Chinese sovereign

Always put the following on top

For a uniformity of convention, please also type the Chinese character or Pinyin or Zhuyin pronunciation with any romanization you have typed. Thanx.

Request list of sovereigns

Sovereigns of Bohai (渤海 bo2 hai3), Nanzhao (南詔 nan2 zhao4), Dali (大理 da4 li3), Huns or Xiongnu(匈奴 xiong1 nu2), Tibet or Tubo (吐蕃| tu3 fan1 sometimes pronounced as 吐播|tu bo1), Huihe(回紇 hui2 he2) or Uighurs, Gokturks or 突厥 tu2 jue2, Avars or Rouran 柔然 rou2 ran2 needed.

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How to refer to a specific sovereign in a dynasty or kingdom

All sovereigns are denoted by a string of Chinese characters. I'll use

1) 'Han' Gao Zu Liu Bang ('漢 han4' 高祖 gao1 zu3 劉邦 liu3 bang1)
2) 'Tang' Tai Zong Li Shi Min ('唐 tang2' 太宗 tai4 zong1 李世民 li3 shi4 min2)
3) 'Wei' Wu Di Cao Cao ('魏 wei4' 武帝 wu3 di4 曹操 cao2 cao1)
4) 'Hou Han' Gao Zu Liu Zhi Yuan ('後漢 hou4 han4' 高祖 gao1 zu3 劉知遠 liu3 zhi1 yuan3)
5) 'Han' Guang Wu Di Liu Xiu ('漢 han4' 光武帝 guang1 wu3 di4 劉秀 liu3 xiu4)

as examples.

The first character(s) are the name of the dynasty or kingdom. e.g. 'Han', 'Tang', 'Wei' and 'Hou Han'.

Then come the characters of how the sovereign is commonly called, in most of the times the posthumous names or the temple names. e.g. Gao Zu, Tai Zong, Wu Di, Guang Wu Di

Then follow the characters of their personal names. e.g. Liu Bang, Li Shi Min, Cao Cao, Liu Zhi Yuan and Liu Xiu

In contemporary historical texts, the string including the name of dynasty and temple or posthumous names is sufficient enough as a clear reference to a particular sovereign.

e.g. 'Han' Gao Zu

Note that 'Wei' Wu Di Cao Cao never was a sovereign but his son was. Thus he was revered as Wu Di.
Cao Cao is good enough for reference.

Some rules of thumb and helpful tips for reading a list of sovereigns

All sovereigns starting from the Tang Dynasty are contemporarily referred using the temple names. They also had posthumous names but less used unless in traditional historical texts. Reversed situation before Tang as posthumous names are contemporarily used.

e.g. The posthumous name of 'Tang' Tai Zong Li Shi Min was Wen Di (文帝 wen2 di4)

If sovereigns after Tang were referenced using posthumous names, they were the last ones of their sovereignties or their reigns were short and unpopular.

e.g. 'Tang' Ai Di Li Zhu (唐哀帝 tang2 ai1 di4 李柷 li3 zhu4), also known as 'Tang' Zhao Xuan Di (唐昭宣帝 tang2 zhao1 xuan1 di4), was last emperor of the Tang Dynasty reigning from 904 to 907.

'Han' Guang Wu Di is equivalent to 'Dong Han' Guang Wu Di since he was the founder of the Eastern Han Dynasty. All dong(east)-xi(west), nan(south)-bei(north), qian(former)-hou(later) conventions were invented only by past or present historiographers for denoting a new era in a dynasty. Never used during that era.

The most common convention of naming Chinese Sovereigns

If you were even more confused after reading above, here is a quick guide (so not a thorough explanation).

1) Emperors before the Tang dynasty: use name of dynasty + posthumous names. eg. Han Wu Di
2) Emperors between Tang dynasty and Ming dynasty: use name of dynasty + temple names eg. Tang tai zong
3) Emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasty: use era names (same as reign names) because each emperor at the time has only one distinctive era name. eg. Kangxi (kang1 xi1) Emperor
4) Overrides rules 1 to 3: If there is a more common convention than using posthumous, temple or era names, then use it. eg. Cao Cao instead of Wei wu di.

Actually these rules are followed by almost all historians now (except those really nerdy ones) but it may not be so apparent to those not familiar with Chinese. Please refer to the guide above or write any comment on talk. My pleasure to answer them.

If you prefer better clarification and do not want to bother with all those "names", please refer to each dynasty of which the specific convention is shown on top of its sovereigns. Hopefully it helps you.

Tables

Below is a list of Chinese sovereigns. Between the Qin and the Qing dynasty sovereigns were known as Emperor - huang di 皇帝 huang2 di4. Before the Qin, the title of a sovereign was wang 王 wang2 which is translated as king.
Only the most recognized posthumous or temple names were used for all tables of sovereigns and referencing. For example, many kings of the Ten Kingdoms in the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms had tiresome posthumous names consisting of 10 to 20 Chinese characters. Why bother quoting them while only clear referencing is needed.

Sovereigns of Xia Dynasty

Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)
Convention: posthumous name
Note: 1) all dates are approximate until the Duo when first accurate dating of Chinese history began. Refer to Zhou dynasty for more info.
Yu|禹 yu3 or Xia Yu|夏禹 xia4 yu3 or Da Yu|大禹 da4 yu3
Qi|啟 qi3
Tai Kang|太康 tai4 kang1
Zhong Kang|仲康 zhong4 kang1
Xiang|相 xiang4
Shao Kang|少康 shao4 kang1 or Xia Shao Kang|夏少康 xia4 shao4 kang1
Zhu|杼 zhu4
Huai|槐 huai2
Mang|芒 mang2
Xie|泄 xie4
Bu Jiang|不降 bu4 jiang4
Jiong|扃 jiong1
Jin|廑 ( Putonghua: jin3 or Guoyu: jin4 )
Kong Jia|孔甲 kong3 jia3
Gao|皋 gao1
Fa|發 fa1
Jie|桀 jie2 or Xia Jie|夏桀 xia4 jie2 or Luu Gui|履癸 luu3 gui3

Sovereigns of Shang Dynasty

Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)
Convention: posthumous name
Note: 1) all dates are approximate until the Duo when first accurate dating of Chinese history began. Refer to Zhou dynasty for more info. 2) Personal names of most of the Shang sovereigns were unknown. The following names were most likely posthumous owing to frequent appearances of the Heavenly Stems (Tian Gan|天干 tian1 gan1).
Tang|湯 tang1 or Shang Tang|商湯 shang1 tang1
Wai Bing|外丙 wai4 bing3
Zhong Ren|仲壬 zhong4 ren2
Tai Jia|太甲 tai4 jia3
Wo Ding|沃丁 wo4 ding1
Tai Geng|太庚 tai4 geng1
Xiao Jia|小甲 xiao3 jia3
Yong Ji|雍己 yong1 ji3
Tai Wu|太戊 tai4 wu4
Zhong Ding|仲丁 zhong4 ding1
Wai Ren|外壬 wai4 ren2
He Dan Jia|河亶甲 he2 dan3 jia3
Zu Yi|祖乙 zu3 yi3
Zu Xin|祖辛 zu3 xin1
Wo Jia|沃甲 wo4 jia3
Zu Ding|祖丁 zu3 ding1
Nan Geng|南庚 nan2 geng1
Yang Jia|陽甲 yang2 jia3
Note: As Shang finally settled down at Yin (殷 yin1). Shang Dynasty could also referred starting from Pang Geng (盤庚 pang2 geng1) as the Yin Dynasty.
Pang Geng|盤庚 pang2 geng1
Xiao Xin|小辛 xiao3 xin1
Xiao Yi|小乙 xiao3 yi3
Wu Ding|武丁 wu3 ding1
Zu Geng|祖庚 zu3 geng1
Zu Jia|祖甲 zu3 jia3
Lin Xin|廩辛 lin3 xin1
Kang Ding|康丁 kang1 ding1
Wu Yi|武乙 wu3 yi3
Tai Ding|太丁 tai4 ding1 or Wen Ding|文丁 wen2 ding1
Di Yi|帝乙 di4 yi3
Di Xin|帝辛 di4 xin1 or Zhou|紂 zhou4 or Zhou Xin|紂辛 zhou4 xin1 or Zhou Wang|紂王zhou4 wang2
Note: Zhou could also referred as adding Shang (商 shang1) in front of any of his names.

Sovereigns of Zhou dynasty 1122 B.C.-256 B.C.

Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns
Convention: "Zhou" + posthumous name
Note: all dates are approximate util the Duo when first accurate dating of Chinese history began. Refer to Zhou dynasty for more info.
Xi (Western) Zhou dynasty 1122 B.C.-771 B.C.
Wu Wang|武王 wu3 wang2	Ji Fa|姬發 ji1 fa1	1122 B.C.-1116 B.C.
Cheng Wang|成王 cheng2 wang2	Ji Song|姬誦 ji1 song4	1115 B.C.-1079 B.C.
Kang Wang|康王 kang1 wang2	Ji Zhao|姬釗 ji1 zhao1	1078 B.C.-1053 B.C.
Zhao Wang|昭王 zhao1 wang2	Ji Xia|姬瑕 ji1 xia2	1052 B.C.-1002 B.C.
Mo Wang|穆王 mo4 wang2	Ji Man|姬滿 ji1 man3	1001 B.C.-947 B.C.
Gong Wang|共王 gong1 wang2	Ji Yi-Hu|姬繄扈 ji1 yi1 hu4	946 B.C.-935 B.C.
Yi Wang|懿王 yi4 wang2	Ji Jian|姬(喜replaces隹in 難) ji1 jian1	934 B.C.-910 B.C.
Xiao Wang|孝王 xiao4 wang2	Ji Man|姬辟方 ji1 pi4 fang1	909 B.C.-895 B.C.
Yi Wang|夷王 yi2 wang2	Ji Xie|姬燮 ji1 xie4	894 B.C.-879 B.C.
Li Wang|厲王 li4 wang2	Ji Hu|姬胡 ji1 hu2	878 B.C.-841 B.C.
The The Duo 841 B.C.-828 B.C.
Xuan Wang|宣王 xuan1 wang2	Ji Jing|姬靜 ji1 jing4	827 B.C.-782 B.C.
You Wang|幽王 you1 wang2	Ji Gong Sheng|姬宮湦 ji1 gong1 sheng1	781 B.C.-771 B.C.
Dong (Eastern) Zhou dynasty 770 B.C.-256 B.C.
Ping Wang|平王 ping2 wang2	Ji Yi Jiu|姬宜臼 ji1 yi2 jiu4	770 B.C.-720 B.C.
Huan Wang|桓王 huan2 wang2	Ji Lin|姬林 ji1 lin2	719 B.C.-697 B.C.
春秋時代 (chun1 qiu1 shi2 dai4) Spring and Autumn Period 722 B.C.-481 B.C.
Zhuang Wang|莊王 zhuang1 wang2	Ji Tuo|姬佗 ji1 tuo2	696 B.C.-682 B.C.
Li Wang|釐王 li2 wang2 or Xi Wang|(僖 or 禧) &#29579 (xi1 or xi3) wang2	Ji Hu Qi|姬胡齊 ji1 hu2 qi2	681 B.C.-677 B.C.
Hui Wang|惠王 hui4 wang2	Ji Lang|姬閬 ji1 ( Guoyu: lang3 or Putonghua: lang4)	676 B.C.-652 B.C.
Xiang Wang|襄王 xiang1 wang2	Ji Zheng|姬鄭 ji1 zheng4	651 B.C.-619 B.C.
Qing Wang|頃王 qing3 wang2	Ji Ren Chen|姬壬臣 ji1 ren2 chen2	618 B.C.-613 B.C.
Kuang Wang|匡王 kuang1 wang2	Ji Ban|姬班 ji1 ban1	612 B.C.-607 B.C.
Ding Wang|定王 ding4 wang2	Ji Yu|姬瑜 ji1 yu2	606 B.C.-586 B.C.
Jian Wang|簡王 jian3 wang2	Ji Yi|姬夷 ji1 yi2	585 B.C.-572 B.C.
Ling Wang|靈王 ling2 wang2	Ji Xie Xin|姬泄心 ji1 xie4 xin1	571 B.C.-545 B.C.
Jing Wang|景王 jing3 wang2	Ji Gui|姬貴 ji1 gui4	544 B.C.-521 B.C.
Dao Wang|悼王 dao4 wang2	Ji Meng|姬猛 ji1 meng3	520 B.C.
Jing Wang|敬王 jing4 wang2	Ji Gai|姬丐 ji1 gai4	519 B.C.-476 B.C.
Yuan Wang|元王 yuan2 wang2	Ji Ren|姬仁 ji1 ren2	475 B.C.-469 B.C.
Zhen Ding Wang|貞定王 zhen1 ding4 wang2	Ji Jie|姬介 ji1 jie4	468 B.C.-442 B.C.
Ai Wang|哀王 ai1 wang2	Ji Qu Ji|姬去疾 ji1 qu4 ji2	441 B.C.
Xi Wang|思王 xi1 wang2	Ji Shu|姬叔 ji1 shu2	441 B.C.
Kao Wang|考王 kao3 wang2	Ji Wei|姬嵬 ji1 wei2	440 B.C.-426 B.C.
Wei Lie Wang|威烈王 wei1 lie4 wang2	Ji Wu|姬午 ji1 wu3	425 B.C.-402 B.C.
戰國時代(zhan4 guo2 shi2 dai4) Period of the Warring states 403 B.C.-221 B.C.
An Wang|安王 an1 wang2	Ji Jiao|姬驕 ji1 jiao1	401 B.C.-376 B.C.
Lie Wang|烈王 lie4 wang2	Ji Xi|姬喜 ji1 xi3	375 B.C.-369 B.C.
Xian Wang|顯王 xian3 wang2	Ji Bian|姬扁 ji1 bian3	368 B.C.-321 B.C.
Shen Jing Wang|慎靚王 shen4 jing4 wang2	Ji Ding|姬定 ji1 ding4	320 B.C.-315 B.C.
Nan Wang|赧王 nan3 wang2	Ji Yan|姬延 ji1 yan2	314 B.C.-256 B.C.
Hui Wang|惠王 hui4 wang2	?	255 B.C.-249 B.C.
Note: nobles of the Ji family proclaim Hui Wang as the succesor to the dynasty after Luoyang fell to Qin. However the resistance did not last long when Qin army advanced southwards.

Sovereigns of Qin Dynasty 221 B.C.-207 B.C.

Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns
Convention: "Qin" + posthumous name
Note: Qin Zhao Shang Wang (秦昭襄王 qin2 zhao1 xiang1 wang2) had already been ruling Qin for 51 years when Qin anniliated Zhou Dynasty; however the other six warring states were still independent regimes. Historiographers thus used the next year (the 52nd year of Qin Zhao Shang Wang) as the official continuation from Zhou Dynasty therefore so should we. Qin Shi Huang Di was the first Chinese sovereign proclaimed himself "Emperor".
Zhao Xiang Wang|昭襄王 zhao1 xiang1 wang2	Ying Ze|嬴則 ying2 ze2 or Ying Ji|嬴稷 ying2 ji4	255 B.C.-250 B.C.
Xiao Wen Wang|孝文王 xiao4 wen2 wang2	Ying Zhu|嬴柱 ying2 zhu4	250 B.C.
Zhuang Xiang Wang|莊襄王 zhuang1 xiang1 wang2	Ying Zi Chu|嬴子楚 ying2 zi5 chu3	249 B.C.-247 B.C.
Shi Huang Di|始皇帝 shi3 huang2 di4	Ying Zheng|嬴政 ying2 zheng4	246 B.C.-210 B.C.
Er Shi|二世 er4 shi4	Ying Hu Hai|嬴胡亥 ying2 hu2 hai4	209 B.C.-207 B.C.
Zi Ying was often referred using personal name or Qin Wang Zi Ying (秦王子嬰 qin2 wang2 zi5 ying1)
Did not exist	Ying Zi Ying|嬴子嬰 ying2 zi5 ying1	207 B.C.

Han Dynasty Sovereigns

Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Han" + posthumous name
Xi (Western) Han Dynasty 206 B.C.-9 AD
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	劉邦 (liu3 bang1)	206 B.C.-195 B.C.	Did not exist
Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4)	劉盈 (liu3 ying2)	194 B.C.-188 B.C.	Did not exist
Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4)	Liu Gong|劉恭 liu3 gong1	188 B.C.-184 B.C.	Did not exist
Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4)	Liu Hong|劉弘 liu3 hong2	184 B.C.-180 B.C.	Did not exist
Wen Di (文帝) (wen2 di4)	劉恆 (liu3 heng2)	179 B.C.-157 B.C.	Houyuan (後元 hou4 yuan2) 163 B.C.-156 B.C.
Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4)	劉啟 (liu3 qi3)	156 B.C.-141 B.C.	Chngyuan (中元 zhong1 yuan2) 149 B.C.-143 B.C. Houyuan (後元 hou4 yuan2) 143 B.C.-141 B.C.
Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4)	劉徹 (liu3 che4)	140 B.C.- 87 B.C.	Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 140 B.C.-135 B.C. Yuanguang(元光 yuan2 guang1) 134 B.C.-129 B.C. Yuanshuo (元朔 yuan2 shuo4) 128 B.C.-123 B.C. Yuanshou (元狩 yuan2 shou4) 122 B.C.-117 B.C. Yuanding (元鼎 yuan2 ding3) 116 B.C.-111 B.C. Yuanfeng (元封 yuan2 feng1) 110 B.C.-105 B.C. Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 104 B.C.-101 B.C. Tianhan (天漢 tian1 han4) 100 B.C.-97 B.C. Taishi (太始 tai4 shi3) 96 B.C.-93 B.C. Zhenghe (征和 zheng1 he2) 92 B.C.-89 B.C. Houyuan (後元 hou4 yuan2) 88 B.C.-87 B.C.
Zhao Di (昭帝 zhao1 di4)	劉弗陵 (liu3 fu2 ling2)	86 B.C.- 74 B.C.	Shiyuan (始元 shi3 yuan2) 86 B.C.-80 B.C. Yuanfeng (元鳳 yuan2 feng4) 80 B.C.-75 B.C. Yuanping(元平 yuan2 ping2) 74 B.C.
Chang Yi Wang (昌邑王 chang1 yi2 wang2)	劉賀 (liu3 he4)	74 B.C.	Yuanping(元平 yuan2 ping2) 74 B.C.
Xuan Di (宣帝 xuan1 di4)	劉詢 (liu3 xun2)	73 B.C.- 49 B.C.	Benshi (本始 ben3 shi3) 73 B.C.-70 B.C. Dijie (地節 di4 jie2) 69 B.C.-66 B.C. Yuankang (元康 yuan2 kang1) 65 B.C.-61 B.C. Shenjue (神爵 shen2 jue2) 61 B.C.-58 B.C. Wufeng (五鳳 wu3 feng4) 57 B.C.-54 B.C. Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 53 B.C.-50 B.C. Huanglong (黃龍 hunag2 long2) 49 B.C.
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4)	劉奭 (liu3 shi4)	48 B.C.- 33 B.C.	Chuyuan (初元 chu1 yuan2) 48 B.C.-44 B.C. Yongguang (永光 yong3 guang1) 43 B.C.-39 B.C. Jianzhao (建昭 jian4 zhao1) 38 B.C.-34 B.C. Jingning (竟寧 jing4 ning2) 33 B.C.
Cheng Di (成帝 cheng2 di4)	劉驁 (liu3 ao2)	32 B.C.-7 B.C.	Jianshi (建始 jian4 shi3) 32 B.C.-28 B.C. Heping (河平 he2 ping2) 28 B.C.-25 B.C. Yangshuo(陽朔 yang2 shuo4) 24 B.C.-21 B.C. Hongjia (鴻嘉 hong2 jia1) 20 B.C.-17 B.C. Yongshi (永始 yong3 shi3) 16 B.C.-13 B.C. Yuanyan (元延 yuan2 yan2) 12 B.C.-9 B.C. Suihe (綏和 sui1 he2) 8 B.C.-7 B.C.
Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4)	劉欣 (liu3 xin1)	6 B.C.-1 B.C.	Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 6 B.C.-3 B.C. Yuanshou (元壽 yuan2 shou4) 2 B.C.-1 B.C.
Ping Di (平帝 ping2 di4)	劉衎 (liu3 kan4)	1-5	Yuanshi (元始 yuan2 shi3) 1-5
Ru Zi Ying (孺子嬰 ru2 zi5 ying1)	劉嬰(liu3 ying1)	6-8	Jushe (居攝 ju1 she4) 6- October 8 Chushi (初始 chu1 shi3) November 8-December 8
the Xin Dynasty by Wang Mang		9-23	Shijianguo (始建國 shi3 jian4 guo1) 9- 13 Tianfeng (天鳳 tian1 feng1) 14-19 Dihuang (地皇 di4 huang2) 20-23
Geng Shi Di (更始帝 gang4 shi3 di4)	劉玄 (liu3 xuan2)	23-25	Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 23-25
Dong (Eastern) Han Dynasty 25 AD - 220 AD
Guang Wu Di (光武帝 guang1 wu3 di4)	劉秀 (liu3 xiu4)	25-57	Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 25-56 Jianwuzhongyuan (建武中元 jian4 wu3 zhong1 yuan2) 56-57
Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4)	劉莊 (liu3 zhuang1)	58-75	Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) 58-75
Zhang Di (章帝 zhang1 di4)	劉炟 (liu3 da2)	76-88	Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 76-84 Yuanhe (元和 yuan2 he2) 84-87 Zhanghe (章和 zhang1 he2) 87-88
He Di (和帝 he2 di4)	劉肇 (liu3 zhao4)	89-105	Yongyuan (永元 yong3 yuan2) 89-105 Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 105
Shang Di (殤帝 shang1 di4)	劉隆 (liu3 long2)	106	Jianping (延平 jian4 ping2) 100 days in 106
An Di (安帝 an1 di4)	劉祜 (liu3 hu4)	106-125	Yongchu (永初 yong3 chu1) 107-113 Yuanchu (元初 yuan2 chu1) 114-120 Yongning(永寧 yong3 ning2) 120-121 Jianguang (建光 jian4 guang1) 121-122 Yanguang (延光 yan2 guang1) 122-125
Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) or Bei Xiang Hou (北鄉侯 bei3 xiang1 hou2)	劉懿 (liu3 yi4)	125	Yanguang (延光 yan2 guang1) 125
Shun Di (順帝 shun4 di4)	劉保 (liu3 bao2)	125-144	Yongjian (永建 yong3 jian4) 126-132 Yangjia (陽嘉 yang2 jia1) 132-135 Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 136-141 Hanan (漢安 han4 an1) 142-144 Jiankang (建康 jian4 kang1) 144
Chong Di (沖帝 chong1 di4)	劉炳 (liu3 bing3)	144-145	Yongxi (永熹 yong1 xi1) 145
Zhi Di (質帝 zhi2 di4)	劉纘 (liu3 zuan3)	145-146	Benchu (本初 ben3 chu1) 146
Huan Di (桓帝 huan2 di4)	劉志 (liu3 zhi3)	146-168	Jianhe (建和 jian4 he2) 147-149 Heping (和平 he2 ping2) 150 Yuanjia (元嘉 yuan2 jia1) 151-153 Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 153-154 Yongshou (永壽 yong3 shou4) 155-158 Yanxi (延熹 yan2 xi1) 158-167 Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 167
Ling Di (靈帝 ling2 di4)	劉宏 (liu2 hong2)	168-189	Jianning (建寧 jian4 ning2) 168-172 Xiping (熹平 xi1 ping2) 172-178 Guanghe (光和 guang1 he2) 178-184 Zhongping(中平 zhong1 ping2) 184-189
Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) or Hong Nong Wang (弘農王 hong2 nong2 wang2)	劉辯 (liu3 bian4)	189	Guangxi (光熹 guang1 xi1) 189 Zhaoning (昭寧 zhao1 ning2) 189
Xian Di (獻帝 xian4 di4)	劉協 (liu3 xie2)	189-220	Yonghan (永漢 yong3 han4) 189 Chuping (初平 chu1 ping2) 190-193 Xingping (興平 xing1 ping2) 194-195 Jianan (建安 jian4 an1) 196-220 Yankang (延康 yan2 kang1) 220

Three Kingdoms Sovereigns

Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Wei 220-265 AD
Convention: "Wei" + posthumous name, sometimes except Cao Pi who was referred using personal names.
Wen Di (文帝 wen2 di4)	Cao Pi|曹丕 cao2 pi1	220-226	Huangchu (黃初 huang2 chu1) 220-226
Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4)	Cao Rui|曹叡 cao2 rui4	226-239	Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 227-233 Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 233-237 Jingchu (景初 jing3 chu1) 237-239
Qi Wang (齊王 qi2 wang2)	Cao Fang|曹芳 cao2 fang1	239-254	Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 240-249 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 249-254
Gao Gui Xiang Gong (高貴鄉公 gao1 gui4 xiang1 gong1)	Cao Mao|曹髦 cao2 mao2	254-260	Zhengyuan (正元 zheng4 yuan2) 254-256 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 256-260
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4)	Cao Huan|曹奐 cao2 huan4	260-265	Jingyuan (景元 jing3 yuan2) 260-264 Xianxi (咸熙 xian2 xi1) 264-265
Shu or Shu Han 221 - 263
Convention: use personal name
Zhao Lie Di (昭烈帝 zhao1 lie4 di4)	劉備 (liu2 bei4)	221-223	Zhangwu (章武 zhang1 wu3) 221-223
Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	Liu Chan|劉禪 (liu2 xhan2)	223-263	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 223-237 Yanxi (延熙 yan2 xi1) 238-257 Jingyao (景耀 jing3 yao4) 258-263 Yanxing (炎興 yan2 xing1) 263
Wu 222-280
Convention: use personal name
Da Di (大帝 da4 di4)	孫權 sun1 quan2	222-252	Huangwu (黃武 huang2 wu3) 222-229 Huanglong (黃龍 huang2 long2) 229-231 Jiahe (嘉禾 jia1 he2) 232-238 Chiwu (赤烏 chi4 wu1) 238-251 Taiyuan (太元 tai4 yuan2) 251-252 Shenfeng (神鳳 shen2 feng4) 252
Kuai ji wang (會稽王 kuai4 ji1 wang2)	Sun Liang|孫亮 sun1 liang4	252-258	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 252-253 Wufeng (五鳳 wu3 feng4) 254-256 Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 256-258
Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4)	Sun Xiu|孫休 sun1 xiu1	258-264	Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 258-264
Wu Cheng Hou (烏程侯 wu1 cheng2 hou2)	Sun Hao|孫皓 sun1 hao4	264-280	Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 264-265 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 265-266 Baoding (寶鼎 bao3 ding3) 266-269 Jianheng (建衡 jian4 heng2) 269-271 Fenghuang (鳳凰 feng4 huang2) 272-274 Tiance (天冊 tian1 ce4) 275-276 Tianxi (天璽 tian1 xi3) 276 Tianji (天紀 tian1 ji4) 277-280

Jin Dynasty (265-420) Sovereigns

Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Jin" + posthumous name
Xi (Western) Jin Dynasty 265-317
Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4)	Sima Yan|司馬炎 si1 ma3 yan2	265-290	Taishi (泰始 tai4 shi3) 265-274 Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2)275-280 Taikang (太康 tai4 kang1) 280-289 Taixi (太熙 tai4 xi1) 290
Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4)	Sima Zhong|司馬衷 si1 ma3 zhong1	290-306	Yongxi (永熙 yong3 xi1) 290 Yongping (永平 yong3 ping) 291 Yuankang (元康 yuan2 kang1) 291-299 Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 300-301 Yongning (永寧 yong3 ning2) 301-302 Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 302-303 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 304 Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 304 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 304 Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 304-306 Guangxi (光熙 guang1 xi1) 306
Huai Di (懷帝 huai2 di4)	Sima Zhong|司馬熾 si1 ma3 chi4	307-311	Yongjia (永嘉 yong3 jia1) 307-313
Min Di (愍帝 min3 di4)	Sima Ye|司馬鄴 si1 ma3 ye4	313-317	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 313-317
Dong (Eastern) Jin Dynasty 317 AD - 420 AD
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4)	Sima Rui|司馬睿 si1 ma3 rui4	317-322	Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 317-318 Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 318-321 Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang3) 321-322
Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4)	Sima Shao|司馬紹 si1 ma3 shao4	322-325	Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang3) 322-323 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 323-325
Cheng Di (成帝 cheng2 di4)	Sima Yan|司馬衍 si1 ma3 yan3	325-342	Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 325 Xianhe (咸和 xian2 he2) 326-334 Xiankang (咸康 xian2 kang1) 335-342
Kang Di (康帝 kang1 di4)	Sima Yue|司馬岳 si1 ma3 yue4	342-344	Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 343-344
Mu Di (穆帝 mu4 di4)	Sima Dan|司馬聃 si1 ma3 dan1	345-361	Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 345-356 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 357-361
Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4)	Sima Pi|司馬丕 si1 ma3 pi1	361-365	Longhe (隆和 long2 he2) 362-363 Xingning (興寧 xing1 ning2) 363-365
Hai Xi Gong (海西公 hai3 xi1 gong1)	Sima Yi|司馬奕 si1 ma3 yi4	365-371	Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 365-371
Jian Wen Di (簡文帝 jian3 wen2 di4)	Sima Yu|司馬昱 si1 ma3 yu4	371-372	Xianan (咸安 xian2 an1) 371-372
Xiao Wu Di (孝武帝 xiao4 wu3 di4)	Sima Yao|司馬曜 si1 ma3 yao4	372-396	Ningkang (寧康 ning2 kang1) 373-375 Taiyuan (太元 tai4 yuan2) 376-396
An Di (安帝 an1 di4)	Sima De Zong|司馬德宗 si1 ma3 de2 zong1	396-418	Longan (隆安 long2 an1) 397-401 Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 402-404 Yixi (義熙 yi4 xi1) 405-418
Gong Di (恭帝 gong1 di4)	Sima De Wen|司馬德文 si1 ma3 de2 wen2	419-420	Yuanxi (元熙 yuan2 xi1) 419-420

Sovereigns in the Period of Sixteen Kingdoms

Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: use personal name
Han Zhao Empire 304-329 AD (addressed separately in traditional texts as Han Empire and Former Zhao Empire)
Han Empire 304-318
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Guang Wen Di (光文帝 guang1 wen2 di4)	Liu Yuan|劉淵 liu2 yuan1	304-310	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 304-308 Yongfeng (永鳳 yong3 feng4) 308-309 Herui (河瑞 he2 rui4) 309-310
Did not exist	Liang Wang (梁王 liang2 wang2)	Liu He|劉和 liu2 he2	7 days in 310	Did not exist
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1)	Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4)	Liu Cong|劉聰 liu2 cong1	310-318	Guangxing (光興 guang1 xing1) 310-311 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 311-315 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 315-316 Linjia (麟嘉 lin2 jia1) 316-318
Did not exist	Yin Di (隱帝 yin3 di4)	Liu Can|劉粲 liu2 can4	a month and days in 318	Hanchang (漢昌 han4 chang1) 318
Qian (Former) Zhao Empire 318-329
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	Liu Yao|劉曜 liu2 yao4	318-329	Guangchu (光初 guang1 chu1) 318-329
Hou (Later) Zhao Empire 319 - 351
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4)	Shi Le|石勒 shi2 le4	319-333	Zhaowang (趙王 zhao4 wang2) 319-328 Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 328-330 Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 330-333
Did not exist	Hai Yang Wang (海陽王 hai3 yang2 wang2)	Shi Hong|石弘 shi2 hong2	333-334	Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 333 Yanxi (延熙 yan2 xi1) 334
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4)	Shi Hu|石虎 shi2 hu3	334-349	Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 334-349 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 349
Did not exist	Qiao Wang (譙王 qiao2 wang2)	Shi Shi|石世 shi2 shi4	73 days in 349	Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 73 days in 349
Did not exist	Pang Cheng Wang (彭城王 pang2 cheng2 wang2)	Shi Zun|石遵 shi2 zun1	183 days in 349	Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 183 days in 349
Did not exist	Yi Yang Wang (義陽王 yi4 yang2 wang2)	Shi Jian|石鑒 shi2 jian4	103 days within 349-350	Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 103 days within 349-350
Did not exist	Xin Xing Wang (新興王 xin1 xing1 wang2)	Shi Zhi|石祗 shi2 zhi1	350-351	Yongning (永寧 yong3 ning2) 349-350
Cheng Han Empire 303-347 AD(addressed separately in traditional texts as Cheng Empire and Han Empire)
Cheng Empire 303-338
Shi Zu (始祖 shi3 zu3) or Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3)	Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4)	Li Te|李特 li3 te4	303	Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) or Jingchu (景初 jing3 chu1) 303
Did not exist	Qin Wen Wang (秦文王 qin2 wen2 wang2)	Li Liu|李流 li3 liu2	several months in 303	Did not exist
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1)	Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4)	Li Xiong|李雄 li3 xiong2	303-334	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 303-305 Yanping (晏平 yan4 ping2) 305-311 Yuheng (玉衡 yu4 heng2) 311-334
Did not exist	Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 si4)	Li Ban|李班 li3 ban1	7 months in 334	Yuheng (玉衡 yu4 heng2) 7 months in 334
Did not exist	You Gong (幽公 you1 gong1)	Li Qi|李期 li3 qi1	334-338	Yuheng (玉恆 yu4 heng2) 334-338
Han Empire 338-347
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1)	Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4)	Li Shou|李壽 li3 shou4	338-343	Hanxing (漢興 han4 xing1) 338-343
Did not exist	Gui Yi Hou (歸義侯 gui1 yi4 hou2)	Li Shi|李勢 li3 shi4	343-347	Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 343-346 Jianing (嘉寧 jia1 ning2) 346-347
Qian (Former) Yan Empire 337-370
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wen Ming Di (文明帝 wen2 ming2 di4)	Mu Rong Huang|慕容皝 mu4 rong2 huang3	337-348	Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 337-348
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1)	Jing Zhao Di (景昭帝 jing3 zhao1 di4)	Mu Rong Jun|慕容俊 mu4 rong2 jun4	348-360	Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 348-353 Yuanxi (元璽 yuan2 xi3) 353-357 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 357 Guangshou (光壽 gunag1 shou4) 357-360
Did not exist	You Di (幽帝 you1 di4)	Mu Rong Wei|慕容暐 mu4 rong2 wei3	360-370	Jianxi (建熙 jian4 xi1) 360-365 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 365-370
Hou (Later) Yan Empire 384-407
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3)	Wu Cheng Di (武成帝 wu3 cheng2 di4)	Mu Rong Chui|慕容垂 mu4 rong2 chui2	384-396	Yanyuan (燕王 yan4 wang2) 384-385 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 386-396
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1)	Hui Min Di (惠愍帝 hui4 min3 di4)	Mu Rong Bao|慕容寶 mu4 rong2 bao3	396-398	Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 396-398
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1)	Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4)	Mu Rong Sheng|慕容盛 mu4 rong2 sheng4	398-401	Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 398 Changluo (長樂 chang2 le4) 399-401
Did not exist	Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4)	Mu Rong Xi|慕容熙 mu4 rong2 xi1	401-407	Guangshi (光始 guang1 shi3) 401-406 Jianshi (建始 jian4 shi3) 407
Nan (Southern) Yan Empire 398-410
Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1)	Xian Wu Di (獻武帝 xian4 wu3 di4)	Mu Rong De|慕容德 mu4 rong2 de2	398-405	Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 398-400 Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 400-405
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	Mu Rong Chao|慕容超 mu4 rong2 chao1	405-410	Taishang (太上 tai4 shang4) 405-410
Bei (Northern) Yan Empire 407-436
Did not exist	Hui Yi Di (惠懿帝 hui4 yi4 di4)	Gao Yun|高雲 gao1 yun2	407-409	Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 407-409
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wen Cheng Di (文成帝 wen2 cheng2 di4)	Feng Ba|馮跋 feng2 ba2	409-430	Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 409-430
Did not exist	Zhao Cheng Di (昭成帝 zhao1 cheng2 di4)	Feng Hong|馮弘 feng2 hong2	430-436	Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 430-436
Qian (Former) Liang Kingdom 320-376
Did not exist	Cheng Gong (成公 cheng2 gong1)	Zhang Mao|張茂 zhang1 mao4	320-324	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 320-324
Did not exist	Zhong Cheng Gong (忠成公 zhong1 cheng2 gong1)	Zhang Jun|張駿 zhang1 jun4	324-346	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 324-346
Did not exist	Huan Gong (桓公 huan2 gong1)	Zhang Chong Hua|張重華 zhang1 chong2 hua2	346-353	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 346-353
Did not exist	Ai Gong (哀公 ai1 gong1)	Zhang Yao Ling|張曜靈 zhang1 yao4 ling2	3 months (the ninth to the twelfth month) in 353	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353
Did not exist	Wei Wang (威王 wei1 wang2)	Zhang Zuo|張祚 zhang1 zuo4	353-355	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353-354 Heping (和平 he2 ping2) 354-355
Did not exist	Jing Dao Gong (敬悼公 jing4 dao4 gong1) or Chong Gong (沖公 chong1 gong1)	Zhang Xuan Jing|張玄靖 zhang1 xuan2 jing4	355-363	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 355-361 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 361-363
Did not exist	Dao Gong (悼公 dao4 gong1)	Zhang Tian Xi|張天錫 zhang1 tian1 xi2	364-376	Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 364-376
Hou (Later) Liang Kingdom 386 AD - 403 AD
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Yi Wu Wang (懿武王 yi4 wu3 wang2)	Luu Guang|呂光 uu3 guang1	386-399	Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 386-389 Lunjia (麟嘉 lun2 jia1) 389-396 Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 396-399
Did not exist	Yin Wang (隱王 yin3 wang2)	Luu Shao|呂紹 luu3 shao4	399	Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 399
Did not exist	Ling Wang (靈王 ling2 wang2)	Luu Zuan|呂纂 luu3 zuan3	399-401	Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2) 399-401
Did not exist	Shang Shu Gong (尚書公 shang4 shu1 gong1) or Jiankang Gong (建康公 jian4 kang1 gong1)	Luu Long|呂隆 luu3 long2	401-403	Shending (神鼎 shen2 ding3) 401-403
Nan (Southern) Liang Kingdom 397 AD - 414 AD
Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3)	Wu Wang (武王 wu3 wang2)	Tufa Wu Gu|禿髮烏孤 tu1 fa3 wu1 gu1	397-399	Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 397-399
Did not exist	Kang Wang (康王 kang1 wang2)	Tufa Li Lu Gu|禿髮利鹿孤 tu1 fa3 li4 lu4 gu1	399-402	Jianhe (建和 jian4 he2) 399-402
Did not exist	Jing Wang (景王 jing3 wang2) or Jing Wang (敬王 jing4 wang2)	Tufa Ru Tan|禿髮(人+辱)檀 tu1 fa3 li4 ru? tan2	402-414	Hongchang (弘昌 hong2 chang1) 402-404 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 409-414
Bei (Northern) Liang Kingdom 397-414 (as Kings of Gao Chang 442-460)
Did not exist	Did not exist	Duan Ye|段業 duan4 ye4	397-401	Shen Xi (神璽 shen2 xi3) 397-399 Tian Xi (天璽 tian1 xi3) 399-401
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wu Xuan Wang (武宣王 wu3 xuan1 wang2)	Ju Qu Meng Xun|沮渠蒙遜 ju3 qu2 meng2 xun4	401-433	Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 401-412 Xuanshi (玄始 xuan2 shi3) 412-428 Chengxuan (承玄 cheng2 xuan2) 428-430 Yihe (義和 yi4 he2) 430-433
Did not exist	Ai Wang (哀王 ai1 wang2)	Ju Qu Mu Jian|沮渠牧犍 ju3 qu2 mu4 jian1	433-439	Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 433-439
Did not exist	Did not exist	Ju Qu Wu Hui|沮渠無諱 ju3 qu2 wu2 hui4	442-444	Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 442-443 Qianshou (乾壽 qian2 shou4) 443-444
Did not exist	Did not exist	Ju Qu An Zhou|沮渠安周 ju3 qu2 an1 zhou1	444-460	Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 444-460
Xi (Western) Liang Kingdom 400-421
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wu Zhao Wang (武昭王 wu3 zhao1 wang2)	Li Gao|李暠 li3 gao3	400-417	Gengzi (庚子 geng1 zi5) 400-405 Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 406-416
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	Li Xin|李歆 li3 xin1	417-420	Jiaxing (嘉興 jia1 xing1) 417-420
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	Li Xun|李恂 li3 xun2	420-421	Yongjian (永建 yong3 jian4) 420-421
Qian Former Qin Empire 351 AD - 394 AD
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Jing Ming Di (景明帝 jing3 ming2 di4)	Fu Jian|苻健 fu2 jian4	351-355	Huangshi (皇始 huang2 shi3) 351-355
Did not exist	Li Wang (厲王 li4 wang2)	Fu Sheng|苻生 fu2 sheng1	355-357	Shouguang (壽光 shou4 guang1) 355-357
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3)	Xuan Zhao Di (宣昭帝 xuan1 zhao1 di4)	Fu Jian|苻堅 fu2 jian1	357-385	Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 357-359 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 359-364 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 365-385
Did not exist	Ai Ping Di (哀平帝 ai1 ping2 di4)	Fu Pi|苻丕 fu2 pi1	385-386	Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 385-386
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1)	Gao Di (高帝 gao1 di4)	Fu Deng|苻登 fu2 deng1	386-394	Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 385-394
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	Fu Chong|苻崇 fu2 chong2	several months in 394	Yanchu (延初 yan2 chu1) 394
Hou (Later) Qin Empire 384 AD - 417 AD
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wu Zhao Di (武昭帝 wu3 zhao1 di4)	Yao Chang|姚萇 yao2 chang2	384-393	Bai Que(白雀 bai2 que4) 384-386 Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 386-393
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Wen Huan Di (文桓帝 wen2 huan2 di4)	Yao Xing|姚興 yao2 xing1	394-416	Huangchu (皇初 huang2 chu1) 394-399 Hongshi (弘始 hong2 shi3) 399-416
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	Yao Hong|姚泓 yao2 hong2	416-417	Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 416-417
Xi (Western) Qin Kingdom 385-400,409-431
Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3)	Xuan Lie Wang (宣烈王 xuan1 lie4 wang2)	Qifu Guo Ren|乞伏國仁 qi3 fu2 guo2 ren2	385-388	Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 385-388
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Wu Yuan Wang (武元王 wu3 yuan2 wang2)	Qifu Gan Gui|乞伏乾歸 qi3 fu2 gan1 gui1	388-400,409-412	Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 388-400 Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 409-412
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wen Zhao Wang (文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2)	Qifu Chi Pan|乞伏熾磐 qi3 fu2 chi4 pan2	388-400,409-412	Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 412-419 Jianhong (建弘 jian4 hong2) 420-428
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	Qifu Mu Mo|乞伏暮末 qi3 fu2 mu4 mo4	428-431	Yonghong (永弘 yong3 hong2) 428-431
Xia Empire 407-431
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3)	Wu Lie Di (武烈帝 wu3 lie4 di4)	Helian Bo Bo|赫連勃勃 he4 lian2 bo2 bo2	407-425	Longsheng (龍升 long2 sheng1) 407-413 Fengxiang (鳳翔 feng4 xiang2) 413-418 Changwu (昌武 chang1 wu3) 418-419 Zhenxing (真興 chen1 xing1) 419-425
Did not exist	Qin Wang (秦王 qin2 wang2)	Helian Chang|赫連昌 he4 lian2 chang1	425-428	Chengguang (承光 cheng2 guang1) 425-428
Did not exist	Ping Yuan Wang (平原王 ping2 yuan2 wang2)	Helian Ding|赫連定 he4 lian2 ding4	428-431	Shengguang (勝光 sheng4 guang1) 425-428

Sovereignties established by Chinese and Wu Hu but traditionally not counted in the Sixteen Kingdoms

Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: use personal name
Ran Wei Kingdom 350-352 (addressed as Wei Kingdom in traditional texts)
Wu Dao Tian Wang (武道天王 wu3 dao4 tian1 wang2)	Ran Min|冉閔 ran3 min3	350-352	Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 350-352
Xi (Western) Yan Empire 384-394
Wei Di (威帝 wei1 di4)	Mu Rong Hong|慕容泓 mu4 rong2 hong2	384	Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384
Did not exist	Mu Rong Chong|慕容沖 mu4 rong2 chong1	384-386	Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384-385 Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 385-386
Did not exist	Duan Sui|段隨 duan4 sui2	386	Changping (昌平 chang1 ping2) 386
Did not exist	Mu Rong Tao|慕容韜 mu4 rong2 tao1	386	Jianming (建明 jian4 ming2) 386
Did not exist	Mu Rong Yao|慕容瑤 mu4 rong2 yao2	386	Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 386
Did not exist	Mu Rong Zhong|慕容忠 mu4 rong2 zhong1	386	Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 386
Did not exist	Mu Rong Yong|慕容永 mu4 rong2 yong3	386-394	Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 386-394
Shu Kingdom 405-413
Cheng Du Wang (成都王 cheng2 du1 wang2)	Qiao Zong|譙縱 qiao2 zong4	405-413	Did not exist
Chieftains of Tiefu Tribe ( mid-3rd century-391 )
Did not exist	Liu Qu Bei|劉去卑 liu2 qu4 bei1	mid 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Liu Gao Sheng Yuan|劉誥升爰 liu2 gao4 sheng1 yuan2	mid 3rd century - late 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Liu Hu|劉虎 liu2 hu3	early 4th century (309?) - 341	Did not exist
Did not exist	Liu Wu Heng|劉務恒 liu2 wu4 heng2	341-356	Did not exist
Did not exist	Liu E Lou Tou|劉閼陋頭 liu2 e4 lou4 tou2	356-358	Did not exist
Did not exist	Liu Xi Wu Qi|劉悉勿祈 liu2 xi1 wu4 qi2	358-359	Did not exist
Did not exist	Liu Wei Chen|劉衛辰 liu2 wei4 chen2	359-391	Did not exist
Chieftains of Yuwen Tribe ( late-3rd century-345 )
Did not exist	Yuwen Mo Huai|宇文莫槐 yu3 wen2 mo4 huai2	late 3rd century-293	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yuwen Pu Hui|宇文普回 yu3 wen2 pu3 hui2 or Yuwen Pu Bo|宇文普撥 yu3 wen2 pu3 bo1	293-late 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yuwen Qiu Bu Quan|宇文丘不勤 yu3 wen2 qiu1 bu4 qin2	late 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yuwen Mo Gui|宇文莫圭 yu3 wen2 mo4 gui1	late 3rd century (299?)- early 4th century (302?)	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yuwen Xi Du Guan|宇文悉獨官 yu3 wen2 xi1 du2 guan1	early 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yuwen Qi De Gui|宇文乞得歸 yu3 wen2 qi3 de5 gui1	early 3rd century - 333	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yuwen Yi Dou Gui|宇文逸豆歸 yu3 wen2 yi4 dou4 gui1	333-345	Did not exist
Dukes of Liaoxi 303-338
Did not exist	Duan Wu Wu Chen|段務勿塵 duan4 wu4 wu4 chen2	303-310 or 311	Did not exist
Did not exist	Duan Ji Lu Quan|段疾陸眷 duan4 ji2 lu4 juan4	310 or 311 - 318	Did not exist
Did not exist	Duan She Fu Chen|段涉復辰 duan4 she4 fu4 chen2	318	Did not exist
Did not exist	Duan Pi Di|段匹磾 duan4 pi3 di1	318-321	Did not exist
Did not exist	Duan Mo Pei|段末柸 duan4 mo4 pei1	318-325	Did not exist
Did not exist	Duan Ya|段牙 duan4 ya2	325	Did not exist
Did not exist	Duan Liao|段遼 duan4 liao2	326-338	Did not exist
Chieftains, Dukes and Kings of Chouchi, Wuxing and Yinping (late 2nd century- mid 6th century (555?) )
First Phase of Chouchi (late 2nd century-371)
Did not exist	Yang Teng|楊騰 yang2 teng2	late 2nd century- early 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Ju|楊駒 yang2 ju1	early 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Qian Wan|楊千萬 yang2 qian1 wan4	early 3rd century - mid 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Fei Long|楊飛龍 yang2 fei1 long2	mid 3rd century - late 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Mao Sou|楊茂搜 yang2 mao4 sou1	late 3rd century - 317	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Nan Di|楊難敵 yang2 nan2 di2	317-334	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Yi|楊毅 yang2 yi4	334-337	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Chu|楊初 yang2 chu1	337-355	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Guo|楊國 yang2 guo2	355-356	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Jun|楊俊 yang2 jun4	356-360	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Shi|楊世 yang2 shi4	360-370	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Cuan|楊篡 yang2 cuan4	370-371	Did not exist
Second Phase of Chouchi 385-473
Wu Wang|武王 wu3 wang2	Yang Ding|楊定 yang2 ding4	385-394	Did not exist
Hui Wen Wang|惠文王 hui4 wen2 wang2	Yang Sheng|楊盛 yang2 sheng4	394-425	Did not exist
Xiao Zhao Wang|孝昭王 xiao4 zhao1 wang2	Yang Xuan|楊玄 yang2 xuan2	425-429	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Bao Zong|楊保宗 yang2 bao3 zong1	429 and 443	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Nan Dang|楊難當 yang2 nan2 dang1	429-441	Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 436-440
Did not exist	Yang Bao Chi|楊保熾 yang2 bao3 chi4	442-443	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Wen De|楊文德 yang2 wen2 de2	443-454	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Yuan He|楊元和 yang2 yuan2 he2	455-466	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Seng Si|楊僧嗣 yang2 seng1 si4	466-473	Did not exist
Kings of Wuxing 473-506 and 534-555
Did not exist	Yang Wen Du|楊文度 yang2 wen2 du4	473-477	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Wen Hong|楊文弘 yang2 wen2 hong2	477-482	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Hou Qi|楊後起 yang2 hou4 qi3	482-486	Did not exist
An Wang (安王 an1 wang2)	Yang Ji Shi|楊集始 yang2 ji2 shi3	482-503	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Shao Xian|楊紹先 yang2 shao4 xian1	503-506, 534-535	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Zhi Hui|楊智慧 yang2 zhi4 hui4	535-545	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Bi Xie|楊辟邪 yang2 bi4 xie2	545-553	Did not exist
Note: Yang Zhi Hui and Yang Bi Xie could be the same person
Kings of Yinping 477- mid 6th century
Did not exist	Yang Guang Xiang|楊廣香 yang2 guang3 xiang1	477-483?	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Jiong|楊炯 yang2 jiong3	483-495	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Chong Zu|楊崇祖 yang2 chong2 zu3	495-before 502	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Meng Sun|楊孟孫 yang2 meng4 sun1	before 502-511	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Ding|楊定 yang2 ding4	511- ?	Did not exist
Chieftains of Tuoba Tribe 219-377 (as Kings of Dai 305?-377)
As a well known fact, Tuoba Family was the ruling family of Northern Wei Dynasty, founded by Tuoba Gui. Hence Table of Northern Wei Dynasty will start with him, not as a continuation of this table.
Note: All chieftains were revered as emperors in Weishu and Beishi which they never were. They were denoted here as 王(wang2) which was inherited by all successors of Tuoba Yi Lu.
Shen Yuan Wang|神元王 shen2 yuan2 wang2	Tuoba Li Wei|拓拔力微 tou4 ba2 li4 wei2	219-277	Did not exist
Note: His temple name was Shi Zu|始祖 shi2 zu3. Another column was not created since only he was the only chieftain before Tuoba Gui revered with a temple name
Zhang Wang|章王 zhang1 wang2	Tuoba Xi Lu|拓拔悉鹿 tou4 ba2 xi1 lu4	277-286	Did not exist
Ping Wang|平王 ping2 wang2	Tuoba Chuo|拓拔綽 tou4 ba2 chuo4	286-293	Did not exist
Si Wang|思王 si1 wang2	Tuoba Fu|拓拔弗 tou4 ba2 fu2	293-294	Did not exist
Zhao Wang|昭王 zhao1 wang2	Tuoba Lu Guan|拓拔祿官 tou4 ba2 lu4 guan1	294-307	Did not exist
Mu Wang|穆王 mu4 wang2	Tuoba Yi Tuo|拓拔猗(拖 without 手) tou4 ba2 yi1 tuo1	295-305	Did not exist
Mu Wang|穆王 mu4 wang2	Tuoba Yi Lu|拓拔猗盧 tou4 ba2 yi1 lu2	295-316	Did not exist
Did not exist	Tuoba Pu Gen|拓拔普根 tou4 ba2 pu3 gen1	316	Did not exist
Did not exist	Tuoba (no first name)|拓拔? tou4 ba2 ?	316	Did not exist
Ping Wen Wang|平文王 ping2 wen2 wang2	Tuoba Yu Luu|拓拔鬱律 tou4 ba2 yu4 luu4	316-321	Did not exist
Hui Wang|惠王 hui4 wang2	Tuoba He Ru|拓拔賀(人+辱) tou4 ba2 he4 ru3	321-325	Did not exist
Yang Wang|煬王 yang2 wang2	Tuoba He Na|拓拔紇那 tou4 ba2 he2 na3	325-329 and 335-337	Did not exist
Lie Wang|烈王 lie4 wang2	Tuoba Yi Huai|拓拔翳槐 tou4 ba2 yi4 huai2	329-335 and 337-338	Did not exist
Zhao Cheng Wang|昭成王 zhao1 cheng2 wang2	Tuoba Shi Yi Jian|拓拔什翼健 tou4 ba2 shi2 yi4 jian4	338-377	Jianguo (建國 jian4 guo2) 338-377

Sovereigns in the Period of Southern and Northern Dynasty

Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Northern dynasty
Bei Northern Wei Dynasty 386-535
Convention: Bei (Northern) Wei + posthumous name
As a well known fact Tuoba family changed their family name to 元(yuan2) during the reign of Xiao Wen Di in 496 so we will also change from there.
Dao Wu Di|道武帝 dao4 wu3 di4	Tuoba Gui|拓拔珪 tou4 ba2 gui1	386-409	Dengguo (登國 deng1 guo2) 386-396 Huangshi (皇始 huang2 shi3) 396-398 Tianxing (天興 tian1 xing1) 398-404 Tianci (天賜 tian1 ci4) 404-409
Ming Yuan Di|明元帝 ming2 yuan2 di4	Tuoba Si|拓拔嗣 tou4 ba2 si4	409-423	Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 409-413 Shenrui (神瑞 shen2 rui4) 414-416 Taichang (泰常 tai4 chang2) 416-423
Tai Wu Di|太武帝 tai4 wu3 di4	Tuoba Tao|拓拔燾 tou4 ba2 tao2	424-452	Shiguang (始光 shi3 guang1) 424-428 Shenjia (神麚 shen2 jia1) 428-[{431]] Yanhe (延和 yan2 he2) 432-434 Taiyan (太延 tai4 yan2) 435-440 Taipingzhenjun (太平真君 tai4 ping2 zhen1 jun1) 440-451 Zhengping (正平 zheng4 ping2) 451-452
Nan An Wang|南安王 nan2 an1 wang2	Tuoba Yu|拓拔余 tou4 ba2 yu2	452	Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) or Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 452
Wen Cheng Di|文成帝 wen2 cheng2 di4	Tuoba Jun|拓拔濬 tou4 ba2 jun4	452-465	Xingan (興安 xing1 an1) 452-454 Xingguang (興光 xing1 guang1) 454-455 Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 455-459 Heping (和平 he2 ping2) 460-465
Xian Wen Di|獻文帝 xian4 wen2 di4	Tuoba Hong|拓拔弘 tou4 ba2 hong2	466-471	Tianan (天安 tian1 an1) 466-467 Huangxing (皇興 huang2 xing1) 467-471
Xiao Wen Di|孝文帝 xiao4 wen2 di4	Yuan Hong|元宏 yuan2 hong2	471-499	Yanxing (延興 yan2 xing1) 471-476 Chengming (承明 cheng2 ming2) 476 Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 477-499
Xuan Wu Di|宣武帝 xuan1 wu3 di4	Yuan Ke|元恪 yuan2 ke4	500-515	Jingming (景明 jing3 ming2) 500-503 Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 504-508 Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) 508-512 Yanchang (延昌 yan2 chang1) 512-515
Xiao Ming Di|孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4	Yuan Xu|元詡 yuan2 xu3	516-528	Xiping (熙平 xi1 ping2) 516-518 Shengui (神龜 shen2 gui1) 518-520 Zhengguang (正光 zheng4 guang1) 520-525 Xiaochang (孝昌 xiao4 chang1) 525-527 Wutai (武泰 wu3 tai4) 528
Xiao Zhuang Di|孝莊帝 xiao4 zhuang1 di4	Yuan Zi You|元子攸 yuan2 zi5 you1	528-530	Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 528 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 528-530
Chang Guang Wang|長廣王 chang2 guang3 wang2 or Jing Di|敬帝 jing4 di4	Yuan Ye|元曄 yuan2 ye4	530-531	Jianming (建明 jian4 ming2) 530-531
Jue Min Di|節閔帝 jie2 min3 di4	Yuan Gong|元恭 yuan2 gong1	531-532	Putai (普泰 pu3 tai4) 531-532
An Ding Wang|安定王 an1 ding4 wang2 or Chu Di|出帝 chu1 di4	Yuan Lang|元朗 yuan2 lang3	531-532	Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 531-532
Xiao Wu Di|孝武帝 xiao1 wu3 di4	Yuan Xiu|元脩 yuan2 xiu1	532-535	Taichang (太昌 tai4 chang1) 532 Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 532 Yongxi (永熙 yong3 xi1) 532-535
Dong (Eastern) Wei Dynasty 534-550
Convention: Dong (Eastern) Wei + posthumous name
Xiao Jing Di|孝靜帝 xiao1 jing4 di4	Yuan Shan Jian|元善見 yuan2 shan4 jian4	534-550	Tianping (天平 tian1 ping2) 534-537 Yuanxiang (元象 yuan2 xiang4) 538-539 Xinghe (興和 xing1 he2) 539-542 Wuding (武定 wu3 ding4) 543-550
Bei (Northern) Qi Dynasty 550-577
Convention: Bei (Northern) Qi + posthumous name
Wen Xuan Di|文宣帝 wen2 xuan1 di4	Gao Yang|高洋 gao1 yang2	550-559	Tianbao (天保 tain1 bao3) 550-559
Fei Di|廢帝 fei4 di4	Gao Yin|高殷 gao1 yin1	560	Qianming (乾明 qian1 ming2) 560
Xiao Zhao Di|孝昭帝 xiao1 zhao1 di4	Gao Yan|高演 gao1 yan3	560-561	Huangjian (皇建 huang2 jian4) 560-561
Wu Cheng Di|武成帝 wu3 cheng2 di4	Gao Zhan|高湛 gao1 zhan4	561-565	Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 561-562 Heqing (河清 he2 qing1) 562-565
Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3	Gao Wei|高緯 gao1 wei3	565-577	Tiantong (天統 tian1 tong3) 565-569 Wuping (武平 wu3 ping2) 570-576 Longhua (隆化 long2 hua3 576
You Zhu|幼主 you4 zhu3	Gao Heng|高恆 gao1 heng2	577	Chengguang (承光 cheng2 guang1) 577
Fan Yang Wang|范陽王 fan4 yang2 wang2	Gao Shao Yi|高紹義 gao1 shao4 yi4	577-579?	Did not exist
Xi (Western) Wei Dynasty 535-556
Convention: Xi (Western) Wei + posthumous name
Wen Di|文帝 wen2 di4	Yuan Bao Ju|元寶炬 yuan2 bao3 ju4	535-551	Datong (大統 da4 tong3) 535-551
Fei Di|廢帝 fei4 di4	Yuan Qin|元欽 yuan2 qin1	552-554	Did not exist
Gong Di|恭帝 gong1 di4	Yuan Kuo|元廓 yuan2 kuo4	554-556	Did not exist
Bei (Northern) Zhou Dynasty 557-581
Convention: Bei (Northern) Zhou + posthumous name
Xiao Min Di|孝閔帝 xiao1 min3 di4	Yuwen Jue|宇文覺 yu3 wen2 jue2	557	Did not exist
Ming Di|明帝 ming2 di4 or Xiao Ming Di|孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4	Yuwen Yu|宇文毓 yu3 wen2 yu4	557-560	Wucheng (武成 wu3 cheng2) 559-560
Wu Di|武帝 wu3 di4	Yuwen Yong|宇文邕 yu3 wen2 yong1	561-578	Baoding (保定 bao3 ding4) 561-565 Tianhe (天和 tian1 he2) 566-572 Jiande (建德 jian4 de2) 572-578 Xuanzheng (宣政 xuan1 zheng4) 578
Xuan Di|宣帝 xuan1 di4	Yuwen Yun|宇文贇 yu3 wen2 yun1	579	Dacheng (大成 da4 cheng2) 579
Jing Di|靜帝 jing4 di4	Yuwen Chan|宇文闡 yu3 wen2 chan3	579-581	Daxiang (大象 da4 xiang4) 579-581 Dading (大定 da4 ding4) 581
Southern dynasty 420-589
Song Dynasty (420-479)
Convention: Song + posthumous name, sometimes except Liu Yu who was referred using personal name.
Wu Di|武帝 wu3 jing4 di4	Liu Yu|劉裕 liu3 yu4	420-422	Yongchu (永初 yong3 chu1) 420-422
Shao Di|少帝 shao4 di4	Liu Yi Fu|劉義符 liu3 yi4 fu2	423-424	Jingping (景平 jing3 ping2) 423-424
Wen Di|文帝 wen2 di4	Liu Yi Long|劉義隆 liu3 yi4 long2	424-453	Yuanjia (元嘉 yaun2 jia1) 424-453
Xiao Wu Di|孝武帝 xiao1 wu3 di4	Liu Jun|劉駿 liu3 jun4	454-464	Xiaojian (元嘉 xiao1 jian4) 454-456 Daming (大明 da4 ming2) 457-464
Qian Fei Di|前廢帝 qian2 fei4 di4	Liu Zi Ye|劉子業 liu3 zi5 ye4	465	Yongguang (永光 yong3 guang1) 465 Jinghe (景和 jing3 he2) 465
Ming Di|明帝 ming2 di4	Liu Yu|劉彧 liu3 yu4	465-472	Taishi (泰始 tai4 shi3) 465-471 Taiyu (泰豫 tai4 yu4) 472
Hou Fei Di|後廢帝 hou4 fei4 di4 or Cang Wu Wang|蒼梧王 cang1 wu2 wang2	Liu Yu|劉昱 liu3 yu4	473-477	Yuanhui (元徽 yuan2 hui1) 473-477
Shun Di|順帝 shun4 di4	Liu Zhun|劉準 liu3 zhun3	477-479	Shengming (昇明 sheng1 ming2) 477-479
Qi Dynasty 479-502
Convention: Qi + posthumous name
Gao Di|高帝 gao1 di4	Xiao Dao Cheng|蕭道成 xiao1 dao4 cheng2	479-482	Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 479-482
Wu Di|武帝 wu3 jing4 di4	Xiao Ze|蕭賾 xiao1 ze2	483-493	Yongming (永明 yong3 ming2) 483-493
Yu Lin Wang|鬱林王 yu4 lin2 wang2	Xiao Zhao Ye|蕭昭業 xiao1 zhao1 ye4	494	Longchang (隆昌 long2 chang1) 494
Hai Ling Wang (海陵王 hai3 ling2 wang2)	Xiao Zhao Wen|蕭昭文 xiao1 zhao1 wen2	494	Yanxing (延興 yan2 xing1) 494
Ming Di|明帝 ming2 di4	Xiao Luan|蕭鸞 xiao1 luan2	494-498	Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 494-498 Yongtai (永泰 yong3 tai4) 498
Dong Hun Hou (東昏侯 dong1 hun1 hou2)	Xiao Bao Juan|蕭寶卷 xiao1 bao3 juan3	499-501	Yongyuan] (永元 yong3 yuan2) 499-501
He Di|和帝 he2 di4	Xiao Bao Rong|蕭寶融 xiao1 bao3 rong2	501-502	Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 501-502
Liang Dynasty 502-557
Convention: Liang + posthumous name
Wu Di|武帝 wu3 jing4 di4	Xiao Yan|蕭衍 xiao1 yan3	502-549	Tianjian (天監 tian1 jian1) 502-519 Putong (普通 pu3 tong1) 520-527 Datong (大通 da4 tong1) 527-529 Zhongdatong (中大通 zhong1 da4 tong1) 529-534 Datong (大同 da4 tong2) 535-546 Zhongdatong (中大同 zhong1 da4 tong2) 546-547 Taiqing (太清 tai4 qing1) 547-549
Jian Wen Di (簡文帝 jian3 wen2 di4)	Xiao Gang|蕭綱 xiao1 gang1	549-551	Dabao (大寶 da4 bao3) 550-551
Yu Zhang Wang (豫章王 yu4 zhang1 wang2)	Xiao Dong|蕭棟 xiao1 dong4	551-552	Tianzheng (天正 tian1 zheng4) 551-552
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4)	Xiao Yi|蕭繹 xiao1 yi4	552-555	Chengsheng (承聖 cheng2 sheng4) 552-555
Zhen Yang Hou (貞陽侯 zhen1 yang2 hou2)	Xiao Yuan Ming|蕭淵明 xiao1 yuan1 ming2	555	Tiancheng (天成 tian1 cheng2) 555
Jing Di|敬帝 jing4 di4	Xiao Fang Zhi|蕭方智 xiao1 fang1 zhi4	555-557	Shaotai (紹泰 shao4 tai4) 555-556 Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 556-557
Chen Dynasty 557-589
Convention: Chen + posthumous name
Wu Di|武帝 wu3 di4	Chen Ba Xian|陳霸先 chen2 ba4 xian1	557-559	Yongding (永定 yong3 ding4) 557-559
Wen Di|文帝 wen2 di4	Chen Qian|陳蒨 chen2 qian4	560-566	Tianjia (天嘉 tian1 jia1) 560-566 Tiankang (天康 tian1 kang1) 566
Fei Di|廢帝 fei4 di4	Chen Bo Zong|陳伯宗 chen2 bo2 zong1	567-568	Guangda (光大 guang1 da4) 567-568
Xuan Di|宣帝 xuan1 di4	Chen Xu|陳頊 chen2 xu1	569-582	Taijian (太建 tai4 jian4) 569-582
Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3	Chen Shu Bao|陳叔寶 chen2 shu2 bao3	583-589	Zhide (至德 zhi4 de2) 583-586 Zhenming (禎明 zhen1 ming2) 587-589

Nan (Southern) Liang Dynasty 555-587

Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: Nan (Southern) Liang + posthumous name
Note: some historians set Nan Liang as a continuation of Liang Dynasty since it was found by descendents of the Xiao's, ruling family of Liang Dynasty.
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1)	Xuan Di|宣帝 xuan1 di4	Xiao Cha|蕭察 xiao1 cha2	555-562	Dading (大定 da4 ding4) 555-562
Shi Zong (世4宗 zhong1 zong1)	Xiao Ming Di|孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4	Xiao Kui|蕭巋 xiao1 kui1	562-585	Tianbao (天保 tian1 bao3) 562-585
Did not exist	Xiao Jing Di|孝靜帝 xiao4 jing4 di4 or Ju Gong|莒公 ju3 gong1	Xiao Cong|蕭琮 xiao1 cong2	585-587	Guangyun (廣運 guang3 yun4) 562-585

Sui Dynasty 581-618

Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Sui" + posthumous name
Wen Di|文帝 wen2 di4	Yang Jian|楊堅 yang2 jian1	581-604	Kaihuang (開皇 kai1 huang2) 581-600 Renshou (仁壽 ren2 shou4) 601-604
Yang Di|煬帝 yang2 di4	Yang Guang|楊廣 yang2 guang3	605-617	Daye (大業 da4 ye4) 605-617
Gong Di|恭帝 gong1 di4	Yang You|楊侑 yang2 you4	617-618	Yining (義寧 yi4 ning2) 617-618

Tang Dynasty 618-690, 705-907

Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟;號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Tang" + temple name
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Li Yuan|李淵 li3 yuan1	618-626	Wude (武德 wu3 de2) 618-626
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1)	Li Shi Min|李世民 li3 shi4 min2	627-649	Zhenguan (貞觀 zhen1 guan1) 627-649
Gao Zong (高宗 gao1 zong1)	Li Zhi |李治 li3 zhi4	650-683	Yonghui (永徽 yong3 hui1) 650-655 Xianqing (顯慶 xian3 qing4) 656-661 Longshuo (龍朔 long2 shuo4) 661-663 Linde (麟德 lin2 de2) 664-665 Qianfeng (乾封 qian2 feng1) 666-668 Zongzhang (總章 zong3 zhang1) 668-670 Xianheng (咸亨 xian2 heng1) 670-674 Shangyuan (上元 shang4 yuan2) 674-676 Yifeng (儀鳳 yi2 feng4) 676-679 Tiaolu (調露 tiao2 lu4) 679-680 Yonglong (永隆 yong3 long2) 680-681 Kaiyao (開耀 kai1 yao4) 681-682 Yongchun (永淳 yong3 chun2) 682-683 Hongdao (弘道 hong2 dao4) 683
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1)	Li Xian|李顯 li3 xian3 or Li Zhe|李哲 li3 zhe2	684, 705-710	Sisheng (嗣聖 si4 sheng4) 684 Shenlong (神龍 shen2 long2) 705-707 Jinglong (景龍 jing3 long2) 707-710<be>
Rui Zong (睿宗 rui4 zong1)	Li Dan|李旦 li3 dan4	684, 710-712	Wenming (文明 wen2 ming2) 684 Jingyun (景雲 jing3 yun2) 710-711 Taiji (太極 tai4 ji2) 712 Yanhe (延和 yan2 he2) 712
Wu Hou (武后 wu3 hou4)	Wu Ze Tian|武則天 wu3 ze2 tian1	684-705	Guangzhai (光宅 guang1 zhai2) 684 Chuigong (垂拱 chui2 gong3) 685-688 Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang1) 689 Zaichu (載初 zai4 chu1) 690
Zhou Dynasty (690 AD - 705 AD)
Convention: use personal name
Wu Hou (武后 wu3 hou4)	Wu Ze Tian|武則天 wu3 ze2 tian1	684-705	Tianshou (天授 tian1 shou4) 690-692 Ruyi (如意 ru2 yi4) 692 Changshou (長壽 chang2 shou4) 692-694 Yanzai (延載 yan2 zai4) 694 Zhengsheng (證聖 zheng4 sheng4) 695 Tiancewansui (天冊萬歲 tian1 ce4 wan4 sui4) 695-696 Wansuidengfeng (萬歲登封 wan4 sui4 deng1 feng1) 696 Wansuitongtian (萬歲通天 wan4 sui4 tong1 tian1) 696-697 Shengong (神功 shen2 gong1) 697 Shengli (聖曆 sheng4 li4) 698-700 Jiushi (久視 jiu3 shi4) [[700} Daju (大足 da4 ju2) 701 Changan (長安 chang2 an1) 701-705
Continuation of Tang Dynasty
Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) see note below the table	Li Chong Mao|李重茂 li3 chong2 mao4	710	Tanglong (唐隆 tang2 long2) 710
Xuan Zong (玄宗 xuan2 zong1)	Li Long Ji|李隆基 li3 long2 ji1	712-756	Xiantian (先天 xian1 tian1) 712-713 Kaiyuan (開元 kai1 yuan2) 713-741 Tianbao (天寶 tian1 bao3) 742-756
Su Zong (肅宗 su4 zong1)	Li Heng|李亨 li3 heng1	756-762	Jide (至德 zhi4 de2) 756-758 Qianyuan (乾元 qian2 yuan2) 758-760 Shangyuan (上元 shang4 yuan2) 760-761
Dai Zong (代宗 dai4 zong1)	Li Yu|李豫 li3 yu4	762-779	Baoying (寶應 bao3 ying4) 762-763 Guangde (廣德 guang3 de2) 763-764 Yongtai (永泰 yong3 tai4) 765-766 Dali (大曆 da4 li4) 766-779
De Zong (德宗 de2 zong1)	Li Gua|李适 li3 gua1	780-805	Jianzhong (建中 1jian4 zhong1) 780-783 Xingyuan (興元 xing1 yuan2) 784 Zhenyuan (貞元 zhen1 yuan2) 785-805
Shun Zong (順宗 shun4 zong1)	Li Song|李誦 li3 song4	805	Yongzhen (永貞 yong3 zhen1) 805
Xian Zong (憲宗 xian4 zong1)	Li Chun|李純 li3 chun2	806-820	Yuanhe (元和 yuan2 he2) 806-820
Mu Zong (穆宗 mu4 zong1)	Li Heng|李恆 li3 heng2	821-824	Changqing (長慶 chang2 qing4) 821-824
Jing Zong (敬宗 jing4 zong1)	Li Zhan|李湛 li3 zhan4	824-826	Baoli (寶曆 bao3 li4) 824-826
Wen Zong (文宗 wen2 zong1)	Li Ang|李昂 li3 ang2	826-840	Baoli (寶曆 bao3 li4) 826 Dahe (大和 da4 he2) or Taihe (tai4 he2 太和) 827-835 Kaicheng (開成 kai1 cheng2) 836-840
Wu Zong (武宗 wu3 zong1)	Li Yan|李炎 li3 yan2	840-846	Huichang (會昌 hui4 chang1) 841-846
Xuan Zong (宣宗 xuan1 zong1)	Li Chen|李忱 li3 chen2	846-859	Dachong (大中 da4 chong1) 847-859
Yi Zong (懿宗 yi4 zong1)	Li Cui|李漼 li3 cui3	859-873	Dachong (大中 da4 chong1) 859 Xiantong (咸通 xian2 tong1) 860-873
Xi Zong (僖宗 xi1 zong1)	Li Xuan|李儇 li3 xuan1	873-888	Xiantong (咸通 xian2 tong1) 873-874 Qianfu (乾符 qian2 fu2) 874-879 Guangming (廣明 guang3 ming2) 880-881 Zhonghe (中和 zhong1 he2) 881-885 Guangqi (光啟 guang1 qi3) 885-888 Wende (文德 wen2 de2) 888
Zhao Zong (昭宗 zhao1 zong1)	Li Ye|李曄 li3 ye4	888-904	Longji (龍紀 long2 ji4) 889 Dashun (大順 da4 shun4) 890-891 Jingfu (景福 jing3 fu2) 892-893 Qianning (乾寧 qian2 ning2) 894-898 Guanghua (光化 guang1 hua4) 898-901 Tianfu (天復 tian1 fu4) 901-904 Tianyou (天佑 tian1 you4) 904
Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) or 昭宣帝 zhao1 xuan1 di4 see note below	Li Zhu|李柷 li3 zhu4	904-907	Tianyou (天佑 tian1 you4) 904-907

As noted in the guide at the top of the page, Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4), Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) and 昭宣帝 zhao1 xuan1 di4 are posthumous. A new column only for three commonly used posthumous name was not be created since other Tang emperors are commonly referred usng temple names.

Sovereigns in Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 907-960

Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
the Five Dynasties
Convention: name of dynasty + temple name or posthumous name
Hou (Later) Liang Dynasty 907-923
Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhu Wen|朱溫 zhu1 wen1	907-912	Kaiping (開平 kai1 ping2) 907-911 Qianhua (乾化 qian2 hua4) 911-912
Did not exist	Mo Di |末帝 mo4 di4	Zhu Zhen|朱瑱 zhu1 zhen4	913-923	Qianhua (乾化 qian2 hua4) 913-9115 Zhenming (貞明 zhen1 ming2) 915-921 Longde (龍德 long2 de2) 921-923
Hou (Later) Tang Dynasty 923-936
Zhuang Zong|莊宗 zhuang1 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Li Cun Xu|李存勗 li3 cun2 xu4	923-926	Tongguang (同光 tong2 guang1) 923-926
Ming Zong|明宗 ming2 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Li Si Yuan|李嗣源 li3 si4 yuan2 or Li Dan|李亶 li3 dan3	926-933	Tiancheng (天成 tian1 cheng2) 926-930 Changxing (長興 chang2 xing1) 930-933
Did not exist	Min Di|節閔帝 min3 di4	Li Cong Xu|李從厚 li3 cong2 hou4	933-934	Yingshun (應順 ying4 shun4) 913-9115
Did not exist	Mo Di |末帝 mo4 di4	Li Cong Ke|李從珂 li3 cong2 ke1	934-936	Qingtai (清泰 qing1 tai4) 934-936
Hou (Later) Jin Dynasty 936-947
Gao Zu|高祖 gao1 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Shi Jing Tang|石敬瑭 shi4 jing4 tang2	936-942	Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 936-942
Did not exist	Chu Di|出帝 chu1 di4	Shi Chong Gui|石重貴 shi4 chong2 gui4	942-947	Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 942-944 Kaiyun (開運 kai1 yun4) 944-947
Hou (Later) Han Dynasty 936-947
Gao Zu|高祖 gao1 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Liu Zhi Yuan|劉知遠 liu3 zhi1 yuan3	947-948	Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 947 Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 948
Did not exist	Yin Di|隱帝 yin3 di4	Liu Cheng You|劉承祐 liu3 cheng2 you4	948-950	Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 948-950
Hou (Later) Zhou Dynasty 951-960
Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Guo Wei|郭威 guo1 wei1	951-954	Guangshun (廣順 guang3 shun4) 951-954 Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 954
Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Chai Rong|柴榮 chai2 rong2	954-959	Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 954-959
Did not exist	Gong Di|恭帝 gong1 di4	Chai Zong Xun|柴宗訓 chai2 zong1 xun4	959-960	Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 959-960
the Ten Kingdoms
Convention: use personal names, noticed otherwise
Wu Yue Kingdom 904-978
Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3	Wu Su Wang|武肅王 wu3 su4 wang2	Qian Liu|錢鏐 qian2 liu2	904-932	Tianbao (天寶 tian1 bao3) 908-923 Baoda (寶大 bao3 da4) 923-925 Baozheng (寶正 bao3 zheng4) 925-932
Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1)	Wen Mu Wang|文穆王 wen2 mu4 wang2	Qian Yuan Quan|錢元瓘 qian2 yuan2 guan4	932-941	Did not exist
Cheng Zong 成宗 cheng2 zong1)	Zhong Xian Wang|忠獻王 zhong1 xian4 wang2	Qian Zuo|錢佐 qian2 zuo3	941-947	Did not exist
Did not exist	Zhong Xun Wang|忠遜王 zhong1 xun4 wang2	Qian Zong|錢倧 qian2 zong1	947	Did not exist
Did not exist	Zhong Yi Wang|忠懿王 zhong1 yi4 wang2	Qian Chu|錢俶 qian2 chu4	947-978	Did not exist
Min Kingdom 909-945 including Yin Kingdom 943-945
Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3	Zhong Yi Wang|忠懿王 zhong1 yi4 wang2	Wang Shen Zhi|王審知 wang2 shen3 zhi1	909-925	Did not exist
Did not exist	Did not exist	Wang Yan Han|王延翰 wang2 yan2 han4	925-926	Did not exist
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1)	Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4)	Wang Yan Jun|王延鈞 wang2 yan2 jun1	926-935	Longqi (龍啟 long2 qi3) 933-935 Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 935
Kang Zong (康宗 kang1 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Wang Ji Peng|王繼鵬 wang2 ji4 peng2	935-939	Tongwen (通文 tong1 wen2) 936-939
Jing Zong (景宗 jing3 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Wang Yan Xi|王延羲 wang2 yan2 xi1	939-944	Yonglong (永隆 yong3 long2) 939-944
Did not exist	Tian De Di (天德帝 tian1 de2 di4) (as Emperor of Yin)	Wang Yan Zheng|王延政 wang2 yan2 zheng4	943-945	Tiande (天德 tian1 de2) 943-945
Jing Nan or Nan Ping Kingdom 906-963
Did not exist	Wu Xin Wang|武信王 wu3 xin4 wang2	Gao Ji Xing|高季興 gao1 ji4 xing1	909-928	Did not exist
Did not exist	Wen Xian Wang|文獻王 wen2 xin4 wang2	Gao Cong Hui|高從誨 gao1 cong2 hui4	928-948	Did not exist
Did not exist	Zhen Yi Wang|貞懿王 yi4 wang2	Gao Bao Rong|高寶融 gao1 bao3 rong2	948-960	Did not exist
Did not exist	Shi Zhong|侍中 shi4 zhong1	Gao Bao Xu|高寶勗 gao1 bao3 xu4	960-962	Did not exist
Did not exist	Did not exist	Gao Ji Chong|高繼沖 gao1 ji4 chong1	962-963	Did not exist
Chu Kingdom 897-951
Did not exist	Wu Mo Wang|武穆王 wu3 mo4 wang2	Ma Yin|馬殷 ma3 yin1	897-930	Did not exist
Did not exist	Heng Yang Wang|衡陽王 heng2 yang2 wang2	Ma Xi Sheng|馬希聲 ma3 xi1 sheng1	930-932	Did not exist
Did not exist	Wen Zhao Wang|文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2	Ma Xi Fan|馬希範 ma3 xi1 fan4	932-947	Did not exist
Did not exist	Fei Wang|廢王 fei4 wang2	Ma Xi Guang|馬希廣 ma3 xi1 guang3	947-950	Did not exist
Did not exist	Gong Xiao Wang|恭孝王 gong1 xiao4 wang2	Ma Xi E|馬希萼 ma3 xi1 e4	950	Did not exist
Did not exist	Did not exist	Ma Xi Chong|馬希崇 ma3 xi1 chong2	950-951	Did not exist
Wu Kingdom 904-937
Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3	Xiao Wu Di|孝武帝 xiao4 wu3 di4	Yang Xing Mi|楊行密 yang2 xing2 mi4	904-905	Tianyao (天祐 tian1 you4) 904-905
Lie Zong|烈宗 lie4 zong1	Jing Di|景帝 jing3 di4	Yang Wo|楊渥 yang2 wo4	905-908	Tianyao (天祐 tian1 you4) 905-908
Gao Zu|高祖 gao1 zu3	Xuan Di|宣帝 xuan1 di4	Yang Long Yan|楊隆演 yang2 long2 yan3	908-921	Tianyao (天祐 tian1 you4) 908-919 Wuyi (武義 wu3 yi4) 919-921
Did not exist	Rui Di|睿帝 rui4 di4	Yang Pu|楊溥 yang2 pu3	921-937	Shunyi (順義 shun4 yi4) 921-927 Qianzhen (乾貞 qian2 zhen1) 927-929 Dahe (大和 da4 he2) 929-935 Tianzuo (天祚 tian1 zuo4) 935-937
Nan (Southern) Tang Kingdom 937-975
Convention for this kingdom only : Nan (Southern) Tang + posthumous names. Hou Zhu was referred as Li Hou Zhu|李後主 li3 hou4 zhu3.
Xian Zhu|先主 xian1 zhu3 or Lie Zu|烈祖 lie4 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Li Bian|李(曰 on top of 弁) li3 bian4	937-943	Shengyuan (昇元 sheng1 yuan2) 937-943
Zhong Zhu|中主 zhong1 zhu3 or Yuan Zong|元宗 yuan2 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Li Jing|李璟 li3 jing3	943-961	Baoda (保大 bao3 da4) 943-958 Jiaotai (交泰 jiao1 tai4) 958 Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 958
Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3	Wu Wang|武王 wu3 wang2	Li Yu|李煜 li3 yu4	961-975	Did not exist
Nan (Southern) Han Kingdom 917-971
Gao Zu|高祖 gao1 zu3	Tian Huang Da Di|天皇大帝 tian1 huang2 da4 di4	Liu Yan|劉巖 liu3 yan2 or Liu Yan|劉(龍 on top of 天) liu3 yan3	917-925	Qianheng (乾亨 qian2 heng1) 917-925 Bailong (白龍 bai2 long2) 925-928 Dayou (大有 da4 you3) 928-941
Did not exist	Shang Di|殤帝 shang1 di4	Liu Fen|劉玢 liu3 fen1	941-943	Guangtian (光天 guag1 tian1) 941-943
Zhong Zong|中宗 zhong1 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Liu Cheng|劉晟 liu3 cheng2	943-958	Yingqian (應乾 ying4 qian2) 943 Qianhe (乾和 qian4 he2) 943-958
Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3	Did not exist	Liu Chang|劉鋹 liu3 chang3	958-971	Dabao (大寶 da4 bao3) 958-971
Bei (Northern) Han Kingdom 951-979
Shi Zu|世祖 shi4 zu3	Shen Wu Di|神武帝 shen2 wu3 di4	Liu Min|劉旻 liu3 min2	951-954	Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 951-954
Rui Zong|睿宗 rui4 zong1	Xiao He Di|孝和帝 xiao4 he2 di4	Liu Cheng Jun|劉承鈞 liu3 cheng2 jun1	954-970	Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 954-957 Tianhui (天會 tian1 hui4) 957-970
Shao Zhu|少主 shao4 zhu3	Did not exist	Liu Ji En|劉繼恩 liu3 ji4 en1	970	Did not exist
Did not exist	Ying Wu Di|英武帝 ying1 wu3 di4	Liu Ji Yuan|劉繼元 liu3 ji4 yuan2	970-982	Guangyun (廣運 guang3 yun4) 970-982
Qian (Former) Shu Kingdom 907 - 925
Gao Zu|高祖 gao1 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Wang Jian|王建 wang2 jian4	907-918	Tianfu (天復 tian1 fu4) 907 Wucheng (武成 wu3 cheng22) 908-910 Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) 911-915 Tongzheng (通正 tong1 zheng4) 916 Tianhan (天漢 tian1 han4) 917 Guangtian (光天 guang1 tian1) 918
Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3	Did not exist	Wang Yan|王衍 wang2 yan3	918-925	Qiande (乾德 qian2 de2) 918-925 Xiankang (咸康 xian2 kang1) 925
Hou (Later) Shu Kingdom 934 - 965
Gao Zu|高祖 gao1 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Meng Zhi Xiang|孟知祥 meng4 zhi1 xiang2	934	Mingde (明德 ming2 de2) 934
Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3	Did not exist	Meng Chang|孟昶 meng4 chang3	938-965	Mingde (明德 ming2 de2) 934-938 Guangzheng (廣政 guang3 zheng4) 938-965

local independent regimes during Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period but traditionally not counted in the Ten Kingdoms

Name of Posts	Personal Names	Period on post
Wuping and Hunan 節度|jie2 du4 (similar to thema of the Byzantine Empire) 950-963
Wuping strategos (correct English translation?)|武平節度使 wu3 ping2 jie2 du4 shi3	Liu Yan|劉言 liu3 yan2	950-953
Wuping strategos (correct English translation?)|武平節度使 wu3 ping2 jie2 du4 shi3	Wang Kui|王逵 wang2 kui2 or Wang Jin Kui|王進逵 wang2 jin4 kui2	953-956
Hunan strategos (correct English translation?)|湖南節度使 hu2 nan2 jie2 du4 shi3	Zhou Xing Feng|周行逢 zhao1 xing2 feng2	956-962
Hunan strategos (correct English translation?)|湖南節度使 hu2 nan2 jie2 du4 shi3	Zhou Bao Quan|周保權 zhao1 bao3 quan2	962-963
Quanzhang 節度|jie2 du4 (similar to thema of the Byzantine Empire) 945-978
Quanzhang strategos (correct English translation?)|泉漳都指揮使 quan2 zhang1 du1 zhi3 hui1 shi3	Liu Cong Xiao|留從效 liu2 cong2 xiao4	945-962
Quanzhang strategos (correct English translation?)|泉漳留守 quan2 zhang1 liu2 shou3	Liu Shao Zi|留紹鎡 liu2 shao4 zi1	962
Quanzhang strategos (correct English translation?)|泉漳節度使 quan2 zhang1 jie2 du4 shi3	Zhang Han Si|張漢思 zhang1 han4 si1	962-963
Quanzhang strategos (correct English translation?)|泉漳節度使 quan2 zhang1 jie2 du4 shi3	Chen Hong Jin|陳洪進 chen2 hong2 jin4	963-978

Liao dynasty 907-1125

Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Liao" + temple name except Liao Tian Zuo Di who is referred using "Liao" + posthumous name
Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Yeluu A Bao Ji|耶律阿保機 ye1 luu4 a1 bao3 ji1	907-926	Shence (神冊 shen2 ce4) 916-922 Tianzan (天贊 tian1 zan4) 922-926 Tianxian (天顯 tian1 xian3) 926
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Yeluu De Guang|耶律德光 ye1 luu4 de2 guang1	926-947	Tianxian (天顯 tian1 xian3) 927-938 Huitong (會同 hui4 tong2) 938-947 Datong (大同 da4 tong2) 947
Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Yeluu Ruan|耶律阮 ye1 luu4 ruan3	947-951	Tianlu (天祿 tian1 lu4) 947-951
Mu Zong (穆宗 mu4 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Yeluu Jing|耶律璟 ye1 luu4 jing3	951-969	Yingli (應曆 ying4 li4) 951-969
Jing Zong (景宗 jing3 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Yeluu Xian|耶律賢 ye1 luu4 xian2	969-982	Baoning (保寧 bao3 ning2) 969-979 Qianheng (乾亨 qian2 heng1) 979-982
Sheng Zong (聖宗 sheng4 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Yeluu Long Xu|耶律隆緒 ye1 luu4 long2 xu4	982-1031	Qianheng (乾亨 qian2 heng1) 982 Tonghe (統和 tong3 he2) 983-1012 Kaitai (開泰 kai1 tai4) 1012-1021 Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 1021-1031
Xing Zong (興宗 xing1 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Yeluu Zong Zhen|耶律宗真 ye1 luu4 zong1 zhen1	1031-1055	Jingfu (景福 jing3 fu2) 1031-1032 Chongxi (重熙 chong2 xi1) 1032-1055
Dao Zong (道宗 dao4 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Yeluu Hong Ji|耶律洪基 ye1 luu4 hong2 ji1	1055-1101	Qingning (清寧 qing1 ning2) 1055-1064 Xianyong (咸雍 xian2 yong1) 1065-1074 Taikang (太康 tai4 kang1) or Dakang (大康 da4 kang1) 1075-1084 Daan (大安 da4 an1) 1085-1094 Shouchang (壽昌 shou4 chang1) or Shoulong (壽隆 shou4 long2) 1095-1101
Did not exist	Tian Zuo Di (天祚帝 tian1 zuo4 di4)	Yeluu Yan Xi|耶律延禧 ye1 luu4 yan2 xi1	1101-1125	Qiantong (乾統 qian2 tong3) 1101-1110 Tianqing (天慶 tian1 qing4) 1111-1120 Baoda (保大 bao3 da4) 1121-1125

Xi (Western) Liao dynasty (also called Kara-Khitai) 1124-1221

Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Personal Names	Convention	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: check each sovereign
De Zong (德宗 de2 zong1)	Tian You Wu Lie Di|天祐武烈帝 tian1 you4 wu3 lie4 di4	Yeluu Da Shi|耶律大石 ye1 luu4 da4 shi2 or Yeluu Da Shi|耶律達實 ye1 luu4 da2 shi2	use personal name	1124-1144	Yanqing (延慶 yan2 qing4) 1124-1134 Kangguo (康國 kang1 guo2) 1134-1144
Did not exist	Qian Tian Hou (感天后 gan3 tian1 hou4)	Ta Bu Yan|塔不煙 ta3 bu4 yan1	"Xi Liao" + posthumous name	1144-1150	Xianqing (咸清 xian2 qing1) 1144-1150
Ren Zong (仁宗 ren2 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Yeluu Yi Lie|耶律夷列 ye1 luu4 yi2 lie4	"Xi Liao" + temple name	1150-1164	Shaoxing (紹興 shao4 xing1) 1150-1164
Did not exist	Cheng Tian Hou (承天后 cheng2 tian1 hou4)	Yeluu Pu Su Wan|耶律普速完 pu3 su4 wan2	"Xi Liao" + posthumous name	1164-1178	Chongfu (崇福 chong2 fu2) 1164-1178
Did not exist	Mo Zhu |末主 mo4 zhu3 or Mo Di |末帝 mo4 di4	Yeluu Zhi Lu Gu|耶律直魯古 ye1 luu4 zhi2 lu3 gu3	use personal name	1178-1211	Tianxi (天禧 tian1 xi1) 1178-1211
Did not exist	Did not exist	Qu Chu Luu|屈出律 qu1 chu1 luu4	use personal name	1211-1221	Did not exist

Song dynasty 960-1279

Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Song" + temple name or posthumous name except last emperor who was revered as Song Di Bing (宋帝昺 song4 di4 bing3)
Bei (Northern) Song dynasty 960- 1127
Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Kuang Yin|趙匡胤 zhao4 kuang1 yin4	960-976	Jianlong (建隆 jian4 long2) 960-963 Qiande (乾德 qian2 de2) 963-968 Kaibao (開寶 kai1 bao3) 968-976
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Kuang Yi|趙匡義 zhao4 kuang1 yi4 or Zhao Guang Yi|趙光義 zhao4 guang1 yi4	976-997	Taipingxingguo (太平興國 tai4 ping2 xing1 guo2) 976-984 Yongxi (雍熙 yong1 xi1) 984-987 Duangong (端拱 duan1 gong3) 988-989 Chunhua (淳化 chun2 hua4) 990-994 Zhidao (至道 zhi4 dao4) 995-997
Zhen Zong (真宗 zhen1 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Heng|趙恆 zhao4 heng2	997-1022	Xianping (咸平 xian2 ping2) 998-1003 Jingde (景德 jing3 de2) 1004-1007 Dazhongxiangfu (大中祥符 da4 zhong1 xiang2 fu2) 1008-1016 Tianxi (天禧 tian1 xi1) 1017-1021 Qianxing (乾興 qian2 xing1) 1022
Ren Zong (仁宗 ren2 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Zhen|趙禎 zhao4 zhen1	1022-1063	Tiansheng (天聖 tian1 sheng4) 1023-1032 Mingdao (明道ming2 dao4) 1032-1033 Jingyou (景祐 jing3 you4) 1034-1038 Baoyuan (寶元 bao3 yuan2) 1038-1040 Kangding (康定 kang1 ding4) 1040-1041 Qingli (慶曆 qing4 li4) 1041-1048 Huangyou (皇祐 huang2 you4) 1049-1054 Zhihe (至和 zhi4 he2) 1054-1056 Jiayou (嘉祐 jia1 you4) 1056-1063
Ying Zong (英宗 ying1 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Shu|趙曙 zhao4 shu4	1063-1067	Zhiping (治平 zhi4 ping2) 1064-1067
Shen Zong (神宗 shen2 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Xu|趙頊 zhao4 xu1	1067-1085	Xining (熙寧 xi1 ning2) 1068-1077 Yuanfeng (元豐 yuan2 feng1) 1078-1085
Zhe Zong (哲宗 zhe2 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Xu|趙煦 zhao4 xu3	1085-1100	Yuanyou (元祐 yuan2 you4) 1086-1094 Shaosheng (紹聖 shao4 sheng4) 1094-1098 Yuanfu (元符 yuan2 fu2) 1098-1100
Hui Zong (徽宗 hui1 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Ji|趙佶 zhao4 ji2	1100-1125	Jianzhongjingguo (建中靖國 jian4 zhong1 jing4 guo2) 1101 Chongning (崇寧 chong2 ning2) 1102-1106 Daguan (大觀 da4 guan1) 1107-1110 Zhenghe (政和 zheng4 he2) 1111-1118 Chonghe (重和 chong2 he2) 1118-1119 Xuanhe (宣和 xuan1 he2) 1119-1125
Qin Zong (欽宗 qin1 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Huan|趙桓 zhao4 huan2	1125-1127	Jingkang (靖康 jing4 kang1) 1126-1127
Nan (Southern) Song dynasty 1127- 1279
Gao Zong (高宗 gao1 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Gou|趙構 zhao4 gou4	1127-1162	Jianyan (靖炎 jing4 yan2) 1127-1130 Shaoxing (紹興 shao4 xing1) 1131-1162
Xiao Zong (孝宗 xiao4 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Shen|趙慎 zhao4 shen4	1162-1189	Longxing (隆興 long2 xing1) 1163-1164 Qiandao (乾道 qian2 dao4) 1165-1173 Chunxi (淳熙 chun2 xi1) 1174-1189
Guang Zong (光宗 guang1 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Dun|趙惇 zhao4 dun1	1189-1194	Shaoxi (紹熙 chun2 xi1) 1190-1194
Ning Zong (寧宗 ning2 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Kuo|趙擴 zhao4 kuo4	1194-1224	Qingyuan (慶元 qing4 yuan2) 1195-1200 Jiakai (嘉泰 jia1 kai4) 1201-1204 Kaixi (開禧 kai1 xi1) 1205-1207 Jiading (嘉定 jia1 ding4) 1208-1224
Li Zong (理宗 li3 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Yun|趙昀 zhao4 yun2	1224-1264	Baoqing (寶慶 bao3 qing4) 1225-1227 Shaoding (紹定 shao4 ding4) 1228-1233 Duanping (端平 duan1 ping2) 1234-1236 Jiaxi (嘉熙 jia1 xi1) 1237-1240 Chunyou (淳祐 chun2 you4) 1241-1252 Baoyou (寶祐 bao3 you4) 1253-1258 Kaiqing (開慶 kai1 qing4) 1259 Jingding (景定 jing3 ding4) 1260-1264
Du Zong (度宗 du4 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Qi|趙祺 zhao4 qi2	1264-1274	Xianchun (咸淳 xian2 chun2) 1265-1274
did not exist	Gong Di (恭帝 gong1 di4)	Zhao Xian|趙顯 zhao4 xian3	1274-1276	Deyou (德祐 de2 you4) 1275-1276
Duan Zong (端宗 duan1 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Shi|趙是 zhao4 shi4	1276-1278	Jingyan (景炎 jing3 yan2) 1276-1278
Did not exist	Di (帝 di4) or Wei Wang (衛王 wei4 wang2)	Zhao Bing|趙昺 zhao4 bing3	1278-1279	Xiangxing (祥興 xiang2 xing1) 1278-1279

Western Xia 1032-1227

Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Western Xia" + temple name
Jing Zong (景宗 jing3 zong1)	Wu Lie Di (武烈帝 wu3 lie4 di4)	Li Yuan Hao|李元昊 li3 yuan2 hao4	1032-1048	Xiandao (顯道 xian3 dao4) 1032-1034 Kaiyun (開運 kai1 yun4) 1034 Guangping (廣平 guang3 ping2) 1035-1036 Daqing (大慶 da4 qing4) 1036-1038 Tianshoulifayanzuo (天授禮法延祚 tian1 shuo4 li3 fa3 yan2 zuo4) 1038-1048
Yi Zong (毅宗 yi4 zong1)	Zhao Ying Di (昭英帝 zhao1 ying1 di4)	Li Liang Zuo|李諒祚 li3 liang4 zuo4	1048-1067	Yansiningguo (延嗣寧國 yan2 si4 ning2 guo2) 1048-1049 Tianyousuisheng (天祐垂聖 tian1 you4 chui2 sheng4) 1050-1052 Fushengchengdao (福聖承道 fu2 sheng4 cheng2 dao4) 1053-1056 Chedu (奲都 che3 du1) 1036-1038 Gonghua (拱化 gong3 hua4) 1063-1067
Hui Zong (惠宗 hui4 zong1)	Kang Jing Di (康靖帝 kang1 jing4 di4)	Li Bing Chang|李秉常 li3 bing3 chang2	1067-1086	Qiandao (乾道 qian2 dao4) 1067-1069 Tiancilishengguoqing (天賜禮盛國慶 tian1 ci4 li3 sheng4 guo2 qing4) 1070-1074 Daan (大安 da4 an1) 1075-1085 Tiananliding (天安禮定 tian1 an1 li3 ding4) 1085-1086
Chong Zong (崇宗 chong2 zong1)	Sheng Wen Di (聖文帝 sheng4 wen2 di4)	Li Qian Shun|李乾順 li3 qian2 shun4	1086-1139	Tianyizhiping (天儀治平 tian1 yi2 shi4 ping2) 1086-1089 Tianyouminan (天祐民安 tian1 you4 min2 an1) 1090-1097 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 1098-1100 Zhenguan (貞觀 zhen1 guan1) 1101-1113 Yong (雍寧 yong1 ning2) 1114-1118 Yuande (元德 yuan2 de2) 1119-1127 Zhengde (正德 zheng4 de2) 1127-1134 Dade (大德 da4 de2) 1135-1139
Ren Zong (仁宗 ren2 zong1)	Sheng Zhen Di (聖禎帝 sheng4 zhen1 di4)	Li Ren Xiao|李仁孝 li3 ren2 xiao4	1139-1193	Daqing (大慶 da4 qing4) 1139-1143 Renqing (人慶 ren2 qing4) 1144-1148 Tiancheng (天盛 tian1 sheng4) 1149-1170 Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 1170-1193
Huan Zong (桓宗 huan2 zong1)	Zhao Jian Di (昭簡帝 zhao1 jian3 di4)	Li Chun You|李純佑 li3 chun2 you4	1193-1206	Tianqing (天慶 tian1 qing4) 1193-1206
Xiang Zong (襄宗 xiang1 zong1)	Jing Wu Di (景武帝 jing3 wu3 di4)	Li An Quan|李安全 li3 an1 quan2	1206-1211	Qingtian (慶天 qing4 tian1) 1206-1209 Huangjian (皇建 huang2 jian4) 1210-1211
Shen Zong (神宗 shen2 zong1)	Ying Wen Di (英文帝 ying1 wen2 di4)	Li Zun Xu|李遵頊 li3 zun1 xu4	1211-1223	Guangding (光定 guang1 ding4) 1211-1223
Xian Zong (獻宗 xian4 zong1)	Did not exist	Li De Wang|李德旺 li3 de2 wang4	1223-1226	Qianding (乾定 qian2 ding4) 1223-1226
Did not exist	Mo Zhu |末主 mo4 zhu3	Li Xian|李晛 li3 xian4	1226-1227	Baoyi (寶義 bao3 yi4) 1226-1227

Jin dynasty 1115-1234

Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Jin" + temple name or posthumous name
Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Wan-Yan A Gu Da|完顏阿骨打 wan2 yan2 a1 gu2 da3	1115-1123	Shouguo (收國 shou1 guo2) 1115-1116 Tianfu (天輔 tian1 fu3) 1117-1123
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Wan-Yan Wu Qi Mai|完顏吳乞買 wan2 yan2 wu2 qi3 mai3 or Wan-Yan (Sheng or Cheng)|完顏晟 wan2 yan2 (sheng4 or cheng2)	1123-1134	Tianhui (天會 tian1 hui4) 1123-1134
Xi Zong (熙宗 xi1 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Wan-Yan He-La|完顏合剌 wan2 yan2 he2 la2 or Wan-Yan Dan|完顏亶 wan2 yan2 dan3	1135-1149	Tianhui (天會 tian1 hui4) 1135-1138 Tianjuan (天眷 tian1 juan4) 1138-1141 Huangtong (皇統 huang2 tong3) 1141-1149
Did not exist	Hai Ling Wang|海陵王 hai3 ling2 wang2	Wan-Yan Liang|完顏亮 wan2 yan2 liang4	1149-1161	Tiande (天德 tian1 de2) 1149-1153 Zhenyuan (貞元 zhen1 yuan2) 1153-1156 Zhenglong (正隆 zheng4 long2) 1156-1161
Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Wan-Yan Yong|完顏雍 wan2 yan2 yong1	1161-1189	Dading (大定 da4 ding4) 1161-1189
Zhang Zong (章宗 zhang1 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Wan-Yan Jing|完顏璟 wan2 yan2 jing3	1190-1208	Mingchang (明昌 ming2 chang1) 1190-1196 Chengan (承安 cheng2 an1) 1196-1200 Taihe (泰和 tai4 he2) 1200-1208
Did not exist	Wei Shao Wang|衛紹王 wei4 shao4 wang2 or Wei Wang (衛王 wei4 wang2)	Wan-Yan Yong Ji|完顏永濟 wan2 yan2 yong3 ji4	1209-1213	Daan (大安 da4 an1) 1209-1212 Chongqing (崇慶 chong2 qing4) 1212-1213 Zhining (至寧 zhi4 ning2) 1213
Xuan Zong (宣宗 xuan1 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Wan-Yan Xun|完顏珣 wan2 yan2 xun2	1213-1223	Zhenyou (貞祐 zhen1 you4) 1213-1217 Xingding (興定 xing1 ding4) 1217-1222 Yuangunag (元光 yuan2 guang1) 1222-1223
Ai Zong (哀宗 ai1 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Wan-Yan Shou Xu|完顏守緒 wan2 yan2 shou3 xu4	1224-1234	Zhengda (正大 zheng4 da4) 1224-1232 Kaixing (開興 kai1 xing1) 1232 Tianxing (天興 tian1 xing1) 1232-1234
Did not exist	Mo Di |末帝 mo4 di4)	Wan-Yan Cheng Lin|完顏承麟 wan2 yan2 cheng2 lin2	1234	Did not exist

Yuan Dynasty 1271-1368

Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Khan Names	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: use first name (e.g. Temujin) or Khan names before Kublai Khan. Use "Yuan" + temple name or posthumous name after. A mix of the three for Kublai Khan.
Note: 1) all first names of the sovereigns were those more familiar to western readers. 2) Timur or Temür means the Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with the Timur (Timurlane or Tamerlane) who attempted to retore the Mongolian Empire in Central Asia.
Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Genghis Khan	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Temujin|孛兒只斤鐵木真 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 tie3 mu4 zhen1	1206-1227	Did not exist
Rui Zong (睿宗 rui4 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	?	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Tolui|孛兒只斤拖雷 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 tuo1 lei2	1228	Did not exist
Tai Zong|太宗 tai4 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Ogedei Khan	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Ogedei|孛兒只斤窩闊台 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 wo1 kuo4 tai2	1229-1241	Did not exist
Did not exist	Did not exist	?	Töregene Khâtûn|乃馬真 nai3 ma3 zhen1	regent 1241-1246	Did not exist
Ding Zong|定宗 ding4 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Güyük Khan	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Güyük|孛兒只斤貴由 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 gui4 yuo2	1246-1248	Did not exist
Did not exist	Did not exist	?	Oghul Ghaymish|海米失 hai3 mi3 shi1	regent 1248-1251	Did not exist
Xian Zong|憲宗 xian4 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Möngke Khan	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Möngke|孛兒只斤蒙哥 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 meng2 ge1	1251-1259	Did not exist
Shi Zu|世祖 shi4 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Kublai Khan	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Kublai|孛兒只斤忽必烈 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 hu1 bi4 lie4	1260-1294	Zhongtong (中統 zhong1 tong3) 1260-1264 Zhiyuan (至元 zhi4 yuan2) 1264-1294
Cheng Zong|成宗 cheng2 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Temür Öljeytü Khân	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Temür|孛兒只斤鐵木耳 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 tie3 mu4 er2	1295-1307	Yuanzhen (元貞 yuan2 zhen1) 1295-1297 Dade (大德 da4 de2) 1297-1307
Wu Zong|武宗 cheng2 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Qayshan Gülük	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Qayshan|孛兒只斤海山 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 hai3 shan1	1308-1311	Zhida (至大 zhi4 da4) 1308-1311
Ren Zong|仁宗 ren2 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Ayurparibhadra	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Ayurparibhadra|孛兒只斤愛育黎拔力八達 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 ai4 yu4 li2 ba2 li4 ba1 da2	1312-1320	Huangqing (皇慶 huang2 qing4) 1312-1313 Yanyou (延祐 yan2 you4) 1314-1320
Ying Zong|英宗 ying1 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Suddhipala Gege'en	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Suddhipala|孛兒只斤碩德八剌 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 shuo4 de2 ba1 la2	1321-1323	Zhizhi (至治 zhi4 zhi4) 1321-1323
Convention: 'for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name, i.e. 元泰定帝|yuan2 tai4 ding4 di4.
Jin Zong|晉宗 jin4 zong1	Tai Ding Di|泰定帝 tai4 ding4 di4	Yesün-Temür	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Yesün-Temür|孛兒只斤也孫鐵木兒 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 ye3 sun1 tie3 mu4 er2	1321-1328	Taiding (泰定 tai4 ding4) 1321-1328 Zhihe (致和 zhi4 he2) 1328
Did not exist	Tian Shun Di|天順帝 tian1 shun4 di4	Arigaba	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Arigaba|孛兒只斤阿速吉八 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 a1 su4 ji2 ba1	1328	Tianshun (天順 tian1 shun4) 1328
Wen Zong|文宗 wen2 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Jijaghatu Toq-Temür	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Toq-Temür|孛兒只斤圖鐵木兒 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 tu2 tie3 mu4 er2	1328-1329 and 1329-1332	Tianli (天曆 tian1 li4) 1328-1330 Zhishun (至順 zhi4 shun4) 1330-1332
Ming Zong|明宗 ming2 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Qoshila Qutuqtu	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Qoshila|孛兒只斤和世剌 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 he2 shi4 la4	1329	Did not exist 1329
Ning Zong|寧宗 ning2 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Irinchibal	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Irinchibal|孛兒只斤懿璘質班 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 yi4 lin2 zhi2 ban1	1332	Zhishun (至順 zhi4 shun4) 1332
Convention: 'for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name.
Hui Zong|惠宗 hui4 zong1	Shun Di|順帝 shun4 di4	Toghan-Temür	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Toghan-Temür|孛兒只斤妥懽鐵木兒 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 tuo3 huan1 tie3 mu4 er2	1333-1370	Zhishun (至順 zhi4 shun4) 1333 Yuantong (元統 yuan2 tong3) 1333-1335 Zhiyuan (至元 zhi4 yuan2) 1335-1340 Zhizheng (至正 zhi4 zheng4) 1341-1368 Zhiyuan (至元 zhi4 yuan2) 1368-1370

Yuan Dynasty (after expelled from China by Ming in 1368) 1368 - mid 14th century

Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Khan Names	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: use khan names or personal names.
Note: 1) all first names of the sovereigns were those more familiar to western readers. 2) Timur or Temür means the Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with the Timur (Timurlane or Tamerlane) who attempted to retore the Mongolian Empire in Central Asia.
Convention: 'for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name.
Hui Zong|惠宗 hui4 zong1 (same person as the last Yuan emperor in China)	Shun Di|順帝 shun4 di4	Toghan-Temür	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Toghan-Temür|孛兒只斤妥懽鐵木兒 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 tuo3 huan1 tie3 mu4 er2	1333-1370	Zhishun (至順 zhi4 shun4) 1333 Yuantong (元統 yuan2 tong3) 1333-1335 Zhiyuan (至元 zhi4 yuan2) 1335-1340 Zhizheng (至正 zhi4 zheng4) 1341-1368 Zhiyuan (至元 zhi4 yuan2) 1368-1370
Zhao Zong|昭宗 zhao1 zong1	Did not exist	Biliketu Khan?	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Ayushilidrala ? |孛兒只斤愛育識里達臘 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 ai4 yu4 shi4 li3 da2 la4	1370-1378	Xuanguang (宣光 xuan1 guang1) 1371-1378
Did not exist	Did not exist	Usahar Khan?	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Togus-Temür|孛兒只斤脫古思鐵木兒 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 tuo1 gu3 si1 tie3 mu4 er2	1378-1387	Tianguang (天光 tian1 guang1) 1378-1387
Note: ....5 more khans before the Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin family stepped down from the khan throne....

name transliteration form Mongolian:

Temür Öljeytü Khân (cheng)
Qayshan Gülük Hai-Shan (wu)
Ayurparibhadra Ayurbarwada (ren)
Suddhipala Gege'en Shidebala (ying)
Yesün-Temür (tai ding di)
Arigaba Aragibag (tian shun di)
Jijaghatu Toq-Temür (wen)
Qoshila Qutuqtu (ming2)
Rinchenpal Irinchibal (ning2)
Toghan-Temür (shun di)
? (zhao)
Togus-Temür (last with era name)

Ming Dynasty 1368-1644

Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: use "Ming" + era names. For example, Ming Hong Wu Di|明洪武帝 ming2 hong2 wu3 di4.
Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhu Yuan Zheng|朱元璋 zhu1 yuan2 zhang1	1368-1398	Hongwu (洪武 hong2 wu3) 1368-1398
Did not exist	Hui Di|惠帝 hui4 di4	Zhu Yun Wen|朱允炆 zhu1 yun3 wen2	1399-1402	Jianwen (建文 jian4 wen2) 1399-1402
Cheng Zu|成祖 cheng2 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhu Di|朱棣 zhu1 di4	1403-1424	永樂 yong3 le4 1403-1424
Ren Zong|ren2 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhu Gao Chi|朱高熾 zhu1 gao1 chi4	1425	Hongxi|洪熙 hong2 xi1 1425

List of the Ming Emperors:

• call sign of emporer, original name, (name of era, range of year)
• 明太祖 朱元璋 (洪武 1368-1398)
• 明惠帝 朱允炆 (建文 1399-1402)
• 明成祖 朱棣 (永樂 1403-1424)
• 明仁宗 朱高熾 (洪熙 1425)
• 明宣宗 朱瞻基 (宣德 1426-1435)
• 明英宗 朱祁鎮 (正統 1436-1449)
• 明景帝 朱祁鈺 (景泰 1450-1456)
• 明英宗 朱祁鎮 (天順 1457-1464) A rerun, same person as in 1436-1449
• 明憲宗 朱見深 (成化 1465-1487)
• 明孝宗 朱祐樘 (弘治 1488-1505)
• 明武宗 朱厚照 (正德 1506-1521)
• 明世宗 朱厚熜 (嘉靖 1522-1566)
• 明穆宗 朱栽垢 (隆慶 1567-1572)
• 明神宗 朱翊鈞 (萬歷 1573-1620)
• 明光宗 朱常洛 (泰昌 1620)
• 明熹宗 朱由校 (天啟 1621-1627)
• 明思宗 朱由檢 (崇禎 1628-1644)

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See also: Chinese History -- Chinese Historiography -- List of reference tables -- Huns -- Wu Hu -- Mongols -- Xia dynasty -- Shang dynasty -- Zhou dynasty -- Qin dynasty -- Han dynasty -- Three Kingdoms -- Jin Dynasty (265-420) -- Sixteen Kingdoms -- Southern and Northern dynasties -- Northern Wei dynasty -- Sui dynasty -- Tang Dynasty -- Zhou Dynasty (690 AD - 705 AD) -- Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period -- Song Dynasty -- Liao Dynasty -- Western Xia --Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) -- Yuan Dynasty -- Ming Dynasty -- Qing Dynasty