Germany

The Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is one of the world's leading industrialized countries, located in the heart of Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark and the Baltic Sea, to the east by Poland, and the Czech Republic, to the south by Austria and Switzerland, and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands.

The Federal Republic of Germany is a member state of the United Nations, NATO, the G8 nations and a founder member of the EEC, now the European Union.

Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Flag of Germany	Germany: Coat of Arms
(In Detail)

National motto: Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit
(German: Unity and Justice and Freedom)

Official language

German¹

Capital

Largest City

Chancellor

President

Area
- Total
- % water

Ranked 61st
349,223 km²
2.416%

Population
- Total (2004)
- Density

Ranked 13th
82,531,700
242/km²

Formation
Unification

Treaty of Verdun (843)
January 18 1871
May 23 1949
October 3 1990

GDP
- Total (2003)
- GDP/capita

Ranked 3rd
$2.271 trillion
$27,600

Currency

Euro (€)²

Time zone
- in summer

CET (UTC+1)
CEST (UTC+2)

National anthem

Das Lied der Deutschen

Internet TLD

.de

Calling Code

+49

¹ Danish, Low German, Sorbian, Romany and Frisian are officially recognized and protected as minority languages per the ECRML.
² Prior to 1999: Deutsche Mark.

History

Main article: History of Germany

Introduction

The German language and the feeling of "Germanhood" go back more than a thousand years, but the state now known as Germany was unified as a modern nation-state only in 1871, when the German Empire, dominated by the Kingdom of Prussia, was forged. This was the second German Reich, usually translated as "empire", but also meaning "realm".

Holy Roman Empire

File:Electoral princes.png

The prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire. From Bildatlas der Deutschen Geschichte by Dr Paul Knötel (1895)

Main article: Holy Roman Empire

The first Reich – known for much of its existence as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation – stemmed from a division of the Carolingian Empire in 843, which was founded by Charlemagne on December 25th, 800, and existed in varying forms until 1806. During these almost thousand years, the Germans expanded their influence successfully with help of the organization of the Catholic Church, Northern Crusades and the Hanseatic League. In 1530, the attempt of Protestant Reformation of Catholicism turned out to have failed, and a separate Protestant church was acknowledged as new state religion in many states of Germany. This led to inter-German strife, the Thirty Years War (1618) and finally the Peace of Westphalia (1648), that resulted in a drastically enfeebled and politically disunited Germany, unable to resist the stroke of the Napoleonic Wars, during which the Reich was overrun and dissolved in 1806. After that, France was for long perceived as Germany's arch-enemy. In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, Germany took revenge, but also during World War I, the invasion of France (1914) was a chief objective.

The lasting effect of the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire came to be the division between Austria, formerly the leading state of Germany, from the more western and northern parts. Between 1815 and 1871 Germany consisted of dozens of independent states, thirty-nine of which formed the German Confederation (Deutscher Bund).

German Empire

Main article:German Empire

The second Reich, i.e. the German Empire, was proclaimed in Versailles on January 18th, 1871, after the French defeat. This was mainly the result of the efforts of Otto von Bismarck, Germany's most prominent statesman of the 19th century, among other things known for an anti-Catholic "Kulturkampf" and for fighting Socialists with social reforms.

From 1884 to 1885, the Emperor Wilhelm I sought to make Germany a world power ("a place in the sun"); German colonies were established in South-West Africa, the Cameroons, Togo, East Africa, etc. In 1890, Bismarck was dismissed by Emperor Wilhelm II on account of policy and personal differences. From 1898 onwards, negotiations for an alliance between Germany and Britain broke down as a result of Admiral Tirpitz's programme of warship construction. Germany was increasingly isolated.

Imperialist power politics and the determined pursuit of national interests led to the outbreak in 1914 of the First World War.

First World War

File:SMSEmden.jpg

The SMS Emden of the Imperial Navy of Kaiser Willhelm II

Main article:First World War

The incident which sparked off the war was the assassination of the Austrian heir apparent and his wife at Sarajevo in Serbia on July 28th 1914. The causes were the opposing policies of the European states, the armaments race, German-British rivalry, the difficulties of the Austro-Hungarian multinational state, Russia's Balkan policy and overhasty mobilisations and ultimatums. Germany declared war on Russia on August 1st, and on France on the 3rd; Britain declared war on Germany on August 4th.

There was fighting in western, southern, central and eastern Europe, in the Middle East and the German colonies. In the west, Germany fought a war of position with bloody battles, while in the east no decisive victories were won. The British blockade crippled Germany's supplies of raw materials and foodstuffs. The entry of the United States into the war in 1917 marked a decisive turning-point.

The First World War ended in 1918 with the peace treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Russia and Germany. The Emperor Wilhelm II and all German ruling princes abdicated.

Weimar Republic

File:Germany-after.png

July 28th 1919, Treaty of Versailles - Germany loses Alsace-Lorraine, Eupen-Malmédy, North Schleswig, Posen, West Prussia, the Memel area, Upper Silesia and all its colonies; the Rhineland and Saar are occupied

Main article:Weimar Republic

After the German Revolution on November 1918, a Republic was proclaimed by the Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann. In the same year, the German Communist Party, and on January 1919 the German Workers' Party, later known as the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP), were established.

On August 11th 1919 the Weimar Constitution came into effect, with Friedrich Ebert as first President (until 1925).

The economic hardship due to both the harsh peace conditions dictated by the Treaty of Versailles (substantial territorial losses; military occupation of the Rheinland and Saar; limits on the size of the German army and navy; no German air force; Germany to accept sole responsibility for World War I; reparations to be paid) and the world wide Great Depression (Germany counted over 6 million unemployed in 1932) contributed to making the democracy unpopular. German voters increasingly supported anti-democratic parties, both right-wing and left-wing. In the two extraordinary elections of 1932, the anti-democratic Nazis got 37.2% in July and 33.0% in November.

A series of dramatic events marked the end of the Weimar Republic. On 30 January 1933, President Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler Chancellor of Germany. On February 27th the Reichstag went on fire. Basic rights were abrogated under the "Emergency Decree for the Protection of the People and the State". On March 17th, an Enabling Law gave Hitler's government full legislative power. A centralised totalitarian state was established, no longer based on the rule of law.

Third Reich

File:1936NurembergRally.jpg

Nazi party's Nuremberg Rally, 1936

Main article:Third Reich

The new regime quickly dissolved the Länder and all parties and trade unions. From the start the Nazis displayed open hostility to religion and the Church. The persecution of Jews began. All opposition was repressed. From 1933 onwards, 412 concentration camps were set up. Germany left the League of Nations.

In 1934, the shooting of Ernst Röhm and political opponents marked the beginning of the "SS state". In 1935 the Nuremberg race laws came into force: Jews were deprived of their German citizenship, and were banned from marrying Germans.

In 1936 German troops marched into the demilitarised Rhineland. A "Rome-Berlin axis" was built between Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, and an Anti-Comintern Pact was concluded between Germany and Japan. The Olympic Games of the same year in Berlin and Garmisch-Partenkirchen were used by Hitler's regime as an occasion to show to the world the new Germany.

From 1938 onwards the Nazis started their policy of expansionism. In 1938, Hitler's home country Austria was annexed to Germany (Anschluss). Following the Munich Agreement, Sudeten German territory in Czechoslovakia was ceded to Germany. In 1939, Germany took over the rest of Czechoslovakia as the "Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia". In the same year, Germany formed a military alliance with Italy, and concluded a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union. The Blitzkrieg against Poland on September 1st 1939 ultimately ignited the Second World War.

Second World War

File:Stalingrad.jpg

The Battle of Stalingrad marked a reversal of Hitler's fortunes

Main article:Second World War

In 1940, Germany occupied Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France. The Battle of Britain began.

In February 1941, German troops invaded North Africa; two months later they conquered Yugoslavia and Greece. In June, Germany attacked the Soviet Union. In the same year in December, the United States entered the war.

From 1941 onwards, the persecution of Jewish citizens culminated in the systematic murder of some 6 million Jews in the Holocaust, along with the killing of a significant number of Sinti, Roma, the mentally ill and political opponents.

A reversal of Hitler's fortunes came when in February 1943, the German 6th Army was defeated at Stalingrad. After the defeat German troops withdrew from Russia and North Africa. In the same year, German cities increasingly became the target of British and American air attacks.

On June 6th 1944, American and British troops landed on the north-western coast of France (D-Day). On July 20th, a secret plan led by Count Stauffenberg to kill Hitler failed. Germany was subsequently occupied by American, British, French and Russian forces.

In the beginning of May 1945, Germany surrendered.

Division of Germany

The war resulted in large losses of territory; ethnic cleansing of 15 million Germans from what had been Eastern Germany; occupation and 45 years of division, during which the remaining parts of the country were split up into West Germany and East Germany. After the war, the Germans have tried to come to terms with the genocide committed in their name.

In 1949, during the Berlin Blockade, Western forces airlifted food and supplies into West Berlin, that now in the wake of the Cold War had become a Western exclave separated from Soviet-controlled East Berlin. The people of West Germany became increasingly pro-American, in part due to strong German anti-communism. The American Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe after the War, and later the foundation of the European Union, contributed together with the generally supporting attitude of the occupation forces in West Germany.

The reconstructed West Germany once again became one of the world's major economies. Rule of law and democracy was restored, with human rights and international law in West Germany widely perceived as fundamental. East Germany, by contrast, became one of the most repressive of the socialist satellite states of the Warsaw Pact. The increasingly tense relations between the Superpowers of the Cold War influence was also evident in Germany, and led on August 13, 1961, to East Germany erecting the Berlin Wall and a fortified border to West Germany in order to prevent all contacts and migration over the inter-German border. Willy Brandt, West Berlin's mayor 1957–1966 and West Germany's Chancellor 1969–1974, attempted to soothe the tensions, but particularly his acceptance of the loss of former Eastern Germany caused much controversy.

Reunification

Main article:German reunification

In January 1988, on the 69th anniversary of the murder of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxembourg, there were clashes in East Berlin between party officials and members of peace and human rights groups.

In May 1989, more than 100 people were arrested in Leipzig after protests against alleged ballot rigging in local government elections. During the summer of the same year, large numbers of GDR citizens took refuge in West German embassies in Central and Eastern European countries in the hope of emigrating to the West. Thousands of people crossed the frontier into Hungary, and later into Czechoslovakia. On September 30th 1989, The East German authorities allowed refugees in Poland and Czechoslovakia to travel to the West, but on October 3rd, the East German government introduced a visa requirement for entry into Czechoslovakia; on October 4th, there were disturbances in Dresden when the railway station was closed during the transit of refugees from Prague to the West. On November 9th, the East German authorities unexpectedly allowed East German citizens to enter West Berlin and the Federal Republic. Hundreds of thousands of people took advantage of the opportunity; new crossing points were opened in the Berlin Wall and along the frontier with the Federal Republic.

On July 1st 1990, the achievement of economic, currency and social union between the two German states prepared the way for a full union. The reunification of the two Germanys came into force on October 3rd, which was declared a national public holiday (German Unity Day). Five new Länder were established in the former territory of the GDR: Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Brandenburg, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. The first all-German parliamentary election was held on December 2nd 1990.

Politics

Main article:Politics of Germany

Introduction

Germany is a constitutional federal republic, whose political system is laid out in the 1949 constitution called Grundgesetz (Basic Law). It has a parliamentary system in which the head of government, the Bundeskanzler (Chancellor), is elected by the parliament.

Parliament

File:Herrenhaus-berlin.jpg

Prussian House of Lords in Leipziger Straße, seat of the Bundesrat, the upper house of German Parliament

Bundestag, the lower house of German Parliament, in the historic Reichstag building

Main article:Bundestag

German Parliament is made up of the Bundestag and the Bundesrat. The supreme legislative body is the Bundestag (Federal Assembly), the lower house of Parliament, which is elected every four years. It in turn elects the Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler). The Bundesrat (Federal Council), the upper house of Parliament, represents the 16 federal states (Bundesländer) and cooperates in law-making and administering the federation. Its members are appointed by the individual Länder, or states. Lately, there has been much concern about the Bundestag and the Bundesrat blocking each other, making effective government very difficult.

Head of State

Main article:President of Germany

File:Horst Koehler.jpg

Horst Köhler, President of Germany

The function of head of state is performed by the Federal President (Bundespräsident). He is elected every five years by the Federal Assembly (the Bundestag plus the corresponding number of Länder representatives), and his powers are limited mostly to ceremonial and representative duties.

Federal Constitutional Court

Main article:Federal Constitutional Court of Germany

The Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht), located in Karlsruhe, acts as the highest legal authority and ensures that legislative and judicial practice conforms with the Basic Law, the German constitution. It acts independently of the other state bodies but cannot act on its own behalf.

Social Welfare

Germany's social welfare system has deep roots, which go back to the strong bonds between individual and society which grew out of the Reformation, to the revival of the Prussian state after the 30 Years War, as well as to the early industrial revolution; and the welfare system remains one of the aspects of the German society of which most Germans are quite proud. The system provides for universal (but not government-run) medical care, unemployment compensation, child benefits, and other social needs. As in other Northern/Western European countries with similar systems, many economists consider a reform process of the Social security system to be necessary and this is currently (as of 2005) a major theme in domestic politics.

Foreign Affairs

Together with France, the united Germany is playing a leading role in the European Union. Germany is at the forefront of European states seeking to advance the creation of a more unified and capable European political, defense, and security apparatus. After having kept a notably low profile in international relations for generations, Chancellor Schröder recently also called for a permanent seat for Germany in the United Nations Security Council.

Germany and France were protagonists in the coalition of nations opposing the 2004 military intervention in Iraq, a war that was purportedly initiated by the United States and a "Coalition of the Willing" (including Poland, Spain, Italy, the United Kingdom, Japan, Mongolia, and Vanuatu) to secure weapons of mass destruction which were never found.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Germany

States

Main article: States of Germany

Germany is divided into sixteen states (in German called Bundesländer, singular Bundesland). It is further subdivided into 439 Kreise (districts) and cities (kreisfreie Städte) (2004).

File:Germany map states.png

States of Germany

State	Capital	In German
1 Baden-Württemberg	Stuttgart	Baden-Württemberg	Stuttgart
2 Bavaria	Munich	Freistaat Bayern	München
3 Berlin	Berlin	Berlin	Berlin
4 Brandenburg	Potsdam	Brandenburg	Potsdam
5 Bremen (state)	Bremen	Freie Hansestadt Bremen	Bremen
6 Hamburg	Hamburg	Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg	Hamburg
7 Hesse	Wiesbaden	Hessen	Wiesbaden
8 Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania	Schwerin	Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	Schwerin
9 Lower Saxony	Hanover	Niedersachsen	Hannover
10 North Rhine-Westphalia	Düsseldorf	Nordrhein-Westfalen	Düsseldorf
11 Rhineland-Palatinate	Mainz	Rheinland-Pfalz	Mainz
12 Saarland	Saarbrücken	Saarland	Saarbrücken
13 Saxony	Dresden	Freistaat Sachsen	Dresden
14 Saxony-Anhalt	Magdeburg	Sachsen-Anhalt	Magdeburg
15 Schleswig-Holstein	Kiel	Schleswig-Holstein	Kiel
16 Thuringia	Erfurt	Freistaat Thüringen	Erfurt

Territory

Since reunification of the two parts of the country Germany has resumed its traditional role as the major centre between Scandinavia in the north and the Mediterranean region in the south, as well as between the Atlantic west and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

The territory of Germany stretches from the high mountains of the Alps (highest point: the Zugspitze at 2,962 m) in the south to the shores of the North Sea in the north-west and the Baltic in the north-east. In between are found the forested uplands of central Germany and the low-lying lands of northern Germany (lowest point: Neuendorfer/Wilstermarsch at 3.54 meters below sea level), traversed by some of Europe's major rivers such as the Rhine, Danube and Elbe.

Thanks to its central situation Germany has more neighbours than any other European country; these are Denmark in the north, Poland and the Czech Republic in the east, Austria and Switzerland in the south, France and Luxembourg in the south-west and Belgium and the Netherlands in the north-west.

Climate

The greater part of Germany lies in the cool/temperate climatic zone in which humid westerly winds predominate.

In north-western and northern Germany the climate is extremely oceanic and rain falls all the year round. Winters there are relatively mild and summers comparatively cool.

In eastern Germany the climate shows clear continental features; winters can be very cold for long periods, and summers can become very warm. Here, too, long dry periods are often recorded.

In central and southern Germany there is a transitional climate which may be predominantly oceanic or continental, according to the general weather situation.

There have been several large-scale river floodings in the last few years; while floods of such severity are quite rare in the long term, their frequency has been increasing lately, partly due to changes in land use in the flood plains.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Germany

File:50ec ger.png

A 50 cent German euro coin features the Brandenburg Gate, the symbol of division and newly found unity

Germany is the world's third largest economy measured by gross domestic product, placed behind the United States and Japan. As of 2004, Germany was also the world's largest exporter for the second year in a row, despite the skyrocketing strength of the euro. Its major trading partners include France, the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy and the Netherlands. A major issue of concern remains the persistently high unemployment rate - especially in the eastern Länder -, and partly as a result of it, weak domestic demand which slows down economic growth.

Agriculture, fishery

For many years now agriculture and fishery in Germany have been in a state of decline. Poor earnings and lack of profitability are counted to the main reasons for the failure of many medium and small concerns. The main crops grown are potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beet and cabbage. Germany ranks among the world's largest producers of milk, milk products and meat.

Industrial sector

As in most other large economic nations, Germany's industrial sector has declined in favour of the service sector. Germany is among the world's largest and most technologically advanced producers of iron, steel, cement, chemicals, machinery, motor vehicles, machine tools and electronics, as well as a world leader in the shipbuilding industry. Major automakers like DaimlerChrysler and Volkswagen, and huge international corporations like Siemens rank among the world's largest firms.

Service sector

The service sector has grown steadily in recent years and now contributes the largest share of GDP. This sector includes tourism. As of 2004, the largest numbers of foreign visitors to Germany came from the Netherlands, followed by the United States and the United Kingdom.[1]

Natural resources

Germany is lacking in natural raw materials, if one disregards the hard coal deposits in the Ruhr area, in the Aachen district and in the Saarland, where mining is profitable only thanks to state subsidies. Brown coal from mines in the Leipziger Bucht and the Niederlausitz is still the major energy source in the eastern Länder, while mineral oil enjoys this position in the western Länder. The current red-Green coalition government is pursuing a long-term strategy of phasing out nuclear power in favour of renewable sources of energy.

Society

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Germany

Germany has many large cities but only three with a population of one million or more (Berlin: 3 million, Hamburg: 1.5 million, Munich: 1.2 Million); the population is thus much less centralized and oriented towards a single large capital than in most other European countries. The largest cities are Berlin, Hamburg, Munich (München), Cologne (Köln), Frankfurt am Main, Essen, Dortmund, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf, Bremen, Duisburg and Hanover.

By far the largest urban conurbation is the Rhine-Ruhr region including the Düsseldorf-Cologne district. Leaving aside the metropolitan areas of the cities with over a million inhabitants, other large heavily populated areas are the Rhein-Main Region around Frankfurt/Main, Offenbach and Wiesbaden, the Stuttgart Region, the Rhine-Neckar region around Mannheim and Ludwigshafen, the Erzgebirge foothills around Chemnitz and Zwickau, the central Elbe valley around Dresden, the Halle-Leipzig area, as well as the catchment areas of Hanover and Nuremberg.

As of 31 December 2003, about 7.3 million non-citizen residents were living in Germany. By far the largest number came from Turkey, followed by Serbia and Montenegro, Italy, Greece, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Poland, Croatia, Austria, the United States, Macedonia and Slovenia [2]. About 2/3s of these have been in the country for more than 8 years, 20% have been born in Germany; both groups qualify for citizenship after recent changes in immigration law (2002 data), if the individuals involved would choose to apply for it (which regularly involves renunciation of previous citizenship(s)). Germany is still a primary destination for political and economic refugees from many developing countries, but the number of asylum seekers has been dropping in recent years, reaching about 50,000 in 2003. A new immigration law recently took effect (1 January 2005), which provides a more systematic treatment of immigration issues as well as increased support for German language classes for immigrants.

An ethnic Danish minority of about 50,000 people lives in Schleswig, mostly close to the Danish border, in the north; a small number of Slavic people known as the Sorbs lives in the states of Saxony (about 40,000) and Brandenburg (about 20.000). The Frisian language is mother tongue to about 12,000 speakers in Germany, the rest living in the Netherlands. In rural areas of Northern Germany Low Saxon is widely spoken.

There are also a large number of ethnic German immigrants from the former Soviet Union area (1.7 million), Poland (0.7 million) and Romania (0.3 million) (1980–1999 totals), who are automatically granted German citizenship, and thus do not show up in foreign resident statistics; unlike the foreigners they have been settled by the government almost evenly spread throughout Germany. Many of them speak the languages of their former resident countries at home.

Education

Main article:Education in Germany

Germany has one of the world's highest levels of education. Since the end of World War II, the number of youths entering universities has more than tripled, but university attendance still lags behind many other European nations. In the annual league of top-ranking universities compiled by Shanghai Jiaotong University in 2004, Germany came 4th overall, but with only 7 universities in the top 100 (USA: 51). The highest ranking university, at no. 45, was the TU Munich.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Germany

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was a significant German poet

Germany's contributions to the world's cultural heritage are numerous, and the country is often known as das Land der Dichter und Denker (The Land of Poets and Thinkers). Germany was the birthplace of composers such as Beethoven, Bach, Brahms, Schumann and Wagner; poets such as Goethe and Schiller as well as Heine; philosophers including Leibniz, Kant, Hegel, Marx, Engels, Schopenhauser, Nietzsche and Heidegger, theologians like Luther, authors including Hesse, Mann, Böll and Grass; scientists including Kepler, Haeckel, Einstein, Born, Planck, Heisenberg, Hertz and Bunsen; and inventors and engineers such as Gutenberg, Otto, Siemens, Braun, Daimler, Benz, Diesel and Linde. There are also numerous fine artists from Germany such as the Renaissance artist Dürer, the surrealist Ernst, the expressionist arc, the conceptual artist Beuys or the neo expressionist Baselitz.

The German language was once the lingua franca of central, eastern and northern Europe, and remains one of the most popular foreign languages taught worldwide, in Europe it is the second most popular language after English. Many important historical figures, though not citizens of Germany in the modern sense, were nevertheless seen as Germans in the sense that they were immersed in the German culture, for example Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Franz Kafka and Stefan Zweig.

Since about 1970 Germany has once again had a thriving popular culture, now increasingly being led by its new old capital Berlin and the city of Hamburg, and a self-confident music and art culture. Germany is also well known for its many opera houses.

Religion

Main article:Religion in Germany

Christianity is the major religion, with Protestants (particularly in the north and east) comprising 33% of the population and Catholics (particularly in the south and west) also 33%. In total more than 55 million people officially belong to a Christian denomination. Most German Protestants are members of the Evangelical Church in Germany. Independent and congregational churches exist in all larger towns and many smaller ones, but most such churches are small.

Roman Catholicism was Germany's top religion in the 15th century, but the Reformation changed this drastically. In 1517 Martin Luther challenged this religion as he saw it as a commercialisation of his faith. Through this, he altered the course of European and world history and established Protestantism, the largest denomination in Germany today.

In eastern Germany, there is much less religious feeling — probably the result of forty years of Communism — than in the West. Only 5% attend at least once per week, compared to 14% in the West according to a recent study. About 30% of the total population are officially religiously unaffiliated. In the East this number is also considerably higher.

Approximately 3.7 million Muslims (mostly of Turkish descent) live in Germany. Lately there have been heated discussions about the question of whether Muslim women working in public service, such as schoolteachers, should be allowed to wear headscarves to work or not.

Besides this there are a few hundred thousand Orthodox Christians, 400,000 New Apostolic Christians, numerous other small groups, and 160,000 Jews, of which around 100,000 belong to a synagogue.

Today Germany, especially its capital Berlin, has the fastest growing Jewish community worldwide. Some ten thousands of Jews from the former Eastern Bloc, mostly from ex-Soviet Union countries, settled in Germany since the fall of the Berlin wall. Prior to Nazism, about 600,000 Jews lived in Germany, most of them long-time resident families.