Nimetazepam
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| Trade names | Erimin |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | International Drug Names |
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| Routes of administration | By mouth |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 95% |
| Metabolism | Liver |
| Elimination half-life | 14–30 hours |
| Excretion | Kidney |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.016.302 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C16H13N3O3 |
| Molar mass | 295.298 g·mol−1 |
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Nimetazepam (marketed under brand name Erimin and Lavol) is an intermediate-acting hypnotic drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It was first synthesized by a team at Hoffmann-La Roche in 1964.[2] It possesses powerful hypnotic, anxiolytic, sedative, and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Nimetazepam is also a particularly potent anticonvulsant.[3] It is marketed in 5 mg tablets known as Erimin, which is the brand name manufactured and marketed by the large Japanese corporation Sumitomo. Japan is the sole manufacturer of nimetazepam in the world. Outside of Japan, Erimin is available in much of East and Southeast Asia and was widely prescribed for the short-term treatment of severe insomnia in patients who have difficulty falling asleep or maintaining sleep. Sumitomo has ceased manufacturing Erimin since November 2015. It is still available as a generic drug or as Lavol.
Nimetazepam was widely prescribed in the 1980s and 1990s, particularly in Japan, Malaysia, Brunei, the Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Hong Kong and Singapore. Prescriptions for the drug have decreased dramatically since 2005 due to rampant misuse and addiction. It is primarily used as an anticonvulsant in children. It is also still used in the most severe and debilitating cases of insomnia in an inpatient setting or in short term outpatient treatment. Hypnotic benzodiazepines estazolam and nitrazepam are used more frequently than nimetazepam for this purpose. Antidepressants such as trazodone and mirtazapine or Z-drugs like zopiclone and zolpidem are first line treatment for insomnia.
Although prescriptions for nimetazepam have decreased, abuse of the drug is still significant in Brunei, Singapore, Malaysia, and the Philippines. It is commonly used in combination with methamphetamine and MDMA (Ecstasy) and opiates (especially heroin or morphine). The strict legal restrictions nimetazepam is subject to in Malaysia has made the drug scarce, but many pills sold as nimetazepam in the black market are counterfeit. Diazepam and nitrazepam are among the most commonly prescribed benzodiazepines in the region, and as a result, they are commonly diverted and sold on the black market, often as nimetazepam.
Illicit manufacturing of nimetazepam (sold as Erimin-5) is prevalent in the region. Abuse of nimetazepam continued to rise throughout the 2010s. Seizures of illicitly manufactured Erimin-5 tablets paralleled the seizures of methamphetamine seizures in Malaysia. A small seizure of 46 illicit Erimin-5 tablets were tested for their physical and chemical characteristics. The active ingredient, adulterant, major diluent, and dyes make up the chemical characteristics of a tablet. The results indicated that nimetazepam was the most common active ingredient in the vast majority of the tablets seized. Lactose was detected as a major diluent in the majority of the samples, followed by mannitol and then calcium phosphate dibasic dihydrate. Sunset yellow was found in most of the tablet samples either alone or in combination with other dyes such as tartrazine and ponceau 4R to give the tablets a peach/orange colour. Green tablets in the samples contained brilliant blue and tartrazine dyes. Diazepam, which is primarily an anxiolytic, was the active ingredient in only one tablet out of the 46. Nitrazepam, a powerful sedative-hypnotic, which is also nimetazepams parent drug, was found to be a minor compound together with a caffeine as a major compound in three of the tablets.[4]
In 2003, 94,200 Erimin-5 tablets were seized in Singapore. The Central Narcotics Bureau's (CNB) laboratory tested the tablets with results that confirmed the tablets were indeed nimetazepam.
Pharmacokinetics
[edit]Taken orally, Nimetazepam has very good bioavailability with nearly 100% being absorbed from the gut. It is among the most rapidly absorbed and quickest acting oral benzodiazepines, and hypnotic effects are typically felt within 15–30 minutes after oral ingestion. The blood level decline of the parent drug was biphasic with the short half-life ranging from 0.5–0.7 hours and the terminal half-life from 8 to 26.5 hours (mean 17.25 hours).[citation needed] It is the N-methylated analogue of nitrazepam (Mogadon, Alodorm), to which it is partially metabolized. nitrazepam has a long elimination half-life, so effects of repeated dosage tend to be cumulative.
Recreational use
[edit]There is a risk of misuse and dependence in both patients and non-medical users of Nimetazepam. The pharmacological properties of Nimetazepam such as high affinity binding, high potency, being short to intermediate – acting and having a rapid onset of action increase the abuse potential of Nimetazepam. The physical dependence and withdrawal syndrome of Nimetazepam also adds to the addictive nature of Nimetazepam.
Nimetazepam has a particular reputation in South East Asia for recreational use, at around USD 7 per tab, and is particularly popular among persons addicted to amphetamines or opioids.[5][6] In addition, Nimetazepam has an anti-depressant and muscle relaxant effect.[7] Nimetazepam also has withdrawal suppression effect and lower drug seeking versus nitrazepam in rhesus monkey (Macaca Mulatta).[8] which might help stimulant addicts to overcome withdrawal symptoms.
Drug misuse
[edit]Nimetazepam has a reputation for being particularly subject to abuse (known as 'Happy 5', sold as an ecstasy replacement without a hangover). Although is still a significant drug of abuse in some Asian countries such as Japan and Malaysia, Nimetazepam is subject to legal restrictions in Malaysia, and due to its scarcity, many tablets sold on the black market are in fact counterfeits containing other benzodiazepines such as diazepam or nitrazepam instead.[9][10][11]
Legal status
[edit]In the United States, Nimetazepam is categorized Schedule IV FDA and DEA.
Nimetazepam is currently a Schedule IV drug under the international Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971.[12]
In Singapore, Nimetazepam is a physician prescribed drug, and is regulated under the Misuse of Drugs Act.[13] The illegal possession or consumption of Nimetazepam is punishable by up to 10 years of imprisonment, a fine of 20,000 Singapore dollars, or both. Importing or exporting nimetazepam is punishable by up to 20 years of imprisonment and/or caning.
In Hong Kong, Nimetazepam is regulated under Schedule 1 of Hong Kong's Chapter 134 Dangerous Drugs Ordinance. Nimetazepam can only be used legally by health professionals and for university research purposes. The substance can be given by pharmacists under a prescription. Anyone who supplies the substance without prescription can be fined $10000 (HKD). The penalty for trafficking or manufacturing the substance is a $5,000,000 (HKD) fine and life imprisonment. Possession of the substance for consumption without license from the Department of Health is illegal with a $1,000,000 (HKD) fine and/or 7 years of jail time.[14]
Similarly in Taiwan and Indonesia Nimetazepam is also regulated as a controlled prescribed substance.
In Victoria Australia, nimetazepam is regulated under Schedule 11 of "Drugs, Poisons and Controlled substances act 1981". It is deemed to fall under the category of "7-NITRO-1,4-BENZODIAZEPINES not included elsewhere in this Part". .[15]
Toxicity
[edit]In a rat study Nimetazepam showed greater damage to the fetus, as did nitrazepam when compared against other benzodiazepines, all at a dosage of 100 mg/kg. Diazepam however showed relatively weak fetal toxicities.[16] The same fetotoxicity of nitrazepam could not be observed in mice and is likely due to the particular metabolism of the drug in the rat.[17]
In a rat study nimetazepam showed slight enlargement of the liver and adrenals and atrophy of the testes and ovaries were found in high dose groups of both drugs at the 4th and 12th week, however, in histopathological examination, there were no change in the liver, adrenals and ovaries. Degenerative changes of seminiferous epithelium in the testes were observed, but these atrophic change returned to normal by withdrawal of the drugs for 12 weeks.[18]
See also
[edit]- Benzodiazepines
- Flunitrazepam — fluorinated derivative
- Nifoxipam — fluorinated 3-hydroxylated desmethyl derivative
- Nitemazepam — 3-hydroxy derivative
- Nitrazepam — desmethyl derivative
- Temazepam — related hypnotic with similar side effects profile
References
[edit]- ^ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
- ^ US patent 3109843, Reeder E, Sternbach LH, "Process for preparing 5-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-1,4-benzodiazepines", issued 1963-11-05, assigned to Hoffmann-La Roche
- ^ Fukinaga M, Ishizawa K, Kamei C (November 1998). "Anticonvulsant properties of 1,4-benzodiazepine derivatives in amygdaloid-kindled seizures and their chemical structure-related anticonvulsant action". Pharmacology. 57 (5): 233–41. doi:10.1159/000028247. PMID 9742288. S2CID 25773207.
- ^ Kunalan, V (2012). "Forensic Drug Profiling of Erimin-5 Using TLC and GC-MS". Malaysian Journal of Forensic Sciences. 3: 1–14 – via ResearchGate.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Chong YK, Kaprawi MM, Chan KB (2004). "The Quantitation of Nimetazepam in Erimin-5 Tablets and Powders by Reverse-Phase HPLC". Microgram Journal. 2 (1–4): 27–33. Archived from the original on 2011-08-10. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
- ^ Devaney M, Reid G, Baldwin S (2005). "Situational analysis of illicit drug issues and responses in the Asia-Pacific region" (pdf). ANCD Research Paper 12. Canberra: Australian National Council on Drugs.
- ^ Sakai S, Kitagawa S, Yamamoto H (March 1972). "Pharmacological studies on 1-methyl-7-nitro-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (S-1530)". Arzneimittel-Forschung. 22 (3): 534–9. PMID 5067925.
- ^ Yanagita T, Takahashi S, Oinuma N. "Drug Dependence Liability of nimetazepam evaluated in the Rhesus Monkey".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Abdullah AF, Abraham AA, Sulaiman M, Kunalan V (2012). "Forensic Drug Profiling of Erimin-5 Using TLC and GC-MS". Malaysian Journal of Forensic Sciences. 3 (1): 12–15.
- ^ Binti Abdul Rahim, Rusdiyah. "Profiling of Illicit Erimin 5 Tablet Seized in Malaysia". A Research Project Report Submitted to the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya.
- ^ "Erimin 5 Tablets In Singapore". The Centre for Forensic Science, HSA, Singapore. 2006.
- ^ "List of psychotropic substances under international control" (PDF). Green List Annex to the annual statistical report on psychotropic substances (form P) (23rd ed.). International Narcotics Control Board. August 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-31. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
- ^ "Misuse of drugs act, chapter 185". Archived from the original on 2012-02-15. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
- ^ "Bilingual Laws Information System". The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China.
- ^ "Victorian Legislation and Parliamentary Documents". The State Government Victoria.
- ^ Saito H, Kobayashi H, Takeno S, Sakai T (December 1984). "Fetal toxicity of benzodiazepines in rats". Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology. 46 (3): 437–47. PMID 6151222.
- ^ Takeno S, Hirano Y, Kitamura A, Sakai T (August 1993). "Comparative developmental toxicity and metabolism of nitrazepam in rats and mice". Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 121 (2): 233–8. doi:10.1006/taap.1993.1150. PMID 8346540.
- ^ Yamamoto T, Kato T, Wada H, Kerata Y (1972). "Chronic Toxicity of 1-Methyl-7-Nitro-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (Nimetazepam)in Rats". Chronic Toxicity.