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Balligavi

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File:Shimoga kedareshwara temple.JPG
Kedareshwara temple, Balligavi, Shimoga District

Balligavi a town in Shimoga district of Karnataka state, India, is today known as Belagami. Its ancient names are Dakshina Kedara, Valliggame and Valligrame. Dakshina Kedara means Kedarnath of the South. A place of antiquity, it is known for its ancient monuments. It is also famous as the birth place of the great Virashaiva saint Allama Prabhu[1] and is closely associated with Vachana poetess Akka Mahadevi who was born in nearby Udugani.[2] She was a contemporary of Allama Prabhu and Basavanna, the founder of the Virashaiva movement. Balligavi is also the birth place of Shantala Devi, queen of Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana.[3] Many famous Hoysala sculptors like Dasoja, Malloja, Nadoja, Siddoja hailed from here. Today, Balligavi (Balli in Kannada means creeper or vine) is a quite town much of whose daily routines revolve around agriculture and the famous 11th century Kedareshwara and Tripuranthakeshwara temples. Balligavi is located 72 kms from Shimoga city and 12 Kms from Shikaripura town in Shikaripura taluk.

Legend

Legend has it that Balligavi was the capital of a Asura king (demon) and hence was called called Balipura (city of Bali). The Pandavas later arrived here while on their Vanavasa (forest dwell) and installed the Panchalinga (five lingas) and hence the name Panchalingeswara to the well known temple here. Linga is the universal symbol of Shiva. Archaeologically Balligavi dates from the Satavahana-Kadamba era and the Chaturmukha linga (four faced linga) here is in their style. The earliest inscription mentioning the name Balligavi is a 685 CE Badami Chalukya inscription.

Golden age

The golden age of Balligavi was during the rule of the Western Chalukyas, during the 10th century - 12th century.[4] Balligavi during these times had six mathas (monasteries), three Puras (extensions), five Vidyapeethas (places of learning), seven Brahmapuris. The mathas belonged to devotees of Lord Shiva, Lord Vishnu, Jainism, Buddhism, Lord Brahma. The Kedareshwara matha belonging to the Kalamukha sect (devotees of Shiva), and Kodiya matha was well known and had the patronage of the Hoysala Kings marking the place as one of religious activity. Records also indicate that an ancient University existed here. [5] The town also had 54 temples and supported 60,000 residents during that time.[6] Earlier to the Chalukyas, the area came under the Banavasi province of the Kadambas. Important Kadamba inscriptions like the Talagunda inscriptions, near Balligavi have been collected by the Archaeological Survey of India.[7]

Kedareshwara temple

File:Balligavi Kedareshwara kirti.JPG
Vimana with Kirtimukha (demon face), Kedareshwara temple, Balligavi

This is an excellent example of a trikuta (triple towers) temple in transitional Western Chalukya - Hoysala architecture.[8] It is the oldest example of such a combinational style in Karnataka according to reports from the Mysore archaeological department. The temple faces east and has a stepped entrance on three sides. The entrance on the sides is a Western Chalukya idiom.[9] The central shrine has a linga (universal symbol of Shiva) made from black marble (Krishnashila). The shrine to the south has a linga called Brahma and the shrine to the north has a statue of Janardhana (Vishnu). The temples outside plan is in "staggered-square" style with many projections and recesses which is a Hoysala design.[10] The outer walls of the open mandapa (hall) have carvings of women wearing fine jewellery. Two Hoysala emblems were added in 1060 CE by Hoysala Vinayaditya.[11] The superstructure (tower) of the vimana (shrine) are very well decorated with sculptures of Tandaveshwara, Varaha, Uma Narasimha, Bhairava etc. (forms or avatar of Shiva and Vishnu) and the sukanasi of all three towers still exist.[12] The western shrine is the oldest dating from the 7th or 8th century. Attached to the vestibule that connects the shrines is a well designed open mantapa with two rows of pillars. The outer row of pillars are 16 faced while the inner row of pillars are lathe turned with bell shaped mouldings, a style popular with both Western Chalukys and Hoysalas.[13] The ceiling of the mantapa is flat and the inner ceiling is well carved with lotuses in them. The central ceiling has the carving of Tandaveshwara (dancing Shiva) with eigth dikpalakas (guards). The entrance to the shrine which faces east has a Nandi, the bull and a celestial attendent of Shiva.

Notes

  1. ^ According to the Karnataka state Gazetteer, H.H.Mahatapasvi Shri Kumarswamiji. "Allama Prabhu: His Life, Legacy And Personality". 'Prophets of Veershaivism'. Shivayogi.net. Retrieved 2006-11-27.
  2. ^ "Karnataka Tourism-Religion-Veerashaiva pilgrim sites". www.Karnataka.com. Retrieved 2006-11-27.
  3. ^ U.B.Githa, Research associate. "Balligavi-An important seat of learning". ©Chitralakshana.com 2002. Chitralakshana. Retrieved 2006-11-27.
  4. ^ Raghavendra Chandragutti. "A glimpse of the lost grandeur". Spectrum, Deccan Herald, Tuesday, January 25, 2005. Deccan Herald. Retrieved 2006-11-27.
  5. ^ U.B.Githa, Research associate. "Balligavi-An important seat of learning". ©Chitralakshana.com 2002. Chitralakshana. Retrieved 2006-11-27.
  6. ^ Raghavendra Chandragutti. "A glimpse of the lost grandeur". Spectrum, Deccan Herald, Tuesday, January 25, 2005. Deccan Herald. Retrieved 2006-11-27.
  7. ^ The Talagunda inscription gives the most plausible explanation to the birth of the Kadamba kingdom and the reasons sorrounding the coronation of Mayurasharma as the founder of the kingdom, Dr. S.U. Kamath, Concise history of Karnataka pp 30
  8. ^ Most Hoysala temples are either ekakuta (one tower), dvikuta (two tower) or trikuta, A Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples, Gerard Foekema, pp 25
  9. ^ According to Dr. S.U. Kamath, A Concise History of Karnataka, pp 116
  10. ^ According to Gerard Foekema, A Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples, pp 21
  11. ^ The Hoysala emblem depicts Sala, the mythical founder of the empire fighting a Tiger, according to historians C. Hayavadhana Rao, J. D. M. Derrett, B. R Joshi, Sala was a mytical founder of the empire, A Concise history of Karnataka pp 123, Dr. S.U. Kamath, Arthikaje, Mangalore. "History of Karnataka-Hoysalas and their contributions". © 1998-00 OurKarnataka.Com,Inc. Retrieved 2006-11-27.
  12. ^ The sukanasi is the tower on top of vestibule connecting hall and shrine and this is where the hoysala emblem is located, Gerard Foekema, A Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples pp 22
  13. ^ This is a common feature of Western Chalukya-Hoysala temples, A Concise History of Karnataka, pp 117, Dr. S.U. Kamath

References

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