Wikipedia

Yang Jiechi

Not to be confused with Yang Jiachi.

In this Chinese name, the family name is Yang.

Yang Jiechi (Chinese: 杨洁篪; pinyin: Yáng Jiéchí; born 1 May 1950) is a Chinese senior diplomat and retired politician. He served as director of the Chinese Communist Party's Central Foreign Affairs Commission from 2013 and 2022, State Councilor from 2013 to 2018, Minister of Foreign Affairs of China from 2007 to 2013.

Yang Jiechi
杨洁篪
Yang in February 2020
Director of the Office of the Central Foreign Affairs Commission[a]
In office
August 2013 – 1 January 2023
DeputyLiu Jianchao
General SecretaryXi Jinping
Foreign MinisterWang Yi
Preceded byDai Bingguo
Succeeded byWang Yi
State Councilor of the People's Republic of China
In office
16 March 2013 – 19 March 2018
PremierLi Keqiang
10th Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office
27 April 2007 – 16 March 2013
PremierWen Jiabao
DeputyZhang Zhijun
Preceded byLi Zhaoxing
Succeeded byWang Yi
Personal details
Born (1950-05-01) 1 May 1950 (age 74)
Shanghai, People's Republic of China
Political partyChinese Communist Party (1971–present)[1]
Education
NicknameTiger Yang
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese杨洁篪
Traditional Chinese楊潔篪
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinYáng Jiéchí
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingJoeng4 Git1ci4

Yang previously served as Chinese Ambassador to the United States from 2000 to 2004, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1998 to 2007, Assistant Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1995 to 1998, and Chinese Envoy to the United States from 1993 to 1995. He joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1972, after previously served as a worker at the Shanghai City Pujiang Electric Meter Factory from 1968 to 1972.[2]

Yang studied international relations at Ealing College, University of Bath, and London School of Economics from 1973 to 1975. He received a Doctor of History in world history from Nanjing University in 2006 through an on-the-job graduate program.

Early life and education

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Yang was born in Shanghai on 1 May 1950.[3] In 1963, he was admitted to the Shanghai Foreign Language School. Affected by the Cultural Revolution, he dropped out of school in 1968 and entered Shanghai Pujiang Electric Meter Factory as a worker. During the four years in the factory, he still insisted on learning English and maintained his foreign language proficiency. Yang joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1971 (CCP).[3]

After United States President Richard Nixon visited China in 1972, Premier Zhou Enlai instructed that China should accelerate the training of new foreign language talents to meet the needs of the development of the international situation. In 1972 and 1973, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs selected more than 130 people, including Yang. He graduated from Shanghai Foreign Language School and attended the Ealing College, University of Bath and the London School of Economics from 1973 to 1975. From 2001 to 2006, He received a Ph.D. in world history from Nanjing University through distance education while serving as Chinese Ambassador to the United States from 2000 to 2004 and later Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs.[3][4]

Career

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Yang Jiechi with the United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton

From 1975 to 1983, Yang served as a staff member and Second Secretary at the Translation and Interpretation Department of the Foreign Ministry.[5] During the late 1970s, Yang served as an interpreter for George H. W. Bush, who worked at the US Liaison Office in China at the time, and his family during a visit to Tibet.[6]

From 1983 to 1987, he was appointed as Second Secretary and Counselor at the Chinese Embassy in Washington, D.C. He then returned to the Translation and Interpretation Department in 1987, working there as its director and counselor until 1990.During the Tiananmen Square Protests of 1989, Yang accompanied Wan Li, the chairman of the National People's Congress, on a trip to North America.[7]

Between 1990 and 1993, he worked as the deputy director of the North American and Oceania Affairs Department of the Foreign Ministry, Between 1993 and 1995, he returned to the embassy in Washington, D.C., serving as Minister and Deputy Chief of Mission.[3] In 1995, he was appointed as an Assistant Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was promoted to Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1998, becoming the youngest vice foreign minister in PRC history;[6] he was responsible for Latin America and Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.[3]

In February 2001, he was appointed as the Chinese Ambassador to the United States.[8] During his tenure as ambassador to the United States, Yang worked to ease the tensions between the two countries following the 2001 mid-air collision between a U.S. EP-3 spy plane and a Chinese fighter jet off the coast of Hainan Island in the South China Sea. In 2004, Yang had a heart attack that was nearly fatal; he was taken to the George Washington University Hospital and treated by doctors of Vice President Dick Cheney.[6] He returned to China in March 2005.[8] In 2005, he was again appointed as Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs.[8]

Minister of Foreign Affairs

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In April 2007, Yang replaced Li Zhaoxing, who had been China's foreign minister since 2003, as the 10th foreign minister of China.[5]

In July 2010, at the ASEAN Ministers Conference in Hanoi, Yang, responding to remarks by U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on freedom of navigation in the South China Sea, called the remarks "an attack on China" and told Singapore's Minister for Foreign Affairs George Yeo that "China is a big country and other countries are small countries, and that's just a fact."; however, Yang issued a statement on the Foreign Ministry's Web site saying that there was no need to internationalize the issue, that China was still intent on solving all of the disputes bilaterally.[9][10]

In a meeting with Australia's foreign minister Bob Carr, Yang criticized the decision to put US Marines in Australia's Northern Territory by stating to Carr "Cold War alliances" were out of date, to which Carr "reminded Yang that Chinese leaders like to relate the story of the Ming dynasty admiral Zheng He who took powerful Chinese fleets as far afield as India and Arabia but sought to occupy no lands".[11]

 
Yang meets with U.S. Secretary of State Michael R. Pompeo in Honolulu, HI on June 17, 2020.

In 2013, Yang Jiechi met with Japan's new ambassador to China and leader of Japan's New Komeito party. Yang also held group meetings with ambassadors from EU and its member states. He also met with Moo-sung Kim, Special envoy of South Korea's president-elect Park Geun-hye, to strengthen ties with South Korea. Yang has also made pledges for more contribution to world peace.[3]

Director of the Foreign Affairs Group

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At the first plenary session of the 12th National People's Congress in March 2013, Yang Jiechi was elected as State Councilor.[12] In August 2013, he was appointed as the director of the Central Foreign Affairs Leading Group after Dai Bingguo stepped down. After the Leading Group was upgraded to the Central Foreign Affairs Commission in March 2018, Yang served as its director until 1 January 2023.[citation needed]

Following the result of the South China Sea Arbitration, Yang criticized the proceedings as having been influenced by "certain countries outside the region" in order to "deny China's sovereign rights and interests in the South China Sea".[13]: 136 

Yang was a member of the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. He was also a member of the 17th CCP Central Committee and an alternate member of the 16th CCP Central Committee.[3] He was elevated to the decision making Politburo at the 19th CCP Congress in October 2017.

In 2017, Yang incorporated the term "Great changes unseen in a century" into the CCP's rhetoric, describing it as a guiding tenet of Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy.[14]: 29 

In 2019, Yang was described as "the most senior Chinese official to attend [the] Munich Security Conference since it began in 1963."[15] He gave a keynote address.[16]

Alaska Summit

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Main article: United States–China talks in Alaska

In March 2021, Yang led the Chinese delegation for a strategic dialogue with the US in Alaska. The US team was headed by the Secretary of State Antony Blinken, in the first interaction with China during the Biden Administration. In the opening session in the presence of media, after 2-minute opening remarks by Blinken, Yang responded with an unexpected 16-minute speech.[17] He said that it was necessitated by the "tone" of the US delegation.[18] He harangued the United States for its human rights record, called it a global "champion of cyber attacks", and declared that "many people within the United States actually have little confidence in the democracy of the United States".[19]

So for China, it was necessary that we made our position clear. So let me say here that, in front of the Chinese side, the United States does not have the qualification to say that it wants to speak to China from a position of strength.[17]

These remarks went viral in China and Yang was praised for his forthrightness.[17] The Washington Post said that the Biden Administration gets a taste of China's "wolf warrior" diplomacy.[18] Although these statements were criticized as undiplomatic by Americans,[18] they were popular and widely praised in China.[19][17][20]: 71–72  Chinese commentators cited Yang's remarks as an example of China "standing up to imperialists."[20]: 71–72 

Zurich Summit

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In October 2021, Yang travelled to Zürich, Switzerland to meet with U.S. National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan to further discuss current issues regarding diplomatic relations and a possible virtual meeting between U.S. President Joe Biden and Chinese President Xi Jinping.[21] The virtual summit between the leaders eventually happened on 16 November 2021.[22][23]

Retirement

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After the 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in October 2022, Yang Jiechi left the Politburo. On 1 January 2023, Yang Jiechi officially retired from politics after he stepped down as the director of the Office of the Central Foreign Affairs Commission.[citation needed]

Honors

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Yang Jiechi received an honorary degree from the Geneva School of Diplomacy in 2009.[24] It was announced by the President of Pakistan on 14 August 2012 that Hilal-i-Pakistan (Crescent of Pakistan) would be given to Yang Jiechi on 23 March 2013.[25]

Nickname

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George H. W. Bush said Yang Jiechi's other name is "Tiger Yang", because Yang Jiechi was born in 1950, the year of the Tiger according to the Chinese zodiac, and because his name, "Chi" (篪) contains a variant of "Hu" (虎, Tiger).[26]

Personal life

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Yang is married to Le Aimei.[27] Yang's daughter, Alice Yang, graduated from Sidwell Friends School and Yale University.[28] He is highly proficient in English. According to Sinologist Peter Martin, Yang's daily routines as a diplomat included reading The New York Times every day and talking about details from its content during conversations with his counterparts.[6] During interactions before the start of official meetings with foreign counterparts, Yang has been described as relaxed, telling jokes and anecdotes.[6] However, he has also been described as angrily responding back during talks on sensitive topics; this negotiation approach, combining both charm and outrage, is described by Martin as "deliberate and carefully controlled".[29]

Yang's younger brother Yang Jiemian serves as the chairman of the Academic Affairs Council of Shanghai Institutes for International Studies.[30]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Office was known as the "Director of the Office of the Central Foreign Affairs Leading Group" before March 2018.

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ "Yang Jiechi" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2023.
  2. ^ "杨洁篪同志简历-新华网". www.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "Biography of Yang Jiechi". China Vitae. March 19, 2013. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
  4. ^ Yi Wang, Yang Jiechi: Xi Jinping's Top Diplomat Back in His Element Archived February 27, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, China Brief, The James Town Foundation, 8 December 2017.
  5. ^ a b "杨洁篪接替李肇星出任中国外长" [Yang Jiechi succeeds Li Zhaoxing as Chinese Foreign Minister]. BBC News. April 27, 2007. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d e Martin 2021, p. 205.
  7. ^ ""Partially Declassified White House Memorandum" of May 23, 1989" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 17, 2014. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
  8. ^ a b c "Chinese Ambassadors to the United States of America". Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  9. ^ Michael Pompeo (July 13, 2020). "U.S. Position on Maritime Claims in the South China Sea". State Department. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
  10. ^ "U.S. takes a tougher tone with China". The Washington Post. July 30, 2010. Archived from the original on August 11, 2010. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  11. ^ "China throws book, but Carr parries with chapter and verse". The Sydney Morning Herald. May 22, 2012. Archived from the original on September 26, 2012. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  12. ^ "NPC endorses new cabinet lineup". Archived from the original on March 18, 2013. Retrieved March 17, 2013.
  13. ^ Wang, Frances Yaping (2024). The Art of State Persuasion: China's Strategic Use of Media in Interstate Disputes. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780197757512.
  14. ^ Bachulska, Alicja; Leonard, Mark; Oertel, Janka (July 2, 2024). The Idea of China: Chinese Thinkers on Power, Progress, and People (EPUB). Berlin, Germany: European Council on Foreign Relations. ISBN 978-1-916682-42-9. Archived from the original on July 17, 2024. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  15. ^ "It's Yang Versus Pence as U.S. and China Set to Rumble in Europe". Bloomberg News. February 13, 2019. Archived from the original on February 25, 2019. Retrieved July 23, 2024.
  16. ^ "Philippine Star, "Full text of Yang Jiechi's keynote speech at the 55th Munich Security Conference"". The Philippine STAR. Archived from the original on February 25, 2019. Retrieved February 25, 2019.
  17. ^ a b c d "Eye of the tiger". The Hindu. March 20, 2021. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on June 3, 2023. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
  18. ^ a b c Taylor, Adam; Rauhala, Emily (March 19, 2021). "The Biden administration gets a taste of China's 'wolf warrior' diplomacy". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
  19. ^ a b Knott, Matthew (March 18, 2021). "US-China meeting in Alaska begins with on-camera confrontation". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on March 27, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
  20. ^ a b Marquis, Christopher; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022). Mao and markets the communist roots of Chinese enterprise. Kunyuan Qiao. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-26883-6. OCLC 1348572572.
  21. ^ "China-US Meeting in Zurich Paves the Way for a Biden-Xi Virtual Summit". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on October 10, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
  22. ^ "President Xi Jinping Had a Virtual Meeting with US President Joe Biden". Foreign Ministry PRC. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved November 17, 2021.
  23. ^ "'Healthy debate,' but no breakthroughs in Biden's critical talks with China's Xi Jinping". CNN. November 15, 2021. Archived from the original on December 29, 2021. Retrieved November 17, 2021.
  24. ^ "Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi Expounds on China's Foreign Policy at the Geneva School of the Diplomacy and International Relations". China. August 12, 2009. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
  25. ^ "President confers civil awards on Pakistani citizens and foreign nationals". The News. August 15, 2012. Archived from the original on October 31, 2012. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  26. ^ 杨洁篪出使美国与中美关系 Archived December 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine，联合早报
  27. ^ "Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi's Wife Le Aimei Invites the Wives of the Foreign Ministers of ASEAN Countries for a Visit in Kunming". www.mfa.gov.cn. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
  28. ^ Ma, Damien (November 28, 2011). "Meet the Red Princesses and Princes: The Chinese Elite's Globe-Trotting Kids". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
  29. ^ Martin 2021, p. 206.
  30. ^ Geddes, Thomas Des Garets (May 31, 2023). "China-Russia Relations Since Ukraine: What Chinese Scholars are Saying". Sinification. Archived from the original on January 8, 2024. Retrieved January 9, 2024.

Sources

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yang Jiechi.
 
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Party political offices
Preceded by Director of the CCP Central Foreign Affairs Commission Office
March 2013－ 		Incumbent
Secretary-general of the CCP Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs
March 2013－
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Chinese Ambassador to the United States
2001–2005 		Succeeded by
Government offices
Preceded by Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of China
2007–2013 		Succeeded by
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