Jump to content

Mount Kilimanjaro

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by SiobhanHansa (talk | contribs) at 00:22, 30 May 2007 (Revert vandalism). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Template:Otheruses2

Mount Kilimanjaro
Map
Highest point
Elevation5,895 m (19,341 ft) Edit this on Wikidata
Prominence5,895 m (19,341 ft) Edit this on Wikidata
Isolation5,510 km (3,420 mi) Edit this on Wikidata

Kilimanjaro, formerly Kaiser-Wilhelm-Spitze, is an inactive stratovolcano in north-eastern Tanzania. Kilimanjaro is the tallest free-standing mountain rise[1] in the world,[2] rising 4,600 metres (15,000 ft) from its base, and includes the highest peak in Africa at 5,895 metres (19,340 ft), providing a dramatic view from the surrounding plains.

Description

The highest point is Uhuru Peak on the volcano Kibo, 5,895 meters (19,340 ft). Kibo has a 1.5 mile wide crater on the top of it. As the highest point in Africa, Uhuru Peak is one of the Seven Summits. The summit was first reached by the Marangu army scout, Johannes Kinyala Lauwo, who climbed it nine times. Lauwo served as a guide for the first ascent by nonindigenous climbers, German Hans Meyer and Austrian Ludwig Purtscheller, on October 6 1889. Two other peaks are also extinct volcanoes: Mawenzi (5,149 metres, 16,890 ft), the third highest peak in Africa (after Mount Kenya) and Shira (3,962 m, 13,000 ft). Johannes' Notch is named after Lauwo. In 1889 Lauwo was presented with a house at Ashira Marangu by the German government in recognition of his role on the Meyer expedition. His relative, Trilas Lauwo (1952-) was the first Tanzanian woman to reach the summit via the Mweka route in 1972.

An ascent of Mawenzi requires rock climbing and/or snow/ice climbing skills. The climb to Uhuru Peak is considered to be a relatively straightforward endeavour; however, ample time must still be provided for proper acclimatization to prevent altitude sickness. The three easiest routes, Marangu, Rongai and Machame can be climbed by a person of good health, and require no mountaineering experience. Many who climb employ altitude-sickness medication and find this to be helpful in preventing the pounding headaches that plague many travellers. Those who travel on the Marangu route usually take 4-5 days to complete their climb. Huts with cooking facilities, bathrooms, and (sometimes) electricity are available at the end of each day's journey. The final part of the climb, from Kibo hut at 15,500 ft (4,720 m) to the summit, is generally undertaken at night, because the scree is frozen together, making the climb significantly easier. Gilman's Point, on the rim of the crater, but about 1½ hours hike from Uhuru, is attained at 5:00 - 6:00 am; those who have the strength to continue may then hike on to Uhuru in the growing sunlight and rising temperatures. Another route is the Western Breach, which is much more technical in nature. Annually, approximately 15,000 people attempt to climb the mountain, of whom 40% reach the summit.

The rapidly retreating Furtwängler Glacier is near the summit.

At the summit, there is a sign posted by the Tanzanian government. The sign (printed in English only) reads "Congratulations! You are now at Uhuru Peak, Tanzania, 5,895 m. AMSL. Africa's Highest Point. World's Highest Free-Standing Mountain. One of World's Largest Volcanos. Welcome." The sign is covered in travel stickers from past trekkers who have left their mark on the top of the peak. Near this famous sign is a box containing a log that many climbers have signed.

Due to the mountain's equatorial location as well as its high elevation, climbers can experience almost every climate type on earth during the journey to the top. It is also known to many for its year round snow-topped summit.

The summit of of Kilimanjaro is covered by a GSM mobile phone network, the highest point in Africa with such service. The service is provided by Vodacom. However, it is no longer the highest point in the world with mobile phone service, as China Telecom now provides coverage at the top of Mt. Everest, the highest point in the world.

Mount Kilimanjaro taken from the air

Name

It is unknown where the name Kilimanjaro comes from, but a number of theories exist.[3] Many of these theories assume that Kilimanjaro breaks up into Kilima (Swahili for "hill, little mountain") and Njaro,[4] whose supposed origin varies according to the theory—for some it's an ancient Swahili word for white or for shining,[2] while for others it has non-Swahili origin, e.g. Kichagga word jaro meaning caravan. The problem with all these theories is that they can't explain why the diminutive kilima is used instead of the proper word for mountain, mlima. A different approach is to assume that it comes from Kichagga kilemanjaare or kilemajyaro meaning "which defeats the bird/leopard/caravan". However this theory can't explain the fact that the name Kilimanjaro was not used in Kichagga until recently. [3]

Volcanic status

While it is inactive, Kilimanjaro has fumaroles that emit gas in the crater on the main summit of Kibo. Scientists concluded in 2003 that molten magma is just 400 metres (1,300 ft) below the summit crater. Although new activity is not expected, there are fears the volcano may collapse, causing a major eruption similar to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Several collapses and landslides have occurred on Kibo in the past, one creating the area known as the western breach. Although there is no recorded history of eruptions, local legend speaks of activity around 170 years ago.

Current conditions

While the volcano appears to be dormant on the inside, events on top of the mountain have been drawing global attention recently. The glaciers that have covered the top of the mountain for the past 11,700 years are rapidly disappearing. Over the past century, the ice cap volume has dropped by more than 80%[1]. In 2002, a study led by Ohio State University ice core paleoclimatologist Lonnie Thompson [2] predicted that ice on top of Africa's tallest peak would be gone between 2015 and 2020 [3] [4]. In 2007 a team of Austrian scientists from University of Innsbruck predicted that the plateau ice cap will be gone by 2040, but some ice on the slope will remain longer due to local weather conditions [5]. A comparison of ice core records suggests conditions similar to those of today have not existed for over 11,000 years. As another significant indicator of global warming, this loss of the Kilimanjaro ice fields carries significant climatological and hydrological implications for local populations who depend on water from the ice fields during the dry seasons and monsoon failures.

As of January 2006, the Western Breach route has been closed by the Tanzanian government following a rockslide which killed four people at Arrow Glacier Camp. The rockslide is believed to have been caused by frost action in an area which is no longer permanently frozen.

After the Western Breach route was closed in January 2006, many expeditions that had intended to use this route have instead used the Lemosho/Barafu route. As the Western Breach route, this route starts to the west and goes up the Shira Ridge towards Lava Tower. Instead of going up to Arrow Glacier camp and the breach, however, this route goes around the southern edge of Kili towards Barafu Camp. From Barafu Camp, around 15,200 ft (4,630 m) altitude, a nighttime summit is usually attempted.

Mount Kilimanjaro - with Landsat Overlay. Heights two times exaggerated.


Climbing routes

Forest along the Marangu climbing route.
File:JRO-climber.jpg
Tanzania's Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs with a guide at the summit.

There are several routes officially sanctioned for climbing Kilimanjaro. These are:

  • Machame
  • Marangu
  • Rongai
  • Londorossi Lemosho
  • Umbwe
  • Shira
  • Mweka (descent only)

Machame route

The Machame route as of 2006 is described here. The route is typically done on a 6 or 7 day hike.

The campsites and gates (with corresponding elevations) are as follows: [6]

  • Machame Gate (start of trek) (5718 ft/1738 m)
  • Machame (9927 ft/3018 m)
  • Shira (12355 ft/3756 m)
  • Barranco (13066 ft/3972 m)
  • Karanga (optional camp, used by 6-day climbers)
  • Barafu (high camp before summit) (15239 ft/4633 m)
  • Mweka (descent) (10204 ft/3102 m)
  • Mweka Gate (end of trek) (5423 ft/1649 m)

(The given altitudes are sourced from a GPS device and are accurate to a few hundred feet)

One benefit of the Machame route is its quick rise to relatively high elevations (~10,000 ft/~3,040 metres), and a short ascent to the Lava Tower site (~15,000 ft/~4,560 m) before descending back to Barranco Camp (12,700 ft/3,870 m) on the same day. This follows the climber's adage 'climb high, sleep low', and helps altitude acclimation. The initial steep ascent also helps climbers acclimatise better.

The Machame route starts from Machame Gate and travels upwards through the montane rainforest, characterized by dense vegetation, a muddy trail and short sections of steep climbs. The first campsite, Machame Camp, is right after the dense tree cover in an area with lower but still thick bushlands.

The second day continues through increasingly sparse trees and bushes into moorlands. Picturesque hanging mosses often cover trees and offer an ethereal quality to the landscape. The day finishes with Shira Camp, which is on a small plateau in the high moorlands, and features views of Kibo in the northwest and Mount Meru towards the east. White necked ravens can be seen throughout the day. There is also a set of small caves a short walk from the campsite known as the Shira Caves.

File:Garden of the senecias.jpg
Garden of the Senecias, with part of Kibo in the background.

The third day starts in the moorlands and moves into alpine desert, with less trees and more rocks. The highest point is the base of the Lava Tower, after which the trail descends into the Barranco Valley. More vegetation is present in this zone, especially the area just before the campsite. This area is called the 'Garden of the Senecias' which features many of the huge senecia plants. Shorter lobelia plants are also present.

The fourth day starts with the ascent of the Barranco Wall, which is considered a scramble in climbing terms. The top of the Wall has attractive vistas of Kibo and the surrounding landscape. The trail continues with many up and down sections across small streams and rivulets, and finally crosses the Karanga River to the Karanga campsite.

The fifth day follows the path up and across a rocky zone, finishing at the high camp Barafu. Very little vegetation can be found on the inhospitable terrain. A field of sedimentary rocks litters the ground like many broken mirrors. (Note - the 6 day trek omits the Karanga campsite, and climbers continue directly to Barafu on the same day)

The summit is usually attempted on the very early morning of the 6th day (around midnight). Barafu is also used as a summit campsite for the Umbwe route. Climbers typically take somewhere between 5-7 hours to ascend, using headlamps and cold weather gear. The first milestone is Stella Point (18,652 ft/5,685 m), which is on the crater rim. Following Stella Point, the trail continues for another 30 mins to the summit - Uhuru Peak.

The descent back to Barafu takes roughly 4 hours. Some climbers 'scree slide' down the slope, which entails skidding/running down the loose gravel at medium speed. From Barafu, climbers typically take a short break, and continue downwards through the alpine desert and ensuing moorlands to Mweka Camp.

The 7th and final day has trekkers continue through the montane forest to Mweka Gate. Troops of black-and-white colobus monkeys can often be seen in the dense growth.

A travelogue of the Machame route can be viewed here.[7]

A travelogue of the Londorossi Lemosho route can be viewed here.[8]

Kilimanjaro viewed from Amboseli National Park

In the arts

  • Mount Kilimanjaro was the inspiration and backdrop for Ernest Hemingway's classic short story The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1936). He also wrote a non-fiction account of his safari experiences in the 1950s, posthumously published as Under Kilimanjaro (2005).
  • Mount Kilimanjaro is referred to in one of Monty Python's Flying Circus skits, "Double Vision". Sir George Head (John Cleese) unwittingly proclaims, "I'm leading this expedition and we're going to climb both peaks of Mount Kilimanjaro," before Bob (Eric Idle) points out that there is only one peak.
  • Mount Kilimanjaro is mentioned in Toto's 1982 hit, "Africa" ("I know that I must do what's right, sure as Kilimanjaro rises like Olympus above the Serengeti").
  • Mount Kilimanjaro is shown as the dramatic backdrop to the animal realm of Disney's The Lion King.
  • Mount Kilimanjaro is referenced in Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas as a clothing outlet serving "large men," simply called "Kilimanjaro's".
  • In the Xbox game Halo 2, if a player gets 7 kills, each within four seconds of the last, the announcer says "Killimanjaro!" using a play on the mountains name as a kill- related score reference.
  • In the first trailer for the Xbox 360 game Halo 3, Kilimanjaro is visible in the background as Master Chief walks along the plains west of the devastated ruins of present-day Mombasa.
  • A third-season episode of the Nickelodeon game show Legends of the Hidden Temple was entitled "The Snow Cone of Mount Kilimanjaro."
  • In the anime Cowboy Bebop, Jet Black refers disparagingly to the plot of The Snows of Kilimanjaro.
  • In the episode "Friendship Day" of the children's series Dora The Explorer, Dora and Swiper travel to Mount Kilimanjaro to give back the friendship bracelets.
  • In Justina Robson's novel Natural History, which is set in the future, Mount Kilimanjaro has two peaks and is the site of a military base.
  • Late 70s/early 80s UK post-punk neo-psychedelic group The Teardrop Explodes' first album is called Kilimanjaro.

See also

  • Moorlands on the Shira plateau
    Moorlands on the Shira plateau

Notes

  1. ^ The concept of "free-standing rise" is not completely well-defined; however one definition characterizes it as the rise of the summit over the lowest closed contour line encircling and remaining near the summit. (Compare topographic prominence.) Kilimanjaro is encircled by a contour line at elevation Template:Unit m, giving a rise of Template:Unit m, which goes no further than Template:Unit km from the summit. This is the world's highest free-standing rise attainable within a Template:Unit km radius. Higher rises are attainable over somewhat larger distances, namely for Pico Cristóbal Colón, which rises Template:Unit m above a contour within Template:Unit km, and Mount McKinley, which rises Template:Unit m above a contour within Template:Unit km. (Sources: SRTM data, USGS National Elevation Dataset.)
  2. ^ a b "SRTM TANZANIA IMAGES" (Kilimanjaro or Kilima Njaro description), NASA, August 28, 2005, webpage: NASA-Tanzania.
  3. ^ a b http://www.ntz.info/gen/b00769.html
  4. ^ "Kilima-Njaro" (alternate name in 1907), The Nuttall Encyclopædia, 1907, FromOldBooks.com, 2006, webpage: FOB-Njaro.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kilimanjaro.
  • Kilimanjaro News: Regularly Updated
  • Charles A. Wood. "Kilimanjaro, Tanzania". Volcano World, Department of Space Studies, University of North Dakota, USA. Retrieved February 25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&oldid=134448978"