce">arena</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Merovingian_art">Merovingian art</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingian art">Merovingian art</a></div>
<p>Merovingian art is the art and architecture of the <a href="/wiki/Merovingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingian">Merovingian</a> dynasty of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, which lasted from the fifth century to the eighth century in present-day France and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. The advent of the Merovingian dynasty in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> during the fifth century led to important changes in the arts. In architecture, there was no longer the desire to build robust and harmonious buildings. Sculpture regressed to being little more than a simple technique for the ornamentation of <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altars" class="mw-redirect" title="Altars">altars</a>, and ecclesiastical furniture. On the other hand, the rise of <a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">gold work</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">manuscript illumination</a> brought about a resurgence of <a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celtic</a> decoration, which, with <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian</a> and other contributions, constitutes the basis of Merovingian art. The unification of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> kingdom under <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a> (465–511) and his successors, corresponded with the need to build churches. The plans for them probably were copied from <a href="/wiki/Roman_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman architecture">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilicas</a>. Unfortunately, these timber structures have not survived because of destruction by fire, whether accidental or caused by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> at the time of their incursions.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Carolingian_art">Carolingian art</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian art</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Karolingischer_Buchmaler_um_820_001.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Karolingischer_Buchmaler_um_820_001.jpg/220px-Karolingischer_Buchmaler_um_820_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="1571" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Karolingischer_Buchmaler_um_820_001.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Aachen Gospels, c. 820, an example of Carolingian <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illumination</a></div></div></div>
<p>Carolingian art is the approximate 120-year period from 750 to 900—during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pippin_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Pippin the Younger">Pippin the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, and his immediate heirs—popularly known as the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian Renaissance</a>. The Carolingian era is the first period of the Medieval art movement known as <b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a></b>. For the first time, Northern European kings patronized classical Mediterranean Roman art forms, blending classical forms with Germanic ones, creating entirely new innovations in figurine line drawing, and setting the stage for the rise of <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque art</a> and, eventually, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic art</a> in the West.
</p><p>Illuminated manuscripts, metalwork, small-scale sculpture, mosaics, and frescos survive from the period. The Carolingians also undertook major architectural building campaigns at numerous churches in France. These include, those of <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienne" title="Vienne">Vienne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Mans" title="Le Mans">Le Mans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beauvais" title="Beauvais">Beauvais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verdun" title="Verdun">Verdun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain_in_Auxerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Germain in Auxerre">Saint-Germain in Auxerre</a>, Saint-Pierre in <a href="/wiki/Flavigny_Abbey" title="Flavigny Abbey">Flavigny</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis</a>, as well as the town center of <a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centula_Abbey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centula Abbey (page does not exist)">Centula Abbey</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Riquier" title="Saint-Riquier">Saint-Riquier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Somme_(department)" title="Somme (department)">Somme</a>), completed in 788, was a major achievement in monastic architecture. Another important building (mostly lost today) was "Theodulf's Villa" in <a href="/wiki/Germigny-des-Pr%C3%A9s" title="Germigny-des-Prés">Germigny-des-Prés</a>.
</p><p>With the end of Carolingian rule around 900, artistic production halted for almost three generations. After the demise of the Carolingian Empire, France split into a number of feuding provinces, lacking any organized patronage. French art of the tenth and eleventh centuries was produced by local monasteries to promote literacy and piety, however, the primitive styles produced were not so highly skilled as the techniques of the earlier Carolingian period.
</p><p>Multiple regional styles developed based on the chance availability of Carolingian manuscripts as models to copy, and the availability of itinerant artists. The monastery of Saint Bertin became an important center under its abbot Odbert (986–1007), who created a new style based on Anglo-Saxon and Carolingian forms. The nearby <a href="/wiki/St._Vaast%27s_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Vaast's Abbey">abbey of St. Vaast</a> (Pas-de-Calais) also created a number of important works. In southwestern France a number of manuscripts were produced c. 1000, at the monastery of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Martial" title="Saint Martial">Saint Martial</a> in <a href="/wiki/Limoges" title="Limoges">Limoges</a>, as well as at <a href="/wiki/Albi" title="Albi">Albi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Figeac" title="Figeac">Figeac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Sever-de-Rustan" title="Saint-Sever-de-Rustan">Saint-Sever-de-Rustan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a>. In Paris a unique style developed at the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés">abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> a new style arose in 975. By the later tenth century with the <a href="/wiki/Cluny" title="Cluny">Cluny</a> reform movement and a revived spirit for the concept of Empire, art production resumed.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilique_de_V%C3%A9zelay_Narthex_Tympan_central_220608.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Basilique_de_V%C3%A9zelay_Narthex_Tympan_central_220608.jpg/220px-Basilique_de_V%C3%A9zelay_Narthex_Tympan_central_220608.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="1843" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilique_de_V%C3%A9zelay_Narthex_Tympan_central_220608.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Central tympanum of the narthex of the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9zelay_Abbey" title="Vézelay Abbey">Vézelay Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9zelay" title="Vézelay">Vézelay</a>, 1140–1150</div></div></div>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Romanesque_art">Romanesque art</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque art</a></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque art</a> refers to the art of Western Europe during a period of one hundred and fifty years, from approximately 1000 AD to the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Art">Gothic style</a>, which arose in the middle of the twelfth century in France. "Romanesque Art" was marked by a renewed interest in Roman construction techniques. For example, the twelfth-century capitals on the cloister of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Guilhem-le-D%C3%A9sert" title="Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert">Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert</a>, adopt an <a href="/wiki/Acanthus_(ornament)" title="Acanthus (ornament)">acanthus</a>-leaf <a href="/wiki/Motif_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motif (art)">motif</a> and the decorative use of drill holes, which were commonly found on Roman monuments. Other important Romanesque buildings in France include the abbey of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Beno%C3%AEt-sur-Loire" title="Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire">Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Loiret" title="Loiret">Loiret</a>, the churches of <a href="/wiki/Abbey_Church_of_Saint_Foy" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey Church of Saint Foy">Saint-Foy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Conques" title="Conques">Conques</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aveyron" title="Aveyron">Aveyron</a>, Saint-Martin in <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a>, Saint-Philibert in <a href="/wiki/Tournus" title="Tournus">Tournus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne-et-Loire" title="Saône-et-Loire">Saône-et-Loire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Remi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Saint-Remi">Saint-Remi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Sernin_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Sernin Basilica">Saint-Sernin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>. In particular, <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> experienced a large building campaign in the churches of <a href="/wiki/Bernay,_Eure" title="Bernay, Eure">Bernay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel" title="Mont-Saint-Michel">Mont-Saint-Michel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coutances_Cathedral" title="Coutances Cathedral">Coutances Cathedral</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bayeux" title="Bayeux">Bayeux</a>.
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg/200px-Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="397" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1961" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Interior of the Chapelle Haute, <a href="/wiki/Sainte_Chapelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainte Chapelle">Sainte Chapelle</a>, Paris</div></div></div>
<p>Most Romanesque sculpture was integrated into church architecture, not only for aesthetic, but also for structural purposes. Small-scale sculpture during the pre-Romanesque period was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian">Early Christian</a> sculpture. Other elements were adopted from various local styles of Middle Eastern countries. Motifs were derived from the arts of the "barbarian," such as grotesque figures, beasts, and geometric patterns, which were all important additions, particularly in the regions north of the Alps. Among the important sculptural works of the period are the ivory carvings at the monastery of <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_St._Gall" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of St. Gall">Saint Gall</a>. Monumental sculpture was rarely practised separately from architecture in the Pre-Romanesque period. For the first time after the fall of the Roman empire, monumental sculpture emerged as a significant art form. Covered church <a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%A7ades" class="mw-redirect" title="Façades">façades</a>, doorways, and <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capitals</a> all increased and expanded in size and importance, as in the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a> <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">Tympanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne" title="Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne">Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne</a>, and the Standing Prophet at <a href="/wiki/Moissac" title="Moissac">Moissac</a>. Monumental doors, baptismal fonts, and candle holders, frequently decorated with scenes from biblical history, were cast in bronze, attesting to the skills of the contemporary metalworkers. Frescoes were applied to the vaults and walls of churches. Rich textiles and precious objects in gold and silver, such as chalices and reliquaries, were produced in increasing numbers to meet the needs of the liturgy, and to serve the cult of the saints. In the twelfth century, large-scale stone sculpture spread throughout Europe. In the French Romanesque churches of <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (region)">Burgundy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a>, sculptures adorned the façades and statues were incorporated into the capitals.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Gothic">Gothic</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a></div>
<p>Gothic art and architecture were products of a Medieval art movement that lasted about three hundred years. It began in France, developing from the Romanesque period in the mid-twelfth century. By the late fourteenth century, it had evolved toward a more secular and natural style known as, <a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a>, which continued until the late fifteenth century, when it evolved further, into <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance art</a>. The primary Gothic art media were <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panel_painting" title="Panel painting">panel painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscript</a>.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cenral_tympanum_Chartres.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cenral_tympanum_Chartres.jpg/220px-Cenral_tympanum_Chartres.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="2210" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cenral_tympanum_Chartres.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Western (Royal) Portal at Chartres Cathedral, <i>c.</i> 1145, these architectural statues are the earliest Gothic sculptures, a revolution in style and the models for a generation of sculptors</div></div></div>
<p>Gothic architecture was born in the middle of the twelfth century in <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Abbot_Suger" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbot Suger">Abbot Suger</a> built the abbey at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis">St. Denis</a>, <i>c.</i> 1140, considered the first Gothic building, and soon afterward, the <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a>, <i>c.</i> 1145. Prior to this, there had been no sculpture tradition in Île-de-France—so sculptors were brought in from <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (region)">Burgundy</a>, who created the revolutionary figures acting as columns in the Western (Royal) Portal of Chartres Cathedral (<i>see image</i>) —it was an entirely new invention in French art, and would provide the model for a generation of sculptors. Other notable Gothic churches in France include <a href="/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Bourges" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Bourges">Bourges Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_of_Laon" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre-Dame of Laon">Notre-Dame de Laon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral" title="Strasbourg Cathedral">Strasbourg Cathedral</a>.
</p><p>The designations of styles in French Gothic architecture are as follows: Early Gothic, High Gothic, Rayonnant, and Late Gothic or "Flamboyant". Division into these divisions is effective, but debatable. Because Gothic cathedrals were built over several successive periods, and the artisans of each period not necessarily following the wishes of previous periods, the dominant architectural style often changed during the building of a particular building. Consequently, it is difficult to declare one building as belonging to certain era of Gothic architecture. It is more useful to use the terms as descriptors for specific elements within a structure, rather than applying it to the building as a whole.
</p><p>The French ideas spread. Gothic sculpture evolved from the early stiff and elongated style, still partly Romanesque, into a spatial and naturalistic treatment in the late twelfth and early thirteenth century. Influences from surviving ancient Greek and Roman sculptures were incorporated into the treatment of drapery, facial expression, and pose of the Dutch-Burgundian sculptor, <a href="/wiki/Claus_Sluter" title="Claus Sluter">Claus Sluter</a>, and the taste for naturalism first signaled the end of Gothic sculpture, evolving into the classicistic Renaissance style by the end of the fifteenth century.
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:262px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Enguerrand_Quarton,_Le_Couronnement_de_la_Vierge_(1454).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Enguerrand_Quarton%2C_Le_Couronnement_de_la_Vierge_%281454%29.jpg/260px-Enguerrand_Quarton%2C_Le_Couronnement_de_la_Vierge_%281454%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="224" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2196" data-file-height="1893" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Enguerrand_Quarton,_Le_Couronnement_de_la_Vierge_(1454).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Enguerrand_Quarton" title="Enguerrand Quarton">Enguerrand Quarton</a>, <i>The Coronation of the Virgin</i>, 1452–53</div></div></div>
<p>Painting in a style that may be called, "Gothic," did not appear until about 1200, nearly fifty years after the start of Gothic architecture and sculpture. The transition from Romanesque to Gothic is very imprecise and by no means clearly delineated, but one may see the beginning of a style that is more somber, dark, and emotional than the previous period. This transition occurs first in England and France around 1200, in Germany around 1220, and in Italy around 1300. Painting, the representation of images on a surface, was practiced during the Gothic period in four primary crafts, <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panel_painting" title="Panel painting">panel paintings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuscript_illumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuscript illumination">manuscript illumination</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a>. Frescoes continued to be used as the main pictorial narrative craft on church walls in southern Europe as a continuation of early Christian and Romanesque traditions. In the north, stained glass remained the dominant art form until the fifteenth century. At the end of the 14th century and during the 15th century French princely courts like those of the dukes of Burgundy, the duke of Anjou or the duke of Berry as well as the pope and the cardinals in Avignon employed renowned painters, like the <a href="/wiki/Limbourg_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbourg Brothers">Limbourg Brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_d%27Eyck" title="Barthélemy d'Eyck">Barthélemy d'Eyck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enguerrand_Quarton" title="Enguerrand Quarton">Enguerrand Quarton</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fouquet" title="Jean Fouquet">Jean Fouquet</a>, who developed the so-called <a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a> style that spread through Europe and incorporated the new Flemish influence as well as the innovations of the Italian early Renaissance artists.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_Modern_period">Early Modern period</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_der_Schule_von_Fontainebleau_001.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Meister_der_Schule_von_Fontainebleau_001.jpg/200px-Meister_der_Schule_von_Fontainebleau_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="289" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2278" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_der_Schule_von_Fontainebleau_001.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>Diana the Huntress</i> - School of Fontainebleau, 1550–1560</div></div></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance" title="French Renaissance">French Renaissance</a></div>
<p>In the late fifteenth century, the French <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">invasion of Italy</a> and the proximity of the vibrant <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a> court, with its Flemish connections, brought the French into contact with the goods, paintings, and the creative spirit of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>. Initial artistic changes at that time in France were executed by Italian and Flemish artists, such as <a href="/wiki/Jean_Clouet" title="Jean Clouet">Jean Clouet</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet" title="François Clouet">François Clouet</a>, along with the Italians, <a href="/wiki/Rosso_Fiorentino" title="Rosso Fiorentino">Rosso Fiorentino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Primaticcio" title="Francesco Primaticcio">Francesco Primaticcio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_dell%27Abbate" title="Niccolò dell'Abbate">Niccolò dell'Abbate</a> of what is often called the first <a href="/wiki/School_of_Fontainebleau" title="School of Fontainebleau">School of Fontainebleau</a> from 1531. <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> also was invited to France by François I, but other than the paintings which he brought with him, he produced little for the French king.
</p><p>The art of the period from François I through Henri IV often is heavily inspired by late Italian pictorial and sculptural developments commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a>, which is associated with the later works of <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Parmigianino" title="Parmigianino">Parmigianino</a>, among others. It is characterized by figures which are elongated and graceful that rely upon visual <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, including the elaborate use of <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>. Perhaps the greatest accomplishment of the French Renaissance was the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teaux_of_the_Loire_Valley" title="Châteaux of the Loire Valley">Châteaux of the Loire Valley</a>. No longer conceived of as fortresses, such pleasure palaces took advantage of the richness of the rivers and lands of the Loire region and they show remarkable architectural skill.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Baroque_and_Classicism">Baroque and Classicism</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_Baroque_and_Classicism" class="mw-redirect" title="French Baroque and Classicism">French Baroque and Classicism</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolas_Poussin_-_Et_in_Arcadia_ego_(deuxi%C3%A8me_version).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nicolas_Poussin_-_Et_in_Arcadia_ego_%28deuxi%C3%A8me_version%29.jpg/250px-Nicolas_Poussin_-_Et_in_Arcadia_ego_%28deuxi%C3%A8me_version%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="5966" data-file-height="4253" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolas_Poussin_-_Et_in_Arcadia_ego_(deuxi%C3%A8me_version).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Bergers_d%E2%80%99Arcadie" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Bergers d’Arcadie">Les Bergers d’Arcadie</a></i> by Nicolas Poussin, 1637-38</div></div></div>
<p>The seventeenth century marked a golden age for French art in all fields.
In the early part of the seventeenth century, late <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">mannerist</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> tendencies continued to flourish in the court of <a href="/wiki/Marie_de_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie de Medici">Marie de Medici</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII</a>.
Art from this period shows influences from both the north of Europe, namely the Dutch and Flemish schools, and from Roman painters of the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>. Artists in France frequently debated the contrasting merits of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> with his Flemish baroque, voluptuous lines and colors to <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a> with his rational control, proportion, Roman classicist baroque style. Another proponent of classicism working in Rome was <a href="/wiki/Claude_Gell%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Gellée">Claude Gellée</a>, known as Le Lorrain, who defined the form of classical landscape.
</p><p>Many young French painters of the beginning of the century went to Rome to train themselves and soon assimilated <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>'s influence like <a href="/wiki/Valentin_de_Boulogne" title="Valentin de Boulogne">Valentin de Boulogne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simon_Vouet" title="Simon Vouet">Simon Vouet</a>. The later is credited with bringing the baroque in France and at his return in Paris in 1627 he was named first painter of the king. But French painting soon departed from the extravagance and naturalism of the Italian baroque and painters like <a href="/wiki/Eustache_Le_Sueur" title="Eustache Le Sueur">Eustache Le Sueur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laurent_de_La_Hyre" title="Laurent de La Hyre">Laurent de La Hyre</a>, following Poussin example developed a classicist way known as "Parisian atticism", inspired by Antiquity, and focusing on proportion, harmony and the importance of drawing. Even Vouet, after his return from Italy, changed his manner to a more measured but still highly decorative and elegant style.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:192px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_de_La_Tour_009.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Georges_de_La_Tour_009.jpg/190px-Georges_de_La_Tour_009.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="271" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2611" data-file-height="3722" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_de_La_Tour_009.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Georges_de_La_Tour" title="Georges de La Tour">Georges de La Tour</a>, <i>The Penitent Magdalene</i>, c. 1640.</div></div></div>
<p>But at the same time there was still a strong <i><a href="/wiki/Caravaggisti" title="Caravaggisti">Caravaggisti</a></i> Baroque school represented in the period by the amazing candle-lit paintings of <a href="/wiki/Georges_de_La_Tour" title="Georges de La Tour">Georges de La Tour</a>. The wretched and the poor were featured in a <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Caravaggisti" class="mw-redirect" title="Utrecht Caravaggisti">quasi-Dutch manner</a> in the paintings by the three <a href="/wiki/Le_Nain" title="Le Nain">Le Nain</a> brothers. In the paintings of <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Champaigne" title="Philippe de Champaigne">Philippe de Champaigne</a> there are both propagandistic portraits of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII</a>' s minister <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a> and other more contemplative portraits of people in the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Jansenist" class="mw-redirect" title="Jansenist">Jansenist</a> sect.
</p><p>In architecture, architects like <a href="/wiki/Salomon_de_Brosse" title="Salomon de Brosse">Salomon de Brosse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mansart" title="François Mansart">François Mansart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lemercier" title="Jacques Lemercier">Jacques Lemercier</a> helped define the French form of the baroque, developing the formula of the urban <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_particulier" title="Hôtel particulier">hôtel particulier</a> that was to influence all of Europe and strongly departed from the Italian equivalent, the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo">palazzo</a>. Many aristocratic castles were rebuilt in the new classic-baroque style, some of the most famous being <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Maisons" title="Château de Maisons">Maisons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Cheverny" title="Château de Cheverny">Cheverny</a>, characterized by high roofs <i>"à la française"</i> and a form that retained the medieval model of the castle adorned with prominent towers.
</p><p>
From the mid to late seventeenth century, French art is more often referred to by the term "Classicism" which implies an adherence to certain rules of proportion and sobriety uncharacteristic of the Baroque, as it was practiced in most of the rest of Europe during the same period. Under <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a>, the Baroque as it was practiced in Italy, was not in French taste, for instance, as <a href="/wiki/Bernini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernini">Bernini</a>'s famous proposal for redesigning the Louvre was rejected by Louis XIV.</p><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:262px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_chateau_de_Vaux_le_Vicomte.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Le_chateau_de_Vaux_le_Vicomte.jpg/260px-Le_chateau_de_Vaux_le_Vicomte.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="187" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="698" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_chateau_de_Vaux_le_Vicomte.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vaux-le-Vicomte" class="mw-redirect" title="Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte">Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte</a> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau" title="Louis Le Vau">Louis Le Vau</a>.</div></div></div><p> Through <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>, wars, and great architectural works, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> launched a vast program designed for the glorification of France and his name. The <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, initially a tiny hunting lodge built by his father, was transformed by Louis XIV into a marvelous palace for fêtes and parties, under the direction of architects <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau" title="Louis Le Vau">Louis Le Vau</a> (who had also built the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vaux-le-Vicomte" class="mw-redirect" title="Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte">château de Vaux-le-Vicomte</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hardouin_Mansart" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules Hardouin Mansart">Jules Hardouin Mansart</a> (who built the <a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">church of the Invalides</a> in Paris), painter and designer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a>, and the landscape architect <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Le_N%C3%B4tre" title="André Le Nôtre">André Le Nôtre</a> who perfected the rational form of the <a href="/wiki/French_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="French garden">French garden</a> that from Versailles spread in all of Europe.
</p><p>For sculpture Louis XIV's reign also proved an important moment thanks to the King's protection of artists like <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Puget" title="Pierre Puget">Pierre Puget</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Girardon" title="François Girardon">François Girardon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Coysevox" title="Antoine Coysevox">Antoine Coysevox</a>. In Rome, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Legros" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Legros">Pierre Legros</a>, working in a more baroque manner, was one of the most influential sculptors of the end of the century.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Rococo_and_Neoclassicism">Rococo and Neoclassicism</span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Salon_de_la_princesse_hotel_de_soubise.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Salon_de_la_princesse_hotel_de_soubise.jpg/220px-Salon_de_la_princesse_hotel_de_soubise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="4628" data-file-height="3034" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Salon_de_la_princesse_hotel_de_soubise.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Boiseries of the <i>Salon de la princesse</i> by <a href="/wiki/Germain_Boffrand" title="Germain Boffrand">Germain Boffrand</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Soubise" title="Hôtel de Soubise">hôtel de Soubise</a>, Paris</div></div></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_Rococo_and_Neoclassicism" class="mw-redirect" title="French Rococo and Neoclassicism">French Rococo and Neoclassicism</a></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> are terms used to describe the visual and plastic arts and architecture in Europe from the early eighteenth century to the end of the eighteenth century. In France, the death of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> in 1715 lead to a period of freedom commonly called the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gence" title="Régence">Régence</a>. Versailles was abandoned from 1715 to 1722, the young king Louis XV and the government led by the <a href="/wiki/Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">duke of Orléans</a> residing in Paris. There a new style emerged in the decorative arts, known as <i>rocaille</i> : the asymmetry and dynamism of the baroque was kept but renewed in a style that is less rhetoric and with less pompous effects, a deeper research of artificiality and use of motifs inspired by nature. This manner used to decorate rooms and furniture also existed in painting. Rocaillle painting turned toward lighters subjects, like the "fêtes galantes", theater settings, pleasant mythological narratives and the female nude. Most of the times the moralising sides of myths or history paintings are omitted and the accent is put on the decorative and pleasant aspect of the scenes depicted. Paintings from the period show an emphasis more on color than drawing, with apparent brush strokes and very colorful scenes. Important French painters from this period include <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Watteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Watteau">Antoine Watteau</a>, considered the inventor of the <i>fête galante</i>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Lancret" title="Nicolas Lancret">Nicolas Lancret</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher" title="François Boucher">François Boucher</a>, known for his gentle pastoral and galant scenes. <a href="/wiki/Pastel" title="Pastel">Pastel</a> portrait painting became particularly fashionable in Europe at the time and France was the major center of activity for pastellists, with the prominent figures of <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Quentin_de_La_Tour" title="Maurice Quentin de La Tour">Maurice Quentin de La Tour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Perronneau" title="Jean-Baptiste Perronneau">Jean-Baptiste Perronneau</a> and the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Jean-Etienne_Liotard" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Etienne Liotard">Jean-Etienne Liotard</a>.
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Honor%C3%A9_Fragonard_-_Inspiration.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Jean-Honor%C3%A9_Fragonard_-_Inspiration.jpg/220px-Jean-Honor%C3%A9_Fragonard_-_Inspiration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="1876" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Honor%C3%A9_Fragonard_-_Inspiration.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>Inspiration</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Honor%C3%A9_Fragonard" title="Jean-Honoré Fragonard">Jean-Honoré Fragonard</a>, 1769</div></div></div><p>
The <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV style">Louis XV style</a> of decoration, although already apparent at the end of the last reign, was lighter with pastel colors, wood panels, smaller rooms, less gilding, and fewer brocades; shells, garlands, and occasional Chinese subjects predominated. The <a href="/wiki/Chantilly_porcelain" title="Chantilly porcelain">Chantilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincennes_porcelain" title="Vincennes porcelain">Vincennes</a> and then <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres_porcelain" class="mw-redirect" title="Sèvres porcelain">Sèvres manufactures</a> produced some of the finest porcelain of the time. The highly skilled <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">ébénistes</a></i>, cabinet-makers mostly based in Paris, created elaborate pieces of furniture with precious wood and bronze ornaments that were to be highly praised and imitated in all of Europe. The most famous are <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Oeben" title="Jean-François Oeben">Jean-François Oeben</a>, who created the work desk of king Louis XV in Versailles, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_II_van_Risamburgh" title="Bernard II van Risamburgh">Bernard II van Risamburgh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Riesener" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Henri Riesener">Jean-Henri Riesener</a>. Highly skilled artists, called the <i>ciseleur-doreurs</i>, specialized in bronze ornaments for furniture and other pieces of decorative arts - the most famous being <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gouthi%C3%A8re" title="Pierre Gouthière">Pierre Gouthière</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Philippe_Thomire" title="Pierre-Philippe Thomire">Pierre-Philippe Thomire</a>. Talented silversmiths like <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Germain" title="Thomas Germain">Thomas Germain</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Thomas_Germain" title="François-Thomas Germain">François-Thomas Germain</a> created elaborate silverware services that were highly praised by the various royalties of Europe. Rooms in <i>châteaux</i> and <i>hôtels particuliers</i> were more intimate than during the reign of Louis XIV and were decorated with rocaille style <a href="/wiki/Boiseries" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiseries">boiseries</a> (carved wood panels covering the walls of a room) conceived by architects like <a href="/wiki/Germain_Boffrand" title="Germain Boffrand">Germain Boffrand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilles-Marie_Oppenord" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilles-Marie Oppenord">Gilles-Marie Oppenord</a> or <i>ornemanistes</i> (designers of decorative objects) like <a href="/wiki/Juste-Aur%C3%A8le_Meissonnier" title="Juste-Aurèle Meissonnier">Juste-Aurèle Meissonnier</a>. </p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:272px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Place_de_la_bourse.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Place_de_la_bourse.jpg/270px-Place_de_la_bourse.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="171" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3552" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Place_de_la_bourse.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Bourse" title="Place de la Bourse">Place de la Bourse</a> in Bordeaux by <a href="/wiki/Ange-Jacques_Gabriel" title="Ange-Jacques Gabriel">Ange-Jacques Gabriel</a></div></div></div>
<p>The most prominent architects of the first half of the century were, apart Boffrand, <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Cotte" title="Robert de Cotte">Robert de Cotte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ange-Jacques_Gabriel" title="Ange-Jacques Gabriel">Ange-Jacques Gabriel</a>, who designed public squares like the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Concorde" title="Place de la Concorde">place de la Concorde</a> in Paris and the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Bourse" title="Place de la Bourse">place de la Bourse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> in a style consciously inspired by that of the era of Louis XIV. During the first half of the century, France replaced Italy as the artistic centre and main artistic influence in Europe and many French artists worked in other courts across the continent.
</p><p>The latter half of the eighteenth century continued to see French preeminence in Europe, particularly through the arts and sciences, and the speaking the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a> was expected for members of the European courts. The French academic system continued to produce artists, but some, such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Honor%C3%A9_Fragonard" title="Jean-Honoré Fragonard">Jean-Honoré Fragonard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Sim%C3%A9on_Chardin" title="Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin">Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin</a>, explored new and increasingly impressionist styles of painting with thick brushwork. Although the hierarchy of genres continued to be respected officially, <a href="/wiki/Genre_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Genre works">genre painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landscape_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape art">landscape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">portrait</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">still life</a> were extremely fashionable. Chardin and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Oudry" title="Jean-Baptiste Oudry">Jean-Baptiste Oudry</a> were hailed for their still lives although this was officially considered the lowest of all genres in the hierarchy of painting subjects.
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Prometheus_Adam_Louvre_MR1745.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Prometheus_Adam_Louvre_MR1745.jpg/200px-Prometheus_Adam_Louvre_MR1745.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="266" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="2590" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Prometheus_Adam_Louvre_MR1745.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>Prometheus</i> by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas-S%C3%A9bastien_Adam" title="Nicolas-Sébastien Adam">Nicolas-Sébastien Adam</a>, 1762</div></div></div>
<p>One also finds in this period a <i>Pre-romanticist</i> aspect. <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Robert" title="Hubert Robert">Hubert Robert</a>'s images of ruins, inspired by Italian <i>capriccio</i> paintings, are typical in this respect as well as the image of storms and moonlight marines by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Joseph_Vernet" title="Claude Joseph Vernet">Claude Joseph Vernet</a>. So too the change from the rational and geometrical <i>French garden</i> of <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Le_N%C3%B4tre" title="André Le Nôtre">André Le Nôtre</a> to the <i>English garden</i>, which emphasized artificially wild and irrational nature. One also finds in some of these gardens—curious ruins of temples—called "follies".
</p><p>The last half of the eighteenth century saw a turn to <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> in France, that is to say a conscious use of Greek and Roman forms and <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a>. This movement was promoted by intellectuals like Diderot, in reaction to the artificiality and the decorative essence of the <i>rocaille</i> style. In painting, the greatest representative of this style is <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a>, who, mirroring the profiles of Greek vases, emphasized the use of the profile. His subject matter often involved classical history such as the death of Socrates and Brutus. The dignity and subject matter of his paintings were greatly inspired by the works of <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a> from the seventeenth century. Poussin and David were in turn major influences on <a href="/wiki/Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres">Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres</a>. Other important neoclassical painters of the period are <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Greuze" title="Jean-Baptiste Greuze">Jean-Baptiste Greuze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Marie_Vien" title="Joseph-Marie Vien">Joseph-Marie Vien</a> and, in the portrait genre, <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth-Louise_Vigee-Le_Brun" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth-Louise Vigee-Le Brun">Elisabeth-Louise Vigee-Le Brun</a>. Neoclassicism also penetrated decorative arts and architecture.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques-Louis_David_-_Oath_of_the_Horatii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jacques-Louis_David_-_Oath_of_the_Horatii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_Oath_of_the_Horatii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="6156" data-file-height="4800" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques-Louis_David_-_Oath_of_the_Horatii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oath_of_the_Horatii" title="Oath of the Horatii">Oath of the Horatii</a></i>, 1786</div></div></div>
<p>Architects like <a href="/wiki/Claude-Nicolas_Ledoux" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude-Nicolas Ledoux">Ledoux</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Louis_Boull%C3%A9e" title="Étienne-Louis Boullée">Boullée</a> developed a radical style of neoclassical architecture based on simple and pure geometrical forms with a research of simetry and harmony, elaborating visionary projects like the complex of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saltworks_at_Arc-et-Senans" title="Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans">Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans</a> by Ledoux, a model of an ideal factory developed from the rational concepts of the <a href="/wiki/Enlightment_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightment philosophers">Enlightment</a> thinkers.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_period">Modern period</span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="19th_century">19th century</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_art" title="19th-century French art">19th-century French art</a></div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic wars">Napoleonic wars</a> brought great changes to the arts in France. The program of exaltation and myth making attendant to the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon I of France</a> was closely coordinated in the paintings of David, Gros and Guérin. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Auguste-Dominique_Ingres" title="Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres">Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres</a> was the main figure of neoclassicism until the 1850s and a prominent teacher, giving priority to drawing over color. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a>, Egyptian motifs, the tragic <a href="/wiki/Anti-hero" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-hero">anti-hero</a>, the wild landscape, the <a href="/wiki/Historical_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical novel">historical novel</a>, and scenes from the Middle Ages and the Renaissance—all these elements of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>—created a vibrant period that defies easy classification. The most important romantic painter of the period was Eugène Delacroix, who had a successful public career and was the main opponent of Ingres. Before him, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Théodore Géricault</a> opened the path to romanticism with his monumental <i><a href="/wiki/Raft_of_the_Medusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Raft of the Medusa">Raft of the Medusa</a></i> exposed at the 1819 Salon. <a href="/wiki/Camille_Corot" class="mw-redirect" title="Camille Corot">Camille Corot</a> tried to escape the conventional and idealized form of landscape painting influenced by classicism to be more realist and sensible to atmospheric variations at the same time.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_Massacre_de_Scio.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_Massacre_de_Scio.jpg/200px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_Massacre_de_Scio.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="235" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="1400" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_Massacre_de_Scio.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i><a href="/wiki/The_Massacre_at_Chios" title="The Massacre at Chios">The Massacre at Chios</a></i>, Eugène Delacroix, 1824</div></div></div>
<p>Romantic tendencies continued throughout the century, both idealized landscape painting and <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a> have their seeds in Romanticism. The work of <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Barbizon_school" title="Barbizon school">Barbizon school</a> are logical developments from it, as is the late nineteenth century <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a> of such painters as <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Moreau" title="Gustave Moreau">Gustave Moreau</a>, the professor of <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Rouault" title="Georges Rouault">Georges Rouault</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Odilon Redon</a>.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Academic_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic painting">Academic painting</a> developed at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="École des Beaux-Arts de Paris">Ecole des Beaux-Arts</a> was the most successful with the public and the State : highly trained painters like <a href="/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me" title="Jean-Léon Gérôme">Jean-Léon Gérôme</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Bouguereau" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bouguereau">William Bouguereau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Cabanel" title="Alexandre Cabanel">Alexandre Cabanel</a> painted historical scenes inspired by the antique, following the footsteps of Ingres and the neoclassics. Though criticized for their conventionalism by the young avant-garde painters and critics, the most talented of the Academic painters renewed the historical genre, drawing inspiration from multiple cultures and techniques, like the Orient and the new framings made possible by the invention of photography
</p><p>For many critics <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a> wrote of the nineteenth century and the modern period (much as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a> does in poetry). His rediscovery of Spanish painting from the golden age, his willingness to show the unpainted canvas, his exploration of the forthright nude, and his radical brush strokes are the first steps toward Impressionism. <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> would take the <a href="/wiki/Barbizon_school" title="Barbizon school">Barbizon school</a> one step farther, rejecting once and for all a belabored style and the use of mixed colors and black, for fragile transitive effects of light as captured outdoors in changing light (partly inspired by the paintings of <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Boudin" title="Eugène Boudin">Eugène Boudin</a>). It led to <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a> with his cathedrals and haystacks, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Pierre-Auguste Renoir</a> with both his early outdoor festivals and his later feathery style of ruddy nudes, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Edgar Degas</a> with his dancers and bathers. Other important impressionists were <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sisley" title="Alfred Sisley">Alfred Sisley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Camille Pissarro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Caillebotte" title="Gustave Caillebotte">Gustave Caillebotte</a>.
</p><p>After that threshold was crossed, the next thirty years became a litany of amazing experiments. <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>, Dutch born, but living in France, opened the road to <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">expressionism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Georges-Pierre_Seurat" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges-Pierre Seurat">Georges Seurat</a>, influenced by color theory, devised a <a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">pointillist</a> technique that governed the Impressionist experiment and was followed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Paul Signac</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a>, a painter's painter, attempted a geometrical exploration of the world, that left many of his peers indifferent. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a>, a banker, found symbolism in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> along <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Bernard_(painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Émile Bernard (painter)">Emile Bernard</a> and then exoticism and primitivism in <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>. These painters were referred to as <a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionists</a>. <a href="/wiki/Les_Nabis" title="Les Nabis">Les Nabis</a>, a movement of the 1890s, regrouping painters such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_S%C3%A9rusier" title="Paul Sérusier">Paul Sérusier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Pierre Bonnard</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard" title="Édouard Vuillard">Édouard Vuillard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Denis" title="Maurice Denis">Maurice Denis</a>, was influenced by Gauguin's example in Brittany: they explored a decorative art in flat plains with the graphic approach of a Japanese print. They preached that a work of art is the end product and the visual expression of an artist's synthesis of nature in personal aesthetic metaphors and symbols.
<a href="/wiki/Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Henri Rousseau</a>, the self-taught dabbling postmaster, became the model for the naïve revolution.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="20th_century">20th century</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/20th-century_French_art" title="20th-century French art">20th-century French art</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:177px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Monet_-_Rouen_Cathedral,_Facade_(Sunset).JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Claude_Monet_-_Rouen_Cathedral%2C_Facade_%28Sunset%29.JPG/175px-Claude_Monet_-_Rouen_Cathedral%2C_Facade_%28Sunset%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="273" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="3612" data-file-height="5635" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Monet_-_Rouen_Cathedral,_Facade_(Sunset).JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>, <i>Rouen Cathedral, Facade (Sunset)</i>, c. 1892-1894</div></div></div>
<p>The early years of the twentieth century were dominated by experiments in colour and content that <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a> had unleashed. The products of the far east also brought new influences. At roughly the same time, <a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Les Fauves</a> (<a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Derain" title="André Derain">André Derain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Vlaminck" title="Maurice de Vlaminck">Maurice de Vlaminck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Marquet" title="Albert Marquet">Albert Marquet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Raoul Dufy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Othon_Friesz" title="Othon Friesz">Othon Friesz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Camoin" title="Charles Camoin">Charles Camoin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Manguin" title="Henri Manguin">Henri Manguin</a>) exploded into color, much like German <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a>.
</p><p>The discovery of African tribal masks by <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, a Spaniard living in Paris, lead him to create his <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon" title="Les Demoiselles d'Avignon">Les Demoiselles d'Avignon</a></i> of 1907. Working independently, Picasso and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Georges Braque</a> returned to and refined Cézanne's way of rationally comprehension of objects in a flat medium, their experiments in <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">cubism</a> also would lead them to integrate all aspects and objects of day-to-day life, <a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">collage</a> of newspapers, musical instruments, cigarettes, wine, and other objects into their works. <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> in all its phases would dominate paintings of Europe and America for the next ten years. (See the article on <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> for a complete discussion.)
</p><p><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> did not stop the dynamic creation of art in France. In 1916 a group of discontents met in a bar in Zurich, the <a href="/wiki/Cabaret_Voltaire_(Z%C3%BCrich)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabaret Voltaire (Zürich)">Cabaret Voltaire</a>, and created the most radical gesture possible, the anti-art of <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a>. At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Francis Picabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a> were exploring similar notions. At a 1917 art show in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, Duchamp presented a white porcelain urinal (<i><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a></i>) signed <i>R. Mutt</i> as work of art, becoming the father of the <i><a href="/wiki/Readymades_of_Marcel_Duchamp" title="Readymades of Marcel Duchamp">readymade</a></i>.
</p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a> reached Paris, it was avidly embraced by a group of young artists and writers who were fascinated with the writings of <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, particularly by his notion of the <a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">unconscious mind</a>. The provocative spirit of Dada became linked to the exploration of the unconscious mind through the use of <a href="/wiki/Automatic_writing" title="Automatic writing">automatic writing</a>, chance operations, and, in some cases, altered states. The <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealists</a> quickly turned to painting and sculpture. The shock of unexpected elements, the use of <a href="/wiki/Frottage_(surrealist_technique)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frottage (surrealist technique)">Frottage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">collage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Decalcomania" title="Decalcomania">decalcomania</a>, the rendering of mysterious landscapes and dreamed images were to become the key techniques through the rest of the 1930s.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:177px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Violin_and_Candlestick.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/Violin_and_Candlestick.jpg/175px-Violin_and_Candlestick.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="215" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="700" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Violin_and_Candlestick.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Georges Braque</a>, <i>Violin and Candlestick</i>, 1910</div></div></div>
<p>Immediately after this war the French art scene diverged roughly in two directions. There were those who continued in the artistic experiments from before the war, especially surrealism, and others who adopted the new <a href="/wiki/Abstract_Expressionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract Expressionism">Abstract Expressionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Action_painting" title="Action painting">action painting</a> from New York, executing them in a French manner using <a href="/wiki/Tachism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachism">Tachism</a> or <a href="/wiki/L%27art_informel" class="mw-redirect" title="L'art informel">L'art informel</a>. Parallel to both of these tendencies, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dubuffet" title="Jean Dubuffet">Jean Dubuffet</a> dominated the early post-war years while exploring childlike drawings, graffiti, and cartoons in a variety of media.
</p><p>The late 1950s and early 1960s in France saw art forms that might be considered <i><a href="/wiki/Pop_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop Art">Pop Art</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Yves_Klein" title="Yves Klein">Yves Klein</a> had attractive nude women roll around in blue paint and throw themselves at canvases. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Vasarely" title="Victor Vasarely">Victor Vasarely</a> invented <a href="/wiki/Op-Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Op-Art">Op-Art</a> by designing sophisticated optical patterns. Artists of the <a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a> movement such as <a href="/wiki/Ben_Vautier" title="Ben Vautier">Ben Vautier</a> incorporated <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> and found objects into their work. <a href="/wiki/Niki_de_Saint_Phalle" title="Niki de Saint Phalle">Niki de Saint Phalle</a> created bloated and vibrant plastic figures. <a href="/wiki/Arman" title="Arman">Arman</a> gathered together found objects in boxed or resin-coated assemblages, and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Baldaccini" title="César Baldaccini">César Baldaccini</a> produced a series of large compressed object-sculptures. In May 1968, the radical youth movement, through their <i>atelier populaire</i>, produced a great deal of poster-art protesting the moribund policies of president <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>.
</p><p>Many contemporary artists continue to be haunted by the horrors of the Second World War and the specter of the Holocaust. <a href="/wiki/Christian_Boltanski" title="Christian Boltanski">Christian Boltanski</a>'s harrowing installations of the lost and the anonymous are particularly powerful.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="French_and_Western_Art_museums_of_France">French and Western Art museums of France</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="In_Paris">In Paris</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:482px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre_Museum_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Louvre_Museum_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg/480px-Louvre_Museum_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg" decoding="async" width="480" height="202" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="6740" data-file-height="2832" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre_Museum_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée du Louvre">Musée du Louvre</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:482px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MuseeDOrsay.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/MuseeDOrsay.jpg/480px-MuseeDOrsay.jpg" decoding="async" width="480" height="128" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="7970" data-file-height="2128" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:MuseeDOrsay.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a></div></div></div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée du Louvre">Musée du Louvre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne" title="Musée National d'Art Moderne">Musée National d'Art Moderne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny" title="Musée de Cluny">Musée de Cluny</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_Moderne_de_la_Ville_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris">Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Petit_Palais" title="Petit Palais">Petit Palais</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Picasso" title="Musée Picasso">Musée Picasso</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin" title="Musée Rodin">Musée Rodin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Orangerie" title="Musée de l'Orangerie">Musée de l'Orangerie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Zadkine" title="Musée Zadkine">Musée Zadkine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Maillol" title="Musée Maillol">Musée Maillol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Bourdelle" title="Musée Bourdelle">Musée Bourdelle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Gustave_Moreau" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée Gustave Moreau">Musée Gustave Moreau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Jacquemart-Andr%C3%A9" title="Musée Jacquemart-André">Musée Jacquemart-André</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Musée national Eugène Delacroix">Musée national Eugène Delacroix</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_Jean-Jacques_Henner" title="Musée national Jean-Jacques Henner">Musée national Jean-Jacques Henner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Marmottan_Monet" title="Musée Marmottan Monet">Musée Marmottan Monet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris" title="Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris">Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Nissim_de_Camondo" title="Musée Nissim de Camondo">Musée Nissim de Camondo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Cognacq-Jay" title="Musée Cognacq-Jay">Musée Cognacq-Jay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet" title="Musée Carnavalet">Musée Carnavalet</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Near_Paris">Near Paris</span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Cond%C3%A9" title="Musée Condé">Musée Condé</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chantilly,_Oise" title="Chantilly, Oise">Chantilly</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Chartres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts de Chartres (page does not exist)">Musée des Beaux-Arts de Chartres</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27%C3%89couen" title="Château d'Écouen">Musée de la Renaissance</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C3%89couen" title="Écouen">Écouen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum (France)">Musée d'archéologie nationale</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%C3%A9partemental_Maurice_Denis_%22The_Priory%22" title="Musée départemental Maurice Denis "The Priory"">Musée départemental Maurice Denis "The Priory"</a> in Saint-Germain-en-Laye</li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_et_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie_de_Senlis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée d'art et d'archéologie de Senlis (page does not exist)">Musée d'art et d'archéologie de Senlis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Senlis,_Oise" class="mw-redirect" title="Senlis, Oise">Senlis</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A8vres_-_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_c%C3%A9ramique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sèvres - Musée de la céramique (page does not exist)">Sèvres - Musée de la céramique</a> in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres" title="Sèvres">Sèvres</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Outside_Paris">Outside Paris</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lille_palais_des_beaux-arts.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Lille_palais_des_beaux-arts.JPG/220px-Lille_palais_des_beaux-arts.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1812" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Lille_palais_des_beaux-arts.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Palais_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Lille" title="Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille">Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MBA_Lyon_facade_nuit.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MBA_Lyon_facade_nuit.jpg/220px-MBA_Lyon_facade_nuit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1139" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:MBA_Lyon_facade_nuit.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_beaux-arts_de_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée des beaux-arts de Lyon">Musée des beaux-arts de Lyon</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nancy_Musee_des_Beaux-Arts_BW_2015-07-18_13-55-20.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Nancy_Musee_des_Beaux-Arts_BW_2015-07-18_13-55-20.jpg/220px-Nancy_Musee_des_Beaux-Arts_BW_2015-07-18_13-55-20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="3797" data-file-height="2502" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Nancy_Musee_des_Beaux-Arts_BW_2015-07-18_13-55-20.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts_of_Nancy" title="Museum of Fine Arts of Nancy">Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nancy</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rouen,_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Rouen%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts.jpg/220px-Rouen%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Rouen,_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Rouen" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen">Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Palais_des_Rohans.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Le_Palais_des_Rohans.jpg/220px-Le_Palais_des_Rohans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Palais_des_Rohans.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Palais_Rohan,_Strasbourg" title="Palais Rohan, Strasbourg">Palais Rohan, Strasbourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%E2%80%99%C5%92uvre_Notre-Dame" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée de l’Œuvre Notre-Dame">Musée de l’Œuvre Notre-Dame</a> (on the right)</div></div></div>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Major_museums">Major museums</span></h4>
<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks hlist" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:France" title="Category:France">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">Culture of France</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="photo" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of France.svg" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/100px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="thumbborder" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/150px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/200px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France in the Middle Ages</a> • <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern France">Early Modern France</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a> • <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a> • <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic wars">Napoleonic wars</a> • <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> • <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_20th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="France in the 20th century">France in the 20th century</a></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em">
<a href="/wiki/People_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="People of France">People</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Languages</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsatian language">Alsatian</a> • <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Caledonia" title="Languages of New Caledonia">Languages of New Caledonia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;text-align: center">Mythology and folklore</div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of France">Mythology</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em">
<a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em">
<a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_France" title="Public holidays in France">Festivals</a></th></tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em">
<a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em">
<a href="/wiki/Art_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of France">Art</a></th></tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em">
<a href="/wiki/Literature_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of France">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;text-align: center">Music and performing arts</div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_France" title="Theatre of France">Performing arts</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in France">Media</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_France" title="Radio in France">Radio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_France" title="Television in France">Television</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em">
<a href="/wiki/Sport_in_France" title="Sport in France">Sport</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Monument_historique" title="Monument historique">Monuments</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_France" title="List of World Heritage Sites in France">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of France">Symbols</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of France">Coat of arms</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;">
<ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of France.svg" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/16px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="noviewer" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/24px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding-top: 0.6em;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_France" title="Template:Culture of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_France" title="Template talk:Culture of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Culture_of_France&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>(alphabetically by city)
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faure_Museum_(Aix-les-Bains)" title="Faure Museum (Aix-les-Bains)">Musée Faure</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aix-les-Bains" title="Aix-les-Bains">Aix-les-Bains</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Granet" title="Musée Granet">Musée Granet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Musée Toulouse-Lautrec">Musée Toulouse-Lautrec</a> in <a href="/wiki/Albi" title="Albi">Albi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Picardie" title="Musée de Picardie">Musée de Picardie</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arles_et_de_la_Provence_antiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée de l'Arles et de la Provence antiques">Musée de l'Arles et de la Provence antiques</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Petit_Palais,_Avignon" title="Musée du Petit Palais, Avignon">Musée du Petit Palais</a> in <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fondation_Calvet" title="Fondation Calvet">Fondation Calvet</a> in Avignon</li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_Albert-Andr%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée Albert-André (page does not exist)">Musée Albert-André</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bagnols-sur-C%C3%A8ze" title="Bagnols-sur-Cèze">Bagnols-sur-Cèze</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Bonnat" title="Musée Bonnat">Musée Bonnat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bayonne" title="Bayonne">Bayonne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_et_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie_de_Besan%C3%A7on" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts et d'archéologie de Besançon">Musée des Beaux-Arts et d'archéologie de Besançon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon">Besançon</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_Fernand_L%C3%A9ger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée Fernand Léger (page does not exist)">Musée Fernand Léger</a> in <a href="/wiki/Biot,_Alpes-Maritimes" title="Biot, Alpes-Maritimes">Biot, Alpes-Maritimes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_beaux-arts_de_Bordeaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée des beaux-arts de Bordeaux">Musée des beaux-arts de Bordeaux</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Caen" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts de Caen">Musée des Beaux-Arts de Caen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Goya_Museum" title="Goya Museum">Goya Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Castres" title="Castres">Castres</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_Moderne_de_C%C3%A9ret" title="Musée d'Art Moderne de Céret">Musée d'Art Moderne de Céret</a> in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9ret" title="Céret">Céret</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_Roger-Quilliot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée d'art Roger-Quilliot (page does not exist)">Musée d'art Roger-Quilliot</a> in <a href="/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont-Ferrand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unterlinden_Museum" title="Unterlinden Museum">Unterlinden Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colmar" title="Colmar">Colmar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Dijon" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon">Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%C3%A9partemental_d%27Art_ancien_et_contemporain" title="Musée départemental d'Art ancien et contemporain">Musée départemental d'Art ancien et contemporain</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C3%89pinal" title="Épinal">Épinal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chaalis_Abbey" title="Chaalis Abbey">Jacquemart-André museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fontaine-Chaalis" title="Fontaine-Chaalis">Fontaine-Chaalis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Grenoble" title="Museum of Grenoble">Musée de Grenoble</a> in <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grenoble_Archaeological_Museum" title="Grenoble Archaeological Museum">Grenoble Archaeological Museum</a> in Grenoble</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Matisse_Museum_(Le_Cateau)" title="Matisse Museum (Le Cateau)">Musée Matisse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Le_Cateau-Cambr%C3%A9sis" title="Le Cateau-Cambrésis">Le Cateau-Cambrésis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_Andr%C3%A9-Malraux" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts André-Malraux">Musée des Beaux-Arts André-Malraux</a> in <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Palais_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Lille" title="Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille">Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_beaux-arts_de_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée des beaux-arts de Lyon">Musée des beaux-arts de Lyon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_Museum_of_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman Museum of Lyon">Musée gallo-romain</a> in Lyon</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_beaux-arts_de_Marseille" title="Musée des beaux-arts de Marseille">Musée des beaux-arts de Marseille</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Cantini" title="Musée Cantini">Musée Cantini</a> in Marseille</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Museums_of_Metz" title="Museums of Metz">Museums of Metz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Pompidou-Metz" title="Centre Pompidou-Metz">Centre Pompidou-Metz</a> in Metz</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Ingres" title="Musée Ingres">Musée Ingres</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montauban" title="Montauban">Montauban</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Fabre" title="Musée Fabre">Musée Fabre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Montsoreau-Museum_of_Contemporary_Art" title="Château de Montsoreau-Museum of Contemporary Art">Château de Montsoreau-Museum of Contemporary Art</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montsoreau" title="Montsoreau">Montsoreau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts_of_Nancy" title="Museum of Fine Arts of Nancy">Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nancy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27%C3%89cole_de_Nancy" title="Musée de l'École de Nancy">Musée de l'École de Nancy</a> in Nancy</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Dukes_of_Lorraine" title="Palace of the Dukes of Lorraine">Musée Lorrain</a> in Nancy</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Nantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nantes">Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nantes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Nice" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nice">Musée des Beaux-Arts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_national_Message_Biblique_Marc_Chagall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée national Message Biblique Marc Chagall (page does not exist)">Musée national Message Biblique Marc Chagall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_arch%C3%A9ologique_de_N%C3%AEmes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée archéologique de Nîmes (page does not exist)">Musée archéologique de Nîmes</a> in <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Camille_Claudel" title="Musée Camille Claudel">Musée Camille Claudel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nogent-sur-Seine" title="Nogent-sur-Seine">Nogent-sur-Seine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Reims" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts de Reims">Musée des Beaux-Arts de Reims</a> in <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Tau" title="Palace of Tau">Palais du Tau</a> in Reims</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Rennes" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rennes">Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rennes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Rouen" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen">Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_moderne_de_Saint-%C3%89tienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée d'art moderne de Saint-Étienne">Musée d'art moderne de Saint-Étienne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Saint-Étienne">Saint-Étienne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fondation_Maeght" title="Fondation Maeght">Fondation Maeght</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Paul,_Alpes-Maritimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Paul, Alpes-Maritimes">Saint-Paul, Alpes-Maritimes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Strasbourg" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg">Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_moderne_et_contemporain_of_Strasbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée d'art moderne et contemporain of Strasbourg">Musée d'art moderne et contemporain of Strasbourg</a> in Strasbourg</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%E2%80%99%C5%92uvre_Notre-Dame" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée de l’Œuvre Notre-Dame">Musée de l’Œuvre Notre-Dame</a> in Strasbourg</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_d%C3%A9coratifs,_Strasbourg" title="Musée des Arts décoratifs, Strasbourg">Musée des Arts décoratifs, Strasbourg</a> in Strasbourg</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Augustins" title="Musée des Augustins">Musée des Augustins</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond" title="Musée Saint-Raymond">Musée Saint-Raymond</a> in Toulouse</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fondation_Bemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Fondation Bemberg">Fondation Bemberg</a> in Toulouse</li></ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_museums">Other museums</span></h4>
<p>(alphabetically by city)
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Brest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts de Brest (page does not exist)">Musée des Beaux-Arts de Brest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_Th%C3%A9odore_Deck_et_des_pays_du_Florival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée Théodore Deck et des pays du Florival (page does not exist)">Musée Théodore Deck et des pays du Florival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guebwiller" title="Guebwiller">Guebwiller</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_historique_de_Haguenau" title="Musée historique de Haguenau">Musée historique de Haguenau</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haguenau" title="Haguenau">Haguenau</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_Eug%C3%A8ne_Boudin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée Eugène Boudin (page does not exist)">Musée Eugène Boudin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Honfleur" title="Honfleur">Honfleur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Crozatier" title="Musée Crozatier">Musée Crozatier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Le_Puy-en-Velay" title="Le Puy-en-Velay">Le Puy-en-Velay</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Libourne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts de Libourne (page does not exist)">Musée des Beaux-Arts de Libourne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Libourne" title="Libourne">Libourne</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_Girodet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée Girodet (page does not exist)">Musée Girodet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montargis" title="Montargis">Montargis</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Mulhouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts de Mulhouse (page does not exist)">Musée des Beaux-Arts de Mulhouse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_N%C3%AEmes" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nîmes">Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nîmes</a> in <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Pau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts de Pau (page does not exist)">Musée des Beaux-Arts de Pau</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pau,_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques">Pau</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_Hyacinthe_Rigaud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée Hyacinthe Rigaud (page does not exist)">Musée Hyacinthe Rigaud</a> in <a href="/wiki/Perpignan" title="Perpignan">Perpignan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Pont-Aven" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts de Pont-Aven">Musée des Beaux-Arts de Pont-Aven</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pont-Aven" title="Pont-Aven">Pont-Aven</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/La_Piscine_Museum" title="La Piscine Museum">La Piscine Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roubaix" title="Roubaix">Roubaix</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_Paul-Dupuy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée Paul-Dupuy (page does not exist)">Musée Paul-Dupuy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Valenciennes" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts de Valenciennes">Musée des Beaux-Arts de Valenciennes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Valenciennes" title="Valenciennes">Valenciennes</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Textile_and_tapestry_museums">Textile and tapestry museums</span></h3>
<p>(alphabetically by city)
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_des_tapisseries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée des tapisseries (page does not exist)">Musée des tapisseries</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Angers" title="Château d'Angers">Château d'Angers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Musée de la tapisserie de Bayeux</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bayeux" title="Bayeux">Bayeux</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Tissus_et_des_Arts_d%C3%A9coratifs" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée des Tissus et des Arts décoratifs">Musée des Tissus et des Arts décoratifs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27impression_sur_%C3%A9toffes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée de l'impression sur étoffes (page does not exist)">Musée de l'impression sur étoffes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Galliera" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée Galliera">Musée Galliera</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gobelins_Manufactory" title="Gobelins Manufactory">Gobelins Manufactory</a> in Paris</li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_du_papier_peint&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée du papier peint (page does not exist)">Musée du papier peint</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rixheim" title="Rixheim">Rixheim</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</span></h2>
<p>French words and expressions dealing with the arts:
</p>
<ul><li><i>peintre</i> — painter
<ul><li><i>peinture à l'huile</i> — <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil painting</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i>tableau</i> — painting</li>
<li><i>toile</i> — canvas</li>
<li><i>gravure</i> — <a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">print</a></li>
<li><i>dessin</i> — drawing</li>
<li><i>aquarelle</i> — <a href="/wiki/Watercolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolor">watercolor</a></li>
<li><i>croquis</i> — sketch</li>
<li><i>ébauche</i> — draft</li>
<li><i>crayon</i> — pencil</li>
<li><i>paysage</i> — <a href="/wiki/Landscape_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape art">landscape</a></li>
<li><i>nature morte</i> — <a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">still life</a></li>
<li><i>la peinture d'histoire</i> — <a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">History painting</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_genres" title="Hierarchy of genres">Hierarchy of genres</a></li>
<li><i>tapisserie</i> – <a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">tapestry</a></li>
<li><i>vitrail</i> – <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_artists" title="List of French artists">List of French artists</a></li>
<li>For information about French literature, see: <a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">French literature</a></li>
<li>For information about French history, see: <a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History of France</a></li>
<li>For other topics on French culture, see: <a href="/wiki/French_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="French culture">French culture</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References_and_further_reading">References and further reading</span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Blunt" title="Anthony Blunt">Anthony Blunt</a>: <i>Art and Architecture in France 1500-1700</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r951705291">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/media/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/media/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/media/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/media/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05314-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-05314-2">0-300-05314-2</a></li>
<li>André Chastel. <i>French Art Vol I: Prehistory to the Middle Ages</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-08-013566-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-08-013566-X">2-08-013566-X</a></li>
<li>André Chastel. <i>French Art Vol II: The Renaissance</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-08-013583-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-08-013583-X">2-08-013583-X</a></li>
<li>André Chastel. <i>French Art Vol III: The Ancient Régime</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-08-013617-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-08-013617-8">2-08-013617-8</a></li>
<li>"French Art at the Saint Louis Art Museum," website <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://frenchart.umsl.edu">http://frenchart.umsl.edu</a>.</li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="France_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:France_topics" title="Template:France topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:France_topics" title="Template talk:France topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="/w/index.php?title=Template:France_topics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="France_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_French_history" title="Timeline of French history">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_France" title="Prehistory of France">Prehistory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Celtic Gaul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" title="Early modern France">Early modern era</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="France in the long nineteenth century">Long nineteenth century</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolutionary era</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France_(1900_to_present)" title="History of France (1900 to present)">Twentieth century</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Regimes</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy_in_France" title="Absolute monarchy in France">Absolute monarchy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Constitutional monarchy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration" title="Bourbon Restoration">Bourbon Restoration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Defense" title="Government of National Defense">Government of National Defense</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France during the Second World War</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government of the French Republic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="96" srcset="/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg/120px-Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg/160px-Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="364" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_France" title="Geography of France">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_France" title="Administrative divisions of France">Administrative divisions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants" title="List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants">Cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_France" title="List of islands of France">Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_France" title="List of lakes of France">Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_mountains_by_prominence" title="List of French mountains by prominence">Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_France" title="List of rivers of France">Rivers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_France" title="List of World Heritage Sites in France">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_France" title="Elections in France">Elections</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_France" title="Presidential elections in France">presidential</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_France" title="Foreign relations of France">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_France" title="Human rights in France">Human rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_France" title="Intersex rights in France">Intersex</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_France" title="LGBT rights in France">LGBT</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_France" title="Judiciary of France">Judiciary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">Law</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_France" title="Law enforcement in France">enforcement</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">Parliament</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_France" title="List of political parties in France">Political parties</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France#Agriculture" title="Economy of France">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_France" title="Banking in France">Banking</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Central bank</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic history</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_France" title="Energy in France">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_France" title="List of exports of France">Exports</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">Franc <span style="font-size:85%;">(former currency)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_regions_and_overseas_collectivities_by_GDP" title="List of French regions and overseas collectivities by GDP">French subdivisions by GDP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Paris" title="Euronext Paris">Stock exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_France" title="Taxation in France">Taxation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_France" title="Telecommunications in France">Telecommunications</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_France" title="Tourism in France">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_France" title="List of trade unions in France">Trade unions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_France" title="Transport in France">Transport</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French_society" title="Category:French society">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_France" title="Crime in France">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_France" title="Demographics of France">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_France" title="Health care in France">Health care</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">People</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_France" title="Poverty in France">Poverty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">Religion</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France">secularism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">Social class</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_protection_in_France" title="Social protection in France">Welfare</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_architecture" title="French architecture">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_icons_of_France" title="List of cultural icons of France">Cultural icons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_fashion" title="French fashion">Fashion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Remarkable_Gardens_of_France" title="List of Remarkable Gardens of France">Gardens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Language</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of France">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_France" title="Public holidays in France">Public holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_France" title="Sport in France">Sport</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of France">Symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_France" title="Theatre of France">Theatre</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.25em;"><div><div style="margin-top:0;line-height:1.4em;margin-bottom:-0.2em;">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">Outline</a></li></ul>
</div><div style="margin-top:-0.2em;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0;">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book:France" title="Book:France">Book</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:France" title="Category:France">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">Portal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_France" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject France">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_art" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_topic" title="Template:European topic"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_topic" title="Template talk:European topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="/w/index.php?title=Template:European_topic&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_art" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_art" class="mw-redirect" title="European art">European art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian art">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian art">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian art">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_art" title="Croatian art">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypriot art">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Czech_art" title="Czech art">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Danish_art" title="Danish art">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_art" title="Estonian art">Estonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_art" title="Finnish art">Finland</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/German_art" title="German art">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_art" title="Hungarian art">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irish_art" title="Irish art">Republic of Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latvian art (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithuanian art (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_art" title="Luxembourg art">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maltese art (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_art" title="Dutch art">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polish_art" title="Polish art">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_art" title="Portuguese art">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian art">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak art">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian art">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_art" title="Spanish art">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_art" title="Swedish art">Sweden</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_art" title="Albanian art">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andorran_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andorran art (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_art" title="Armenian art">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_art" title="Azerbaijani art">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian art">Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_art" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina art">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_art" title="Georgian art">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_art" title="Icelandic art">Iceland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_art" title="Kazakh art">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liechtensteiner_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liechtensteiner art (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldovan_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moldovan art (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon%C3%A9gasque_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monégasque art (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montenegrin_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montenegrin art (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_art" title="Norwegian art">Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian art">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sammarinese_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sammarinese art (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_art" title="Serbian art">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss art">Switzerland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian art">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/British_art" class="mw-redirect" title="British art">United Kingdom</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhaz_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abkhaz art (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovan_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosovan art (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nagorno-Karabakh_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nagorno-Karabakh art (page does not exist)">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Cypriot_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish Cypriot art (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Ossetian_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Ossetian art (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transnistrian_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transnistrian art (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_art" title="Faroese art">Faroe Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gibraltarian_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gibraltarian art (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guernsey art (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manx_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manx art (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jersey art (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_art_movements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8; color:black;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="View this template" style="background:#EAE0C8; color:black;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_art_movements" title="Template talk:Western art movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background:#EAE0C8; color:black;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Western_art_movements&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background:#EAE0C8; color:black;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_art_movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Western art movements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_art" title="Ancient art">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian art">Egyptian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Migration Period</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_art_and_architecture" title="Visigothic art and architecture">Visigothic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingian art">Merovingian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Norman-Arab-Byzantine_culture" title="Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture">Norman-Sicilian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian Renaissance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Mannerism" title="Antwerp Mannerism">Antwerp Mannerists</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Danube_school" title="Danube school">Danube school</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_painting" title="Venetian painting">Venetian painting</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanism_(painting)" title="Romanism (painting)">Romanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Fontainebleau" title="School of Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8; color:black;;width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caravaggisti" title="Caravaggisti">Caravaggisti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish Baroque</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8; color:black;;width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocaille" title="Rocaille">Rocaille</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8; color:black;;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Barbizon_school" title="Barbizon school">Barbizon school</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelites</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">Academic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Art_pottery" title="Art pottery">Art pottery</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peredvizhniki" title="Peredvizhniki">Peredvizhniki</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_School" title="Heidelberg School">Heidelberg School</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadent</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cloisonnism" title="Cloisonnism">Cloisonnism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Les_Nabis" title="Les Nabis">Les Nabis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Synthetism" title="Synthetism">Synthetism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_art" title="20th-century art">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neue_K%C3%BCnstlervereinigung_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Neue Künstlervereinigung München">Neue Künstlervereinigung München</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysical art">Metaphysical art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rayonism" title="Rayonism">Rayonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_School" title="Ashcan School">Ashcan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Australian_tonalism" title="Australian tonalism">Australian tonalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor School</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Fauvism" title="Neo-Fauvism">Neo-Fauvism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Precisionism" title="Precisionism">Precisionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scuola_Romana" title="Scuola Romana">Scuola Romana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Typographic_Style" title="International Typographic Style">International Typographic Style</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_School_of_Fantastic_Realism" title="Vienna School of Fantastic Realism">Vienna School of Fantastic Realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Color_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Color Field">Color Field</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">Lyrical abstraction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tachisme" title="Tachisme">Tachisme</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COBRA_(avant-garde_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="COBRA (avant-garde movement)">COBRA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Action_painting" title="Action painting">Action painting</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Letterist_International" title="Letterist International">Letterist International</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Op_art" title="Op art">Op art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Land art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Systems art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Video_art" title="Video art">Video art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Photorealism" title="Photorealism">Photorealism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_art" title="Endurance art">Endurance art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">Neo-expressionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lowbrow_(art_movement)" title="Lowbrow (art movement)">Lowbrow</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Young_British_Artists" title="Young British Artists">Young British Artists</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_pop_art" title="Amazonian pop art">Amazonian pop art</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8; color:black;;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_intervention" title="Art intervention">Art intervention</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hyperrealism_(visual_arts)" title="Hyperrealism (visual arts)">Hyperrealism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stuckism" title="Stuckism">Stuckism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sound_art" title="Sound art">Sound art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Superstroke" title="Superstroke">Superstroke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Relational_art" title="Relational art">Relational art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Walking_Artists_Network" title="Walking Artists Network">Walking art</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8; color:black;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Feminist art movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Feminist art movement in the United States">in the US</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Modern_sculpture" title="Modern sculpture">Modern sculpture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Western painting</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8; color:black;"><div><img alt="List-Class article" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="List-Class article" width="16" height="16" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a>
<img alt="Category" src="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="/media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, /media/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Art_movements" title="Category:Art movements">Category:Art movements</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1596201700 |
