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For other uses, see GoldenEye (disambiguation).

Template:Infobox Film Bond GoldenEye is a 1995 spy film that is the 17th installment in the James Bond film series. Actor Pierce Brosnan portrays MI6 agent James Bond for the first time in GoldenEye, succeeding Timothy Dalton in License to Kill (1989). Unlike previous James Bond films, the screenplay was not based on a work by Bond creator Ian Fleming. The story was instead conceived and written by Michael France, with collaboration from several other writers. GoldenEye was directed by Martin Campbell. In the film, Bond fights to prevent an arms syndicate from using the GoldenEye satellite weapon against London.

GoldenEye was released in 1995 after legal troubles forced a six-year hiatus in the series, during which Timothy Dalton resigned from the role of James Bond and was replaced by Pierce Brosnan. The character M was recast, with actress Judi Dench becoming the first female portrayal of M. GoldenEye was the first Bond film made after the demise of the Soviet Union.

GoldenEye was lauded by most critics and performed well at the box office, considerably better than Dalton's films.[1] Critics viewed it as a modernisation of the series, and Brosnan as a definite improvement over his predecessor.[2][3][4]

Production

The film was made by Albert R. Broccoli's EON Productions. With Albert Broccoli's health deteriorating (he died seven months after the film's release), his daughter Barbara Broccoli described him as taking "a bit of a back seat" in the production of the film, but still having much influence.[5] In his stead, Barbara and Michael G. Wilson (Albert Broccoli's step-son) took the lead roles in production

Licence to Kill, the previous Bond film, had performed disappointingly at the box office: taking inflation into account, it had the lowest worldwide gross of any Bond film.[1] The producers parted ways with John Glen, director of the previous five Bond movies, selecting New Zealander Martin Campbell as director. Brosnan later described Campbell as "warrior-like in his take on the piece" and that "there was a huge passion there on both our parts".[6] Campbell would go on to direct Casino Royale in 2006. The producers also chose not to use Richard Maibaum, long-time writer for the series.[7][8]

Pierce Brosnan replaced Timothy Dalton as 007.

Danjaq, the Swiss based parent company of EON, sued MGM/UA, the distributor of the movies, because the Bond back catalogue was being licensed to Pathé, who intended to broadcast the Bond series on television in several countries across the world without the approval of Danjaq.[7] These legal battles delayed the film for several years.[9][10]

While the legal battles went on, Timothy Dalton was still expected to play Bond in the new film, as he had originally signed up for a three-film contract, albeit one that expired in 1993. In an interview in 1993, Dalton said that Michael France was writing the story for the film, due to begin production in January or February 1994.[11] However, the deadline was not met, and in April 1994, Dalton officially resigned the role.[7][12] To replace Dalton, the producers cast Pierce Brosnan, who had been prevented from taking over the role from Roger Moore in 1985 because of his contract with Remington Steele.[13][14][15]

Writing

After Michael France wrote the original screenplay, Jeffrey Caine was brought in to rewrite it.[16] Caine kept many of France's ideas but added the prologue prior to the credits. Kevin Wade polished the script and Bruce Feirstein added the finishing touches.[17] In the film, the writing credit was shared by Caine and Feirstein, while France was credited with only the story, an arrangement he felt was unfair, [18] particularly as he believed the additions made were not an improvement on his original version.[19] Wade did not receive an official credit, but was acknowledged in the naming of Jack Wade, the CIA character he created.

While the story was not based on a work by Ian Fleming, the title GoldenEye is based on the name of Fleming's Jamaican estate where he wrote the Bond novels. Fleming gave a number of origins for the name of his estate, including Carson McCullers' Reflections in a Golden Eye[20] and Operation Goldeneye, a contingency plan Fleming himself developed during World War II in case of a Nazi invasion through Spain.[21][22]

Modernising the series

Goldeneye's opening title sequence featured a woman destroying the hammer and sickle.

Since Licence to Kill, the world had changed drastically: GoldenEye was the first James Bond film to be produced since the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union. This cast doubt over whether James Bond was still relevant in the modern world, as many of the previous films pitted Bond against Soviet adversaries.[2] Indeed, much of the film industry felt that it would be "futile" to attempt a comeback for the Bond series, and that it was best left as "an icon of the past"[23] However, when released, the film was viewed as a successful revival of the series, and that it effectively adapted the series for the 1990s.[3]

The fall of communism in Russia is the main focus of the opening titles, designed by Daniel Kleinman (who took over from Maurice Binder after his death in 1991). They show the collapse and destruction of several structures associated with the Soviet Union, such as the red star and hammer and sickle. In an interview, Kleinman said they were meant to be "a kind of story telling sequence" showing that "what was happening in Communist countries was Communism was falling down".[24]

GoldenEye was also the first James Bond film to cast a female as M. In the film, the new M quickly establishes her authority, remarking that Bond is a "sexist, misogynist dinosaur" and a "relic of the Cold War". This is an early indication that Bond is portrayed as far less cold than Timothy Dalton's Bond from 1989.[25]

The Verzasca Dam used in the opening sequence

Filming

The film's producers were unable to film at Pinewood Studios, the usual location for Bond films, because it had been reserved.[7] Instead, an old Rolls Royce factory at Leavesdon Aerodrome in Hertfordshire was converted into a new studio. The producers later said Pinewood would have been too small.[5]

The producers gained the assistance of the French navy, which provided full use of the frigate La Fayette and the navy's newest helicopter, the Eurocopter Tiger. The French government also allowed the use of Navy logos as part of the promotional campaign for the film. However, the producers had a dispute with the Ministry of Defense over Brosnan's opposition to French nuclear weapons testing and his involvement with Greenpeace; as a result, the French canceled the French premiere of the film.[26]

The film's casino scenes were shot in Monte Carlo, as was the Tiger helicopter's demonstration. Reference footage for the tank chase was shot on location in St. Petersburg and matched to the studio at Leavesden. The final scenes on the radio telescope were shot at Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico. M's office was located at MI6's headquarters, next to the River Thames in London.[27]

The opening 220 m bungee jump at Archangel, shot at the Verzasca Dam in Switzerland and performed by Wayne Michaels, was voted the best movie stunt of all time and set a record for the highest bungee jump off a fixed structure.[28] The largest stunt sequence in the film was the tank chase, which took around six weeks to film, partly on location in St. Petersburg and partly at Leavesden.[29]

Plot

The story begins with Bond infiltrating the Arkangel chemical weapons facility in the Soviet Union, with his friend and fellow agent Alec Trevelyan, 006 (Sean Bean). During the mission, Trevelyan is captured and shot by Colonel Arkady Grigorovich Ourumov (Gottfried John), but Bond escapes and blows up the facility.

File:006 Alec Trevelyan.jpg
Alec Trevelyan

Nine years later, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Ourumov, now a General and head of Russia's Space Division, and Xenia Onatopp (Famke Janssen), a member of the Janus crime syndicate, steal the prototype Tiger helicopter during a demonstration and fly it to the GoldenEye satellite weapon control complex in Severnaya, Russia. There, they kill the programmers and steal the control disk for the weapon. To cover the theft, they fire one of the two GoldenEye satellites at the complex, causing an electromagnetic pulse that destroys the equipment in the base and sends an approaching MiG fighter crashing into the building. They leave with a programmer who works for Janus, Boris Grishenko (Alan Cumming), in the helicopter, which has not been damaged. Natalya Simonova (Izabella Scorupco), another programmer, is the only other survivor. She arranges to meet with Grishenko in St. Petersburg, where he betrays her to Onatopp.

Once assigned to the case, Bond uses his CIA contact Jack Wade (Joe Don Baker), to meet Valentin Zukovsky (Robbie Coltrane), a Russian Mafia head, in St. Petersburg. Zukovsky then arranges for Bond to meet the head of Janus, who reveals himself to be Trevelyan, having faked his own death at Arkangel. His plan involves using the second GoldenEye satellite over London, which will render all electrical systems in the city useless, hiding his own theft of money from the Bank of England. Bond is then knocked unconscious and finds himself tied up in the Tiger helicopter with Simonova. The helicopter is programmed to fire two missiles at itself to kill them, but they escape, using the ejection system, just before the missiles hit.

Bond and Simonova are then arrested by the Russian government and interrogated by the Minister of Defence, Dmitri Mishkin (Tchéky Karyo). During the interrogation, Ourumov enters, and Simonova accuses him of being involved in the incident at Severnaya. Realizing that he's been exposed, Ourumov kills Mishkin and escapes with Simonova in a car. Bond pursues him in a tank, through St. Petersburg, to an armoured train, where he meets Trevelyan and Onatopp. After a tense stand-off, Bond kills Ourumov to save Simonova, allowing Trevelyan and Onatopp to escape in the process. While the train's self-destruct is counting down, Bond uses his laser watch to cut through the floor, while Simonova traces the train's remote control signal to Cuba. The two escape through the hole in the floor just before the train explodes.

Bond and Simonova go to Cuba to find the satellite dish needed to use the second satellite. When their plane is shot down in the jungle, they are attacked by Onatopp, repelling from a helicopter. Bond attaches her repelling rope to her, and the helicopter pulls her against a tree, crushing her to death. Bond and Simonova make their way into the control station of the satellite dish, where Simonova programs the satellite to initiate re-entry, causing it to burn up in the Earth's atmosphere. Bond then jams the moving gears of the cradle, so that Grishenko will be unable to reposition it and regain control of the satellite. After a fight with Bond, Trevelyan falls to the bottom of the dish and is crushed by the collapsing cradle. Bond escapes on a helicopter which Simonova commandeered, and is met on the ground by Wade, with a group of U.S. Marines.

Vehicles and gadgets

Main articles: List of James Bond vehicles, List of James Bond gadgets, and List of James Bond firearms
File:VictorQuinterosZ3.jpg
A metallic blue BMW Z3 convertible used in the film

GoldenEye was the first film bound by BMW's three picture deal,[30] so producers were offered BMW's latest roadster, the BMW Z3. It was featured in the film months before its release, and a limited edition "007 model" sold out within a day of being available to order. As part of the car's marketing strategy, several Z3's were used to drive journalists from a complimentary meal at the Rainbow Room restaurant to GoldenEye's premiere at Radio City Music Hall.[31]

In the film, a convertible Z3 is equipped with the usual Q refinements, including a self-destruct feature and Stinger missiles behind the headlights.[32] Bond also drives an Aston Martin DB5 near the beginning of the film, a reference to the original DB5 used in Goldfinger. It is equipped with a refrigerator in the middle armrest to hold champagne and two glasses; and a communications system including voice commands and a fax machine, which prints out from the CD player.[33]

Q gives Bond a Parker Jotter pen that doubles as a "class-four" (C4) grenade. Three consecutive clicks arms the four-second fuse; another three disarms it. Boris Grishenko unwittingly sets this off at one point, allowing Bond and Simonova to escape.[34] Bond's watch, standard issue for MI6 agents, can remotely detonate mines and has a built-in laser that can cut through metal.[34]

Q also gives Bond a size-34 belt containing a 23 m rappelling cord and a piton-shooting buckle. When fired, it shoots a grapple attached to high-tensile-strength wire designed to support Bond's weight. At the start of the film, when Bond bungee jumps off a dam, he uses the grapple gun to lock on to the building below. He then uses the gun's built-in motor to pull him down. Once on the building, he uses the laser function of the watch to get into the building's ventilation system.[34] Bond also uses the grapple gun to escape from Ourumov and his troops.[34]

Bond's standard issue pistol, a Walther PPK, is chambered for the 7.65 x 17mm Browning (or .32 ACP) cartridge. It is shown in the film's promotional poster equipped with a silencer.

Cast

File:Izabella22.jpg
Izabella Scorupco as Natalya Simonova
  • Pierce Brosnan as James Bond (007): In interviews, Barbara Broccoli said of Brosnan playing Bond that "I think we've hit it absolutely on the button with him".[5] It has been claimed that Brosnan's contract included a clause forbidding him to appear wearing a tuxedo in any other film, and that he avoided breaking this in the 1999 film The Thomas Crown Affair by keeping his tie undone.[35]
  • Sean Bean as Alec Trevelyan (006): This was the first Bond film where another of the 00-agents took a major role, although minor roles and verbal references have occurred throughout the films and books.[36] Before being cast as Trevelyan, Bean had auditioned for the role of Bond and said of the matter, "It would have been nice to have played him, but it was just exciting to be involved with a Bond film."[37]
  • Izabella Scorupco as Natalya Simonova: Simonova is the leading Bond girl in the film. The role was her first major one in a film.
  • Famke Janssen as Xenia Onatopp: Onatopp was the other main Bond girl and a sidekick to Trevelyan. She was voted second-best Bond girl in an Empire magazine poll, behind Honey Ryder.[38]
  • Joe Don Baker as Jack Wade: Wade is the CIA contact for Bond, and a replacement for Felix Leiter, who was injured in Licence to Kill. Wade appear again in a later film, Tomorrow Never Dies. Baker previously appeared in the Bond film The Living Daylights as villain Brad Whitaker. He had also played a similar character, another CIA agent, for director Campbell in the 1985 BBC television drama Edge of Darkness.
  • Judi Dench as M: This was the first film featuring a female M, and the decision is widely believed to be inspired by Stella Rimington becoming head of MI5 in 1992.[39][40] Dench would reprise her role as M in the next 5 films.
File:007Ouromov.jpg
Gottfried John as General Arkady Grigorovich Ourumov


Soundtrack

Main article: GoldenEye (soundtrack)

The theme song, "GoldenEye", was written by Bono and The Edge, and was performed by Tina Turner.[41]

The soundtrack to GoldenEye was composed by Éric Serra. Prolific Bond composer John Barry said he was offered it by Barbara Broccoli, but turned it down.[42] Serra's score has been heavily criticised: Richard von Busack, in Metro, wrote that it was "more appropriate for a ride on an elevator than a ride on a roller coaster",[43] and Filmtracks said Serra "failed completely in his attempt to tie Goldeneye to the franchise's past."[44]

The producers later hired John Altman to provide the music for the tank chase in St. Petersburg. Serra's original track for that sequence can still be found on the soundtrack as "A Pleasant Drive In St. Petersburg". Serra composed and performed a number of synthesizer tracks, including the version of the James Bond Theme that plays during the gun barrel sequence, while John Altman and David Arch provided the more traditional symphonic music.

Release

GoldenEye premiered on November 13, 1995, at the Radio City Music Hall in New York City, and went on general release in the USA on November 17 1995. The UK premiere followed on November 22 1995 with general release two days later.[45] Brosnan boycotted the French premiere to support Greenpeace's protest against the French nuclear testing program, causing the premiere to be cancelled.[46]

The film made over $26 million during its opening weekend in the USA. Its worldwide sales were around $350 million.[47] It had the fourth highest worldwide gross of all films in 1995[48] and, taking inflation into account, was the most successful Bond film since Moonraker.[1]

Reception

The critical reception of the film was mostly positive with the film review collection website Rotten Tomatoes giving it an 83% Fresh approval,[49] although similar site Metacritic gave it only 65%.[50] In the Chicago Sun-Times, Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, and said Brosnan's Bond was "somehow more sensitive, more vulnerable, more psychologically complete" than the previous ones, also commenting on Bond's "loss of innocence" since previous films.[51] James Berardinelli described Brosnan as "a decided improvement over his immediate predecessor" with a "flair for wit to go along with his natural charm", but added that "fully one-quarter of Goldeneye is momentum-killing padding."[52] Several reviews praised the new M's appraisal of Bond as a "sexist, misogynist dinosaur",[53][3][54] with Todd McCarthy in Variety saying GoldenEye "breathes fresh creative and commercial life" into the series.[3] John Puccio of DVD Town said that GoldenEye was "an eye and ear-pleasing, action-packed entry in the Bond series" and that the film gave Bond "a bit of humanity, too".[55]

Richard Schickel of Time wrote that after "a third of a century's hard use", Bond's conventions survived on "wobbly knees",[56] while in Entertainment Weekly, Owen Gleiberman thought the series had "entered a near-terminal state of exhaustion."[57] Dragon Antulov said that GoldenEye had a "standard (and rather predictable) series of scenes",[58] and Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said that the film was "a middle-aged entity anxious to appear trendy at all costs".[59]

GoldenEye was nominated for two BAFTAs for "Best Achievement in Special Effects" and "Best Sound", but lost to Apollo 13'' and Braveheart respectively.[60]

Age-suitable ratings

GoldenEye was edited in order to be guaranteed a PG-13 rating from the MPAA and a 12 rating from the BBFC.[61] The cuts include the visible bullet impact to Trevelyan's head when he is shot in the film's opening, several additional deaths during the sequence in which Onatopp guns down the workers at the Severnaya station, extra seconds of footage of Onatopp's death, and Bond giving Onatopp a rabbit punch in the car. The latter change was only requested by the BBFC, however, Campbell felt that making two versions of one scene was ridiculous, so he cut the punch in both versions. In 2006, the film was remastered and re-edited for the James Bond Ultimate Edition DVD in which a number of headbutts were reinserted and some violent sound effects restored to their original levels, causing the BBFC rating to be changed to 15.[61] The Region 1 DVD however, is still the edited original release.

Other media

File:Goldeneye comic cover.jpg
Topps Comics issue #1 GoldenEye cover.
See also: GoldenEye 007 and GoldenEye: Rogue Agent

GoldenEye was the second and final Bond film to be adapted to a novel by then-current Bond novelist John Gardner, and was to be his penultimate Bond novel. The book closely follows the film's storyline, but Gardner added a violent sequence prior to the opening bungee jump in which Bond kills a group of Russian guards (a change that the video game GoldenEye 007 retained).

In late 1995, Topps Comics began publishing a three-issue adaptation of GoldenEye in comic book format. The film script was adapted by Don McGregor with art by Rick Magyar. The first issue carried a January 1996 cover date.[62] For reasons unknown, Topps cancelled the entire adaptation after only the first issue had been published, and to date the adaptation has never been released in its entirety.[63]

The film was the basis for GoldenEye 007, a successful video game for the Nintendo 64 developed by Rareware.[64][65] It was considered a flagship game for the console, and viewed as revolutionary in its development of the first-person shooter format. In a January 2000 poll, readers of the British video game magazine Computer and Video Games voted GoldenEye 007 to first place in a list of "the hundred greatest video games".[66] In Edge's 10th anniversary issue in 2003, the game was included as one of their top ten shooters of all time,[67] and in 2005, a "Best Games of All-Time" poll at GameFAQs placed it at 7th.[68] It is based upon the film and novel, but many of the missions were extended or modified.[69]

An alternative version of GoldenEye 007 was also intended to be released for the Virtual Boy console, but was cancelled before release.[70]

References

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  70. ^ "The Lost GoldenEye Videogame". MI6.co.uk. 2007-01-11. Retrieved 2007-04-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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