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[ 0 => '{{Short description|Battle of the First World War}}', 1 => '{{For|a list of the Battles of Ypres|Battle of Ypres}}', 2 => '{{EngvarB|date=June 2017}}', 3 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}', 4 => '{{Infobox military conflict', 5 => '| conflict = Second Battle of Ypres', 6 => '| partof = the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] of the [[First World War]]', 7 => '| image = RJB18 – Ypernbogen.jpg', 8 => '| image_size = 250px', 9 => '| caption = German diagram showing the new front line after the 2nd Battle of Ypres', 10 => '| date = 22 April – 25 May 1915', 11 => '| place = [[Ypres]], Belgium', 12 => '| coordinates = {{coord|50|53|58|N|02|56|26|E|display=inline|type:event}}', 13 => '| map_type = Belgium', 14 => '| map_caption = {{centre|Ypres, a Belgian municipality in the Flemish province of West Flanders}}', 15 => '| map_label = Ypres', 16 => '| result = See [[#Analysis|''Analysis'']] section', 17 => '| territory = British withdraw to a new line 3 miles closer to Ypres', 18 => '| combatant1 = {{flag|British Empire}}', 19 => '* {{flag|Canada|1868}}', 20 => '* {{flagcountry|British India}}', 21 => '* {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}', 22 => '{{flagcountry|French Third Republic}}', 23 => '* {{flagicon|Algeria|1830}} [[French Algeria|Algeria]]', 24 => '* {{flagicon|Morocco}} [[French protectorate in Morocco|Morocco]]', 25 => '{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgian government at Sainte-Adresse|Belgium]]', 26 => '| combatant2 = {{flag|German Empire}}', 27 => '| commander1 = {{plainlist|', 28 => '* {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Horace Smith-Dorrien]] (replaced by)', 29 => '* {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Herbert Plumer, 1st Viscount Plumer|Herbert Plumer]] (6 May 1915~)', 30 => '* {{flagicon|Canada|1868}} [[Arthur Currie]]', 31 => '* {{flagicon|France|1830}} [[Henri Gabriel Putz]]', 32 => '* {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Armand De Ceuninck]]', 33 => '}}', 34 => '| commander2 = {{flagicon|German Empire}} [[Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg|Albrecht of Württemberg]]', 35 => '| strength1 = {{plainlist|', 36 => '* 2 French divisions', 37 => '* 6 British divisions', 38 => '}}', 39 => '| strength2 = 7 divisions', 40 => '| casualties1 = {{plainlist|', 41 => '* French: 2,000–3,000 to 21,973', 42 => '* British: 59,275', 43 => '}}', 44 => '| casualties2 = 35,000+', 45 => '| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Ypres 1915}}', 46 => '{{Campaignbox Western Front (World War I)}}', 47 => '}}', 48 => 'During the First World War, the '''Second Battle of Ypres''' was fought from {{nowrap|22 April&nbsp;– 25 May 1915}} for control of the tactically important high ground to the east and south of the [[Flanders|Flemish]] town of [[Ypres]] in western [[Belgium]]. The [[First Battle of Ypres]] had been fought the previous autumn. The Second Battle of Ypres was the first mass use by Germany of [[Chemical weapon|poison gas]] on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]].', 49 => '==Background==', 50 => '[[File:Fritz Haber.png|left|upright|thumb|[[Fritz Haber]], a German chemist who proposed the use of the heavier-than-air [[chlorine]] gas as a weapon to break the trench deadlock]]', 51 => 'The [[Germans|German]] chemist [[Walther Nernst]], who in 1914 was as a volunteer driver, proposed to Colonel [[Max Bauer]], the [[German general staff]] officer responsible for liaison with scientists, that they could empty the opposing trenches by a surprise attack with tear gas. Observing a field test of this idea, the chemist [[Fritz Haber]] instead proposed using chlorine gas that was heavier-than-air.<ref name="HistoryCollection">{{cite web |url=https://historycollection.com/fritz-haber-the-monster-who-made-the-modern-world-possible/2/ |title=Fritz Haber, the Monster Who Made the Modern World Possible |website=History Collection |first=Khalid |last=Elhassan |date=July 17, 2019 |access-date=30 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>', 52 => 'The German commander [[Erich von Falkenhayn]] agreed to try the new weapon but intended to use it in a diversionary attack by the [[4th Army (German Empire)|4th Army]].{{sfn|Häften|1932|p=41}} Falkenhayn wanted to use the gas to cover the transfer of [[Imperial German Army]] units to the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]] to assist its ally [[Austria-Hungary]] with the [[Gorlice–Tarnów offensive]] against the [[Russian Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robson |first=Stuart |url=http://archive.org/details/firstworldwar0000robs_r5x1 |title=The First World War |publisher=Pearson Longman |via=Archive Foundation |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4058-2471-2 |edition=1 |location=Harrow, England |pages=29 |language=en |ref=none}}</ref> The gas would be released by siphoning liquid chlorine out of cylinders; the gas could not be released directly because the valves would freeze; wind would carry the gas to the enemy lines. 5,730 gas cylinders, the largest weighing {{cvt|40|kg}}, were carried into the front line. Installation was supervised by Haber, [[Otto Hahn]], [[James Franck]] and [[Gustav Hertz]]. Twice cylinders were breached by shell fire, the second time three men were killed and fifty wounded. Some of the Germans were protected by miners' oxygen breathing apparatus.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}', 53 => 'The [[Ypres Salient|Ypres salient]] was selected for the attack. It followed the canal, bulging eastward around the town. North of the salient, the Belgian army held the line of the [[Yser]] and the north end of the salient was held by two French divisions.{{sfn|Edmonds|Wynne|1995|pp=375–376}} The eastern part of the salient was defended by the Canadian Division and two British divisions. The II Corps and V Corps of the [[Second Army (United Kingdom)|Second Army]] comprised the [[1st Cavalry Division (United Kingdom)|1st]], [[2nd Cavalry Division (United Kingdom)|2nd]] and [[3rd Cavalry Division (United Kingdom)|3rd]] Cavalry Divisions and the [[4th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|4th]], [[27th Division (United Kingdom)|27th]], [[28th Division (United Kingdom)|28th]], [[50th (Northumbrian) Division|Northumbrian]], [[3rd (Lahore) Division|Lahore]] and [[1st Canadian Division|1st Canadian]] divisions.{{sfn|Edmonds|Wynne|1995|pp=370–374}}', 54 => '', 55 => '==Battle==', 56 => 'In ''A record of the Engagements....'' (1923) E. A. James used ''The Official Names of the Battles and Other Engagements....'' (1921) to provide a summary of each engagement and the formations involved.{{efn|''A record of the Engagements of the British Armies in France and Flanders'', 1914–1918 (1923 [1990]) ''The Official Names of the Battles and Other Engagements Fought by the Military Forces of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914–1919, and the Third Afghan War, 1919: Report of the Battles Nomenclature Committee as approved by the Army Council'' (1921)}} In The Battles of Ypres, 1915 six engagements involving the Second Army were recorded, four during the Second Battle (22 April – 25 May).', 57 => '* Battle of Gravenstafel: {{nowrap|Thursday 22 April – Friday 23 April}}', 58 => '* Battle of St. Julien: {{nowrap|Saturday 24 April – 4 May}}', 59 => '* Battle of Frezenberg: {{nowrap|8–13 May}}', 60 => '* Battle of Bellewaarde: {{nowrap|24–25 May}}', 61 => '', 62 => '===Battle of Gravenstafel Ridge (22–23 April 1915)===', 63 => '{{anchor|Battle of Gravenstafel}}', 64 => '[[File:William Roberts-The First German Gas Attack at Ypres.jpg|thumb|''The First German Gas Attack at Ypres'' by [[William Roberts (painter)|William Roberts]] depicting the German gas attack on French and Canadian soldiers ]]', 65 => '[[File:Flanders fields at Langemark-Poelkapelle 1.JPG|thumb|{{centre|[[Langemark-Poelkapelle]]: Photograph taken from a position just west of [[Langemark German war cemetery]], facing approximately north, towards the former location of the German trench from which the first gas attack was launched on 22 April 1915. In this area, the German trench system ran approximately from the farmhouse on the left to the group of willow trees on the right.}}]]', 66 => 'On 22 April 1915 at about {{nowrap|5:00 p.m.}}, the 4th Army released {{cvt|168|LT|t|disp=flip}} of [[chlorine]] gas on a {{convert|6.5|km|adj=on}} front between the hamlets of [[Langemark-Poelkapelle|Langemark]]{{efn|{{coord|50|55|N|02|55|E}} }} and Gravenstafel{{efn|{{coord|50.891|N|2.979|E}} }} on the Allied line held by French Territorial and {{lang|fr|[[Troupes coloniales]]}} (Moroccan and Algerian troops) of the French 45th and 87th divisions.{{sfn|Edmonds|Wynne|1995|pp=176–178}} The French troops in the path of the gas cloud suffered {{nowrap|2,000–3,000 casualties,}} with {{nowrap|800 to 1,400}} fatalities.{{sfn|Greenhalgh|2014|pp=89–91}} Troops fled in all directions,', 67 => '', 68 => '{{Blockquote|...haggard, their overcoats thrown off or opened wide, their scarves pulled off, running like madmen, directionless, shouting for water, spitting blood, some even rolling on the ground making desperate efforts to breathe.|Colonel [[Henri Mordacq]], 90th Infantry Brigade{{sfn|Greenhalgh|2014|p=91}}}}', 69 => '', 70 => 'A {{cvt|6|km|0}} gap in the French front was left undefended. German infantry followed well behind the cloud, breathing through cotton pads soaked with sodium [[thiosulfate]] solution, and occupied the villages of Langemark and Pilkem, where they dug in, even though they might have occupied Ypres almost unopposed.{{sfn|Edmonds|Wynne|1995|p=183}} They had taken 2,000 prisoners and 51 guns. Canadian troops defending the southern flank of the break-in identified chlorine because it smelled like their drinking water. The Germans released more chlorine gas at them the following day. Casualties were especially heavy for the [[13th Battalion (Royal Highlanders of Canada), CEF|13th Battalion (Royal Highlanders of Canada)]] of the [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]] (CEF), which was enveloped on three sides and had over-extended its left flank after the Algerian Division broke.{{sfn|Edmonds|Wynne|1995|pp=178–185}}', 71 => '', 72 => 'In an [[Battle of Kitcheners' Wood|action at Kitcheners' Wood]], the [[10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF|10th Battalion]] of the 2nd Canadian Brigade was ordered to counter-attack in the gap created by the gas attack. They formed up after {{nowrap|11:00 p.m.}} on 22 April, with the [[16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish), CEF|16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish)]] of the 3rd Brigade arriving to support the advance. Both battalions attacked with over {{nowrap|800 men,}} in waves of two companies each, at {{nowrap|11:46 p.m.}} Without [[reconnaissance]], the battalions ran into obstacles halfway to their objective. Engaged by small-arms fire from the wood, they began an impromptu bayonet charge. The attack cleared the former oak plantation of Germans at a 75 per cent casualty rate.{{sfn|Edmonds|Wynne|1995|pp=185–187}} The British press were confused by the attack:', 73 => '', 74 => '{{Blockquote|The Germans set fire to a chemical product of sulphur chloride which they had placed in front of their own trenches, causing a thick yellow cloud to be blown towards the trenches of the French and Belgians. The cloud of smoke advanced like a yellow low wall, overcoming all those who breathed in poisonous fumes. The French were unable to see what they were doing or what was happening. The Germans then charged, driving the bewildered French back past their own trenches. Those who were enveloped by the fumes were not able to see each other half a yard apart. I have seen some of the wounded who were overcome by the sulphur fumes, and they were progressing favourably. The effect of the sulphur appears to be only temporary. The after-effects seem to be a bad swelling of the eyes, but the sight is not damaged.|sign=''The Daily Mail'' (26 April 1915)<ref name=Spartacus>[http://www.spartacus-educational.com/FWWypres2.htm "2nd Battle of Ypres"], Spartacus Educational</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2024}} }}', 75 => '', 76 => '{{Blockquote|Dusk was falling when from the German trenches in front of the French line rose that strange green cloud of death. The light north-easterly breeze wafted it toward them, and in a moment death had them by the throat. One cannot blame them that they broke and fled. In the gathering dark of that awful night they fought with the terror, running blindly in the gas-cloud, and dropping with breasts heaving in agony and the slow poison of suffocation mantling their dark faces. Hundreds of them fell and died; others lay helpless, froth upon their agonized lips and their racked bodies powerfully sick, with tearing nausea at short intervals. They too would die later—a slow and lingering death of agony unspeakable. The whole air was tainted with the acrid smell of chlorine that caught at the back of men's throats and filled their mouths with its metallic taste. | sign=Captain [[Alfred Oliver Pollard]], ''The Memoirs of a VC'' (1932){{cn|date=January 2024}}}}', 77 => '', 78 => 'The Germans reported that they treated 200 gas casualties, 12 of whom died. The Allies reported 5,000 killed and 15,000 wounded.<ref>Van der Kloot 2004, p. 152.</ref>', 79 => '', 80 => 'Within days the British were advised by [[John Scott Haldane]] to counter the effects of the gas by urinating into a cloth and breathing through it. Both sides set about developing more effective [[gas masks]].', 81 => '', 82 => '==={{anchor|Battle of St. Julien|Battle of St. Julien (24 April – 5 May)}}Battle of St. Julien (24 April&nbsp;– 5 May)===', 83 => 'The village of St. Julien (now [[Sint-Juliaan]]; {{coord|50.890|N|2.937|E}}) was in the rear of the 1st Canadian Division until the poison-gas attack of 22 April, when it became the front line. Some of the first fighting in the village involved the stand of [[lance corporal]] [[Frederick Fisher (soldier)|Frederick Fisher]] of the 13th Battalion CEF's machine-gun detachment; Fisher went out twice with a handful of men and a Colt machine gun, preventing advancing German troops from passing through St. Julien into the rear of the Canadian front line. He was killed the following day.{{sfn|Edmonds|Wynne|1995|p=178}}', 84 => '', 85 => 'On the morning of 24 April, the Germans released another gas cloud towards the re-formed Canadian line just west of St. Julien. Word was passed to the troops to urinate on their handkerchiefs and place them over their nose and mouth.{{sfn|Edmonds|Wynne|1995|p=195}}{{efn|The order is attributed to a Medical Officer, Capt. F.A.C. Scrimger.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legionmagazine.com/features/victoriacross/04-07.asp|title=Legion Magazine|website=legionmagazine.com|access-date=21 November 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123165216/http://www.legionmagazine.com/features/victoriacross/04-07.asp|archive-date=23 November 2005}}</ref> Memoirs of two individuals at the battle do not recount this episode (see Nasmith, 1917 and Scott, 1922), though Nasmith, a chemist and bacteriologist who was commissioned in the C.A.M.C. as a laboratory and sanitation officer, recognised the gas on sight as chlorine and the following day began work on devising an effective way to counteract the gas. [[Urea]] in urine would react with [[chlorine]], neutralising it by forming dichlorourea.<ref>Chattaway (1908)</ref>.}} The countermeasures were insufficient, and German troops took the village.{{sfn|Edmonds|Wynne|1995|pp=214–239}} The next day the York and Durham brigades of the Northumberland Division counter-attacked, failing to secure their objectives but establishing a new line closer to the village.{{sfn|Edmonds|Wynne|1995|pp=240–255}} On 26 April the 4, 6 and 7 Battalions of the Northumberland Brigade, the first Territorial brigade to go into action, attacked and gained a foothold in the village but were forced back, having suffered {{nowrap|1,954 casualties.}}{{sfn|Edmonds|Wynne|1995|pp=262–263}} Despite hundreds of casualties, the 2nd Battalion [[Royal Dublin Fusiliers]] participated without respite in the battles at Frezenberg and Bellewaarde. On 24 April the battalion, subjected to a German gas attack near St. Julien, was nearly annihilated.<!--can't see any way to cite this from the OH; 24 April as the Battle of st Julien for a start.-->', 86 => '', 87 => 'The German Army first used chlorine-gas cylinders in April 1915 against the French Army at Ypres,{{efn|Chlorine gas destroyed the respiratory organs of its victims and this led to a slow death by asphyxiation. One nurse described the death of one soldier who had been in the trenches during a chlorine gas attack. "He was sitting on the bed, fighting for breath, his lips plum coloured. He was a magnificent young Canadian past all hope in the asphyxia of chlorine. I shall never forget the look in his eyes as he turned to me and gasped: I can't die! Is it possible that nothing can be done for me?"{{cn|date=January 2024}} Chlorine made the victim cough and therefore limited his intake of the poison. Both sides found that [[phosgene]] was more effective, since only a small amount was needed to make it impossible for the soldier to keep fighting. It also killed its victim within 48 hours of the attack.{{cn|date=January 2024}} }} when yellow-green clouds drifted towards the Allied trenches. The gas had a distinctive odour, resembling pineapple and pepper. The French officers, assuming at first that the German infantry were advancing behind a smoke screen, alerted the troops. When the gas reached the front Allied trenches, soldiers began to complain of chest pains and a burning sensation in the throat.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}', 88 => '', 89 => '[[File:Col GG NASMITH CMG.jpg|thumb|upright|George Nasmith, the head of the field laboratory for the [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]], advised a Canadian field ambulance officer to pass the order to use urine to counteract the gas.]]', 90 => 'Captain Francis Scrimger of the 2nd Canadian Field Ambulance may have passed the order to use urine to counteract the gas, on the advice of Lieutenant-Colonel George Gallie Nasmith. Soldiers realised they were being gassed and many ran as fast as they could. An hour after the attack began, there was a {{convert|1500|yd|km|adj=on}} gap in the Allied line.{{sfn|Edmonds|Wynne|1995|p=219}} Fearing the chlorine, few German soldiers moved forward and the delay enabled Canadian and British troops to retake the position before the Germans could exploit the gap.{{sfn|Edmonds|Wynne|1995|pp=220–225}}', 91 => '', 92 => 'After the first German chlorine-gas attacks, Allied troops were supplied with masks of cotton pads soaked in urine; it had been discovered that the urea in the pad neutralised the chlorine. The pads were held over the face until the gas dispersed. Other soldiers preferred to use a handkerchief, sock or flannel body-belt, dampened with a [[sodium bicarbonate]] solution and tied across the mouth and nose, until the gas passed. Soldiers found it difficult to fight like this, and attempts were made to develop a better means of protection against gas attacks.{{sfn|Edmonds|Wynne|1995|pp=217–218}} By July 1915, soldiers received efficient gas masks and anti-asphyxiation respirators. Private W. Hay of the Royal Scots arrived in Ypres just after the chlorine-gas attack on 22 April 1915:{{sfn|Edmonds|Wynne|1995|pp=217–218}}', 93 => '', 94 => '{{Blockquote|We knew there was something was wrong. We started to march towards Ypres but we couldn't get past on the road with refugees coming down the road. We went along the railway line to Ypres and there were people, civilians and soldiers, lying along the roadside in a terrible state. We heard them say it was gas. We didn't know what the Hell gas was. When we got to Ypres we found a lot of Canadians lying there dead from gas the day before, poor devils, and it was quite a horrible sight for us young men. I was only twenty so it was quite traumatic and I've never forgotten nor ever will forget it. | sign=Private W. Hay of the Royal Scots<ref name=Spartacus/>}}', 95 => '', 96 => '{{Blockquote|The French soldiers were naturally taken by surprise. Some got away in time, but many, alas! not understanding the new danger, were not so fortunate, and were overcome by the fumes and died poisoned. Among those who escaped nearly all cough and spit blood, the chlorine-attacking the mucous membrane. The dead were turned black at once. About 15 minutes after letting the gas escape the Germans got out of their trenches. Some of them were sent on in advance, with masks over their heads, to ascertain if the air had become breathable. Having discovered that they could advance, they arrived in large numbers in the area on which the gas had spread itself some minutes before, and took possession of the arms of the dead men. They made no prisoners. Whenever they saw a soldier whom the fumes had not quite killed they snatched away his rifle and advised him to lie down "to die better." | source=''[[The Daily Chronicle]]'' (26 April 1915){{cn|date=January 2024}}}}', 97 => '', 98 => '==={{anchor|Battle of Frezenberg}}Battle of Frezenberg (8–13 May)===', 99 => '[[File:German Barrage Fire at Night (Ypres).jpg|thumb|Night photograph of German barrage on Allied trenches at Ypres (probably the Second Battle of Ypres)]]', 100 => 'The Germans moved field artillery forward, placing three army corps opposite the 27th and 28th Divisions on the Frezenberg ridge ({{coord|50.868|N|2.950|E}}).{{sfn|Edmonds|Wynne|1995|p=310}} The German attack began on 8 May with a bombardment of the 83rd Brigade in trenches on the forward slope of the ridge, but the first and second infantry assaults were repelled by the survivors. The third German assault of the morning pushed the defenders back. Although the neighbouring 80th Brigade repulsed the attack, the 84th Brigade was pushed back; this left a {{cvt|2|mi|adj=on}} gap in the line. The Germans were prevented from advancing further by the counter-attacks of the [[Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry]] (PPCLI) and a night move by the 10th Brigade. The PPCLI had a costly success their 700-men were reduced to 150, who were in no shape to fight..{{sfn|Edmonds|Wynne|1995|pp=311–326}}{{efn|The battle was immortalized in a painting by [[William Barnes Wollen]] which depicts Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry as they fought to halt the German attack on Frezenberg. The original mural hangs in the Senate of the main Parliament Building in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. In the battle, 2/3 of the regiment were either killed or wounded and all but two officers were killed or wounded in the battle. By the end of the battle, the regiment was commanded by a lieutenant.}}', 101 => '', 102 => '==={{anchor|Battle of Bellewaarde}}Battle of Bellewaarde (24–25 May)===', 103 => 'On 24 May the Germans released a gas attack that hit Shell Trap Farm and to the area around the north west, which was affected the most by the attack. A report of the event by Captain Thomas Leahy, of the 2nd Royal Dublin Fusiliers, shows that their C.O. Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Loveband suspected a gas attack and had warned all company officers. Later the Germans threw up red lights over their trench, which would signal a gas release.<ref name="jeremybanning.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://jeremybanning.co.uk/tag/bellewaarde-ridge/|title=Jeremy Banning – Military Historian – First World War Research – School Workshops – Lectures|website=jeremybanning.co.uk|access-date=21 November 2017}}</ref>', 104 => '', 105 => '{{Blockquote|We had only just time to get our respirators on before the gas was over us.|sign=Captain Thomas Leahy}}', 106 => '', 107 => 'German forces managed to advance and occupy the British line to north and left of the Battalion. The Battalion was now under heavy fire from the German forces. But with shellfire and the aid from the 9th [[Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders]] they managed to hold their trenches to the end.<ref name="jeremybanning.co.uk"/>', 108 => '', 109 => '{{Blockquote|Germans advancing under cover of [[enfilade fire]], in small parties, finally occupied Battalion line by 2.30pm. Shelling ceased but rifle and M.G. fire remained accurate and constant, whenever a target presented itself, until dusk.|sign=''The War Diary''}}', 110 => '', 111 => '==Aftermath==', 112 => '===Analysis===', 113 => 'By the end of the battle, British forces had withdrawn to a new line 3 miles closer to Ypres, thereby resulting in a compression of its surrounding salient.{{sfn|Meyer|2015|p=299}} The city, bombarded by artillery fire, was demolished. Although poison gas had been used on the Eastern Front, it surprised the Allies and about 7,000 gas casualties were transported in field ambulances and treated in casualty clearing stations. In May and June, 350 British deaths were recorded from gas poisoning.{{sfn|Macpherson|1923|pp=271–274}} Both sides developed gas weapons and counter-measures, which changed the nature of gas warfare; the French and British used gas at the [[Battle of Loos]] in late September.{{sfn|Edmonds|1928|pp=150, 178}} Gas protection was somewhat improved with the issue of improvised respirators made from cotton waste pads impregnated with sodium hyposulphite, sodium bicarbonate and glycerin. The respirators made little difference, however, due to lack of training and the use of local contraptions and poorly made items imported from Britain. The "P helmet" (or "Tube Helmet") soaked in sodium phenate was issued by December 1915, and the [[PH helmet]] (effective against phosgene) was issued in early 1916.{{sfn|Macpherson|1923|pp=274–277}}', 114 => '{{multiple image', 115 => ' | align = right', 116 => ' | direction = horizontal', 117 => ' | image1 = John Lakeland, Contrasting Photographic Views of Ypres and forget-me-not cards.jpg', 118 => ' | width1 = 165', 119 => ' | footer = The city of Ypres before (left), and after (right) the Second Battle of Ypres. Bombarded by artillery fire, most of the city was demolished.', 120 => ' | image2 = John Lakeland, Contrasting Photographic Views of Ypres and forget-me-not cards, item 8.jpg', 121 => ' | width2 = 165', 122 => '}}', 123 => 'Although many French troops ran for their lives, others stood their ground and waited for the cloud to pass. [[John French, 1st Earl of Ypres|Field Marshal Sir John French]], Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force, wrote,', 124 => '', 125 => '{{Blockquote|&nbsp;... I wish particularly to repudiate any idea of attaching the least blame to the French Division for this unfortunate incident. After all the examples our gallant Allies have shown of dogged and tenacious courage in the many trying situations in which they have been placed throughout the course of this campaign it is quite superfluous for me to dwell on this aspect of the incident, and I would only express my firm conviction that, if any troops in the world had been able to hold their trenches in the face of such a treacherous and altogether unexpected onslaught, the French Division would have stood firm.|French{{sfn|London Gazette|1915|pp=6787–6789}}}}', 126 => '', 127 => 'The Canadian Division mounted an effective defence but had 5,975 casualties by its withdrawal on 3 May. The division was unprepared for the warfare prevailing on the Western Front, where [[Line (formation)|linear tactics]] were ineffective against attackers armed with [[Magazine (firearms)|magazine]] rifles and machine guns. The Canadian field artillery had been effective but the deficiencies of the [[Ross rifle]] worsened tactical difficulties. The Canadian Division received several thousand replacements shortly after the battle.{{sfn|Rawling|1992|pp=29–41}} At Second Ypres, the smallest tactical unit in the infantry was a [[company (military unit)|company]]; by 1917 it would be the [[section (military unit)|section]]. The Canadians were employed offensively later in 1915 but not successfully. The battle was the beginning of a long period of analysis and experiment to improve the effectiveness of Canadian infantry weapons, artillery and liaison between infantry and artillery.{{sfn|Rawling|1992|pp=35–36}}{{efn|Another Canadian division joined the British Expeditionary Force in late 1915, joined eventually by two more in 1916. The battle also blooded many commanders, singling out some for praise, such as brigade commander [[Arthur Currie]], and others for criticism, such as [[Garnet Hughes]]. The inadequacies of training and doctrine in the early CEF was made obvious by the antique tactics used at [[Battle of Kitcheners' Wood|Kitcheners' Wood]] and St. Julien, though tactics in the British Armies would be slow to evolve.{{sfn|Rawling|1992|pp=35–36}}}}', 128 => '', 129 => '===Casualties===', 130 => 'After the war, German casualties from 21 April to 30 May were recorded as 34,933 by the official historians of the {{lang|de|Reichsarchiv}}. In the British Official History, [[James Edward Edmonds|J. E. Edmonds]] and G. C. Wynne recorded British losses of 59,275 casualties, the French about 18,000 casualties on 22 April and another 3,973 from {{nowrap|26 to 29 April.}}{{sfn|Edmonds|Wynne|1995|pp=359, 284}} Canadian casualties from 22 April to 3 May were 5,975, of whom about 1,000 men were killed. The worst day was 24 April, when {{nowrap|3,058 casualties}} were suffered during infantry attacks, artillery bombardments and gas discharges.{{sfn|Rawling|1992|p=35}} In 2003, Clayton wrote that thousands of men of the 45th and 87th divisions ran from the gas but that the number of casualties was low. The Germans overran both divisions' artillery but the survivors rallied and held a new line further back.{{sfn|Clayton|2003|p=68}} In 2010, Humphries and Maker, in their translated edition of ''Der Weltkrieg'' recorded that by 9 May, there had been more than 35,000 German casualties, 59,275 British between 22 April and 31 May and very many French casualties, 18,000 on 22 April alone.{{sfn|Humphries|Maker|2010|p=168}} In 2012, Sheldon gave similar figures and in 2014, Greenhalgh wrote that French casualties had been exaggerated by propaganda against German "frightfulness" and that in 1998, Olivier Lepick had estimated that {{nowrap|800–1,400 men}} were killed by gas in April out of {{nowrap|2,000–3,000 French}} casualties.{{sfnm|1a1=Sheldon|1y=2012|1p=116|2a1=Greenhalgh|2y=2014|2p=91}}', 131 => '', 132 => 'Lance Sergeant Elmer Cotton described the effects of chlorine gas,', 133 => '', 134 => '{{Blockquote|It produces a flooding of the lungs—it is an equivalent death to drowning only on dry land. The effects are these—a splitting headache and terrific thirst (to drink water is instant death), a knife edge of pain in the lungs and the coughing up of a greenish froth off the stomach and the lungs, ending finally in insensibility and death. The colour of the skin from white turns a greenish black and yellow, the tongue protrudes and the eyes assume a glassy stare. It is a fiendish death to die.{{sfn|Girard|2008|p=13}}}}', 135 => '', 136 => '===Subsequent operations===', 137 => 'The First Attack on Bellewaarde was conducted by the 3rd Division of V Corps on 16 June 1915 and the Second Attack on Bellewaarde, a larger operation, was conducted from {{nowrap|25 to 26 September 1915}} by the 3rd Division of V Corps and the 14th Division of VI Corps. The [[Battle of Mont Sorrel]] {{nowrap|(2–13 June 1916)}} took place south of Ypres with the 20th Division (XIV Corps) and the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Canadian divisions of the Canadian Corps.{{sfn|James|1990|pp=8–9}} The Third Battle of Ypres, also known as the [[Battle of Passchendaele]], was fought from 31 July to 10 November 1917.{{sfn|Edmonds|1991|pp=124–386}}', 138 => '', 139 => '==Commemoration==', 140 => '[[File:St.Julien Brooding Soldier 1.JPG|thumb|Canadian participation during the Second Battle of Ypres is commemorated at the [[Saint Julien Memorial]].]]', 141 => '[[File:The Second Battle of Ypres.jpg|thumb| An artist's interpretation of the Second Battle of Ypres from the Allied perspective]]', 142 => 'Canadian participation in the Battle of Gravenstafel is commemorated on the [[Saint Julien Memorial]] in the village. During the Second Battle of Ypres, [[Lieutenant colonel]] [[John McCrae]], Medical Officer of the 1st Brigade CFA, wrote "[[In Flanders Fields]]" in the voice of those who perished in the war. Published in ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' 8 December 1915, the poem is still recited on [[Remembrance Day]] and [[Memorial Day]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10200 |title=John McCrae (from Historica) |publisher=Histori.ca |access-date=26 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609170125/http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10200 |archive-date=9 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=David Evans |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/john-mccrae|title=John McCrae|publisher=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]|date=March 15, 2016|access-date=August 22, 2019}}</ref>', 143 => '', 144 => '==={{anchor|Victoria Cross}}Victoria Cross recipients===', 145 => '* Lance Sergeant [[Douglas Walter Belcher|Douglas Belcher]], London Rifle Brigade (TF){{sfn|Edmonds|Wynne|1995|p=333}}', 146 => '* Captain [[Edward Bellew]], 7th Battalion, British Columbia Regiment{{sfn|Edmonds|Wynne|1995|p=221}}', 147 => '* Jemadar [[Mir Dast]], [[55th Coke's Rifles (Frontier Force)]] (attached [[57th Wilde's Rifles (Frontier Force)]] ) {{sfn|Edmonds|Wynne|1995|p=260}}', 148 => '* Lance Corporal [[Frederick Fisher (soldier)|Frederick Fisher]], 13th Battalion Royal Highlanders of Canada{{sfn|Edmonds|Wynne|1995|p=178}}', 149 => '* Company Sergeant-Major [[Frederick William Hall]], 8th Battalion, Winnipeg Rifles{{sfn|Edmonds|Wynne|1995|p=227}}', 150 => '* Private [[John Lynn (VC)|John Lynn]], 2nd Lancashire Fusiliers{{sfn|Edmonds|Wynne|1995|p=290}}', 151 => '* 2nd Lieutenant [[William Barnard Rhodes-Moorhouse]], [[No. 2 Squadron RFC]]{{sfn|Edmonds|Wynne|1995|p=265}}', 152 => '* Captain [[Francis Alexander Caron Scrimger]] (Canadian Army Medical Service), 14th Battalion, Royal Montreal Regiment{{sfn|Edmonds|Wynne|1995|p=252}}', 153 => '* Corporal [[Issy Smith]], 1st Manchester Regiment{{sfn|Edmonds|Wynne|1995|p=260}}', 154 => '* Private [[Edward Warner (VC)|Edward Warner]], 1st Bedfordshire Regiment{{sfn|Edmonds|Wynne|1995|p=289}}', 155 => '', 156 => '==See also==', 157 => '{{Portal|Canada}}', 158 => '* [[First Battle of Ypres]]', 159 => '* [[Chemical weapons in World War I]]', 160 => '* [[Saint Julien Memorial]]', 161 => '* [[Battle of Passchendaele]]', 162 => '* [[List of Canadian battles during the First World War]]', 163 => '', 164 => '{{Clear}}', 165 => '', 166 => '==Notes==', 167 => '{{Notelist}}', 168 => '', 169 => '==Footnotes==', 170 => '{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFLondon_Gazette1915}}', 171 => '{{Reflist|24em}}', 172 => '', 173 => '==References==', 174 => '{{Refbegin}}', 175 => '* {{cite book |last=Clayton |first=A. |title=Paths of Glory |publisher=Cassell |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-304-35949-3}}', 176 => '* {{cite book |series=History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence |title=Military Operations France and Belgium, 1915: Battles of Aubers Ridge, Festubert, and Loos |volume=II |last=Edmonds |first=J. E. |authorlink=James Edward Edmonds |year=1928 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London |edition=1st |oclc=58962526}}', 177 => '* {{cite book|series=History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence |title=Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: 7 June – 10 November. Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele) |volume=II |last=Edmonds |first=J. E. |year=1991 |orig-year=1948 |publisher=HMSO |location=London |edition=Imperial War Museum and Battery Press |isbn=978-0-89839-166-4}}', 178 => '* {{cite book |series=History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence |title=Military Operations France and Belgium, 1915: Winter 1915: Battle of Neuve Chapelle: Battles of Ypres |volume=I |last1=Edmonds |first1=J. E. |last2=Wynne |first2=G. C. |year=1995 |orig-year=1927 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London |edition=Imperial War Museum and Battery Press |isbn=978-0-89839-218-0}}', 179 => '* {{cite book |last=Girard |first=Marion |title=A Strange and Formidable Weapon: British Responses to World War I Poison Gas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hxT426rMnqMC&pg=PT13 |access-date=26 May 2011 |year=2008 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-2223-6}}', 180 => '* {{cite book |last=Greenhalgh |first=Elizabeth |title=The French Army and the First World War |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-60568-8}}', 181 => '* {{cite book |editor-last=Häften |editor-first=Hans von |title=Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918: Militärischen Operationen zu Lande Achter Band Die Operationen des Jahres 1915. Die Ereignisse im Westen im Frühjahr im Sommer und Osten vom Frühjahr bis zum Jahresschluß |trans-title=Military Operations on land: The Operations of 1915. The events in the West in the Spring and Summer, in the East from the Summer to the Year's End |volume=VIII |year=1932 |publisher=Verlag Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn |location=Berlin |edition=online scan |oclc=838300036 |via=Oberösterreichische Landesbibliothek |url=http://digi.landesbibliothek.at/viewer/image/AC01859921/1/LOG_0003/ |access-date=25 November 2013}}', 182 => '* {{cite book |title=Germany's Western Front, 1915: Translations from the German Official History of the Great War |volume=II |last1=Humphries |first1=M. O. |last2=Maker |first2=J. |year=2010 |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press |location=Waterloo, Ont |edition=1st |isbn=9781554580514}}', 183 => '* {{cite book |title=A Record of the Battles and Engagements of the British Armies in France and Flanders 1914–1918 |last=James |first=E. A. |year=1990 |orig-year=1924 |publisher=Gale & Polden |location=Aldershot |edition=repr. London Stamp Exchange |isbn=978-0-948130-18-2}}', 184 => '* {{cite book |series=History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence |title=Medical Services General History: The Medical Services on the Western Front, and during the Operations in France and Belgium in 1914 and 1915 |volume=II |last1=Macpherson |first1=W. G. |authorlink=William Macpherson (British Army officer) |year=1923 |publisher=HMSO |location=London |edition=online |url=https://archive.org/details/medicalservicesg02macp/page/n6 |format=pdf |access-date=19 November 2019 |oclc=83853880}}', 185 => '* {{cite book |last=Meyer |first=G.J. |title=A World Undone: A Story of the Great War 1914-1918 |year=2015 |orig-year=2006 |publisher=Bantam Books |location=New York |page=94 |isbn=978-0-553-38240-2}}', 186 => '* {{cite book |title=Surviving Trench Warfare: Technology and the Canadian Corps, 1914–1918 |last=Rawling |first=B. |year=1992 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=London |isbn=978-0-8020-6002-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/survivingtrenchw0000rawl |url-access=registration}}', 187 => '* {{cite book |title=The German Army on the Western Front 1915 |last=Sheldon |first=J. |year=2012 |publisher=Pen and Sword Military |location=Barnsley |isbn=978-1-84884-466-7}}', 188 => '{{refend}}', 189 => '', 190 => '==Further reading==', 191 => ''''Books'''', 192 => '* {{cite book |last=Cassar |first=G. H. |year=2010 |title=Hell in Flanders Fields: Canadians at the Second Battle of Ypres |publisher=Dundurn Press |isbn=978-1-55488-728-6}}', 193 => '* {{cite book |title=Chemical and Biological Warfare: A Comprehensive Guide for the Concerned Citizen |last=Croddy |first=E. |publisher=Copernicus Books |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-387-95076-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/chemicalbiologic00crod }}', 194 => '* {{cite book|last1=Croddy |first1=E.|last2=Wirtz |first2=J. J.|title=Weapons of Mass Destruction: an Encyclopaedia of Worldwide Policy, Technology and History |year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-490-5}}', 195 => '* {{cite journal |last1=Greenfield |first1=R. A. |last2=Brown |first2=I. M. |last3=Hutchins |first3=J. B. |last4=Iandolo |first4=J. J. |last5=Jackson |first5=R. |last6=Slater |first6=L. M. |last7=Bronze |first7=M. S. |title=Microbiological, Biological, and Chemical Weapons of Warfare and Terrorism |journal=Am. J. Med. Sci. |date=2002 |volume=323 |issue=6 |pages=326–340 |doi=10.1097/00000441-200206000-00005 |pmid=12074487|s2cid=24483093 }}', 196 => '* {{cite book |last=Haber |first=L. F. |title=The Poisonous Cloud: Chemical Warfare in the First World War |year=1986 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-858142-0}}', 197 => '* {{cite book |last=Hobbes |first=N. |title=Essential Militaria |year=2003 |publisher=Atlantic Books |isbn=978-1-84354-229-2}}', 198 => '* {{cite book |last=Nasmith |first=G. G. |year=1917 |title=On the Fringe of the Great Fight |publisher=McClelland, Goodchild & Stewart |location=Toronto |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19876/19876-h/19876-h.htm |access-date=24 March 2014 |oclc=5298462}}', 199 => '* {{cite book |series=Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War |title=Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919 |last=Nicholson |first=G. W. L. |year=1964 |orig-year=1962 |publisher=Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery |edition=2nd corr. online |location=Ottawa |url=https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/themes/defence/caf/militaryhistory/dhh/official/book-1964-expeditionary-en.pdf |access-date=7 January 2018 |oclc=557523890}}', 200 => '* {{cite book |last=Scott |first=F. G. |year=1922 |title=The Great War as I Saw It |publisher=Goodchild |location=Toronto |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19857/19857-h/19857-h.htm#page055 |access-date=24 March 2014}}', 201 => '', 202 => ''''Journals'''', 203 => '* {{cite journal |last=Chattaway |first=F. D. |year=1908 |title=The Action of Chlorine upon Urea Whereby a Dichloro Urea is Produced |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society A]] |volume=81 |issue=549 |pages=381–388 |jstor=93011 |issn=0962-8452 |doi=10.1098/rspa.1908.0094|bibcode=1908RSPSA..81..381C |doi-access=free }}', 204 => '* {{cite journal |last=Chattaway |first=F. D. |year=1916 |title=Captain F. A. C. Scrimger, V.C. |journal=[[Canadian Medical Association Journal]] |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=334–336 |pmc=1584589 |pmid=20310777 |issn=0820-3946}}', 205 => '* {{cite journal |last=Howell |first=W. B. |year=1938 |title=Colonel F. A. C. Scrimger, V.C. |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=279–281 |pmc=536406 |issn=0820-3946}}', 206 => '* {{cite journal |last=Love |first=D. |year=1996 |title=The Second Battle of Ypres, April 1915 |journal=Sabretache |volume=26 |issue=4 |url=http://www.worldwar1.com/sf2ypres.htm |issn=0048-8933}}', 207 => '', 208 => ''''Newspapers'''', 209 => '* {{London Gazette |issue=29225 |date=9 July 1915 |pages=6787-6796 |supp=y |title= Dispatch by General French to the Secretary of State for War }}', 210 => '', 211 => '==External links==', 212 => '{{Commons category|Second Battle of Ypres}}', 213 => '* [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/ypres_battles_of Spencer Jones Battles of Ypres]', 214 => '* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130516192407/http://www.wo1.be/eng/database/dbDetail.asp?TypeID=1&SubTypeID=8&ItemID=5781&lID=3 Kitchener's Wood Memorial]', 215 => '* [https://cjmorton.org/ww1service/ww1/overview/ypres.html Second Battle of Ypres Overview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416221945/http://cjmorton.org/ww1service/ww1/overview/ypres.html |date=16 April 2019 }}', 216 => '* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131005023452/http://www.europeanfilmgateway.eu/node/33/efg1914%20flander/multilingual:1/showOnly:video/paging:dmlkZW8tMTctMTYtaW1hZ2UtMS0xNi1zb3VuZC0xLTE2LXBlcnNvbi0xLTE2LXRleHQtMS0xNg Historical film documents on the Battles of Ypres]', 217 => '* [https://www.ypressalient.co.uk/2nd%20Ypres%20Order%20of%20Battle.htm Order of Battle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308160755/https://www.ypressalient.co.uk/2nd%20Ypres%20Order%20of%20Battle.htm |date=8 March 2021 }}', 218 => '* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170502104132/http://www.ucc.ie/academic/chem/dolchem/html/elem/elem017.html Chlorine, Ucc.ie]', 219 => '* [http://www.4thbnnf.com/wordpress/sectors-battles/ypres-salient/battle-st-julien/ 4th Territorial Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304093105/http://www.4thbnnf.com/wordpress/sectors-battles/ypres-salient/battle-st-julien/ |date=4 March 2021 }}', 220 => '* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051123165216/http://www.legionmagazine.com/features/victoriacross/04-07.asp Legion Magazine Online]', 221 => '', 222 => '{{World War I}}', 223 => '{{Authority control}}', 224 => '', 225 => '{{DEFAULTSORT:Ypres 2}}', 226 => '[[Category:Battles of World War I involving Canada]]', 227 => '[[Category:Battles of World War I involving Germany]]', 228 => '[[Category:Battles of World War I involving Belgium]]', 229 => '[[Category:Battles of World War I involving France]]', 230 => '[[Category:Battles of World War I involving British India]]', 231 => '[[Category:Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom]]', 232 => '[[Category:Battles of the Western Front (World War I)]]', 233 => '[[Category:Ypres Salient]]', 234 => '[[Category:Conflicts in 1915]]', 235 => '[[Category:1915 in Belgium]]', 236 => '[[Category:Battle honours of the Rifle Brigade]]', 237 => '[[Category:Military operations of World War I involving chemical weapons]]', 238 => '[[Category:April 1915 events]]', 239 => '[[Category:May 1915 events]]' ]