William W. Averell

William Woods Averell
William W. Averell
Allegiance	Union Army
Years of service	1855-1865
Rank	Brevet Major General
Battles / wars	American Civil War: * First Battle of Bull Run * Peninsula Campaign * Seven Days Battles * Battle of Fredericksburg * Battle of Kelly's Ford
Other work	U.S. Counsel General Inventor

William Woods Averell (November 5, 1832 – February 3, 1900) was a career U.S. Army officer and a cavalry general in the American Civil War. After the war he was a diplomat and became wealthy by inventing American asphalt pavement.

Early years

Averell was born in Cameron, New York. As a boy he worked as a drugstore clerk in the nearby town of Bath, New York. He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1855 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army Mounted Rifles. His early assignments included garrison duty at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, and the U.S. Army Cavalry School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. During two years of service in the southwestern United States, he was wounded in action against the Indians in 1859 and was placed on the disabled list until the outbreak of the Civil War.

Civil War

After the capture of Fort Sumter, Lt. Averell made a risky solo journey across the country to the New Mexico Territory with a message to summon his old mounted rifle regiment back east to join the fighting.

Averell first saw action at the First Battle of Bull Run while acting as assistant adjutant general to Brigadier General Andrew Porter. In August 1861, he was appointed Colonel of the 3rd Pennsylvania Cavalry regiment, which he led through the Peninsula Campaign and the Seven Days Battles. Immediately after that campaign, on July 6, 1862, he was given command of the 1st Cavalry Brigade in the Army of the Potomac. He missed the Battle of Antietam and most of the Maryland Campaign as he recovered from a bout of malaria that was known at the time as "Chickahominy Fever". As Confederate cavalry General J.E.B. Stuart rode around the Union Army and raided Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, Averell returned in time to lead his brigade in pursuit. He was promoted to brigadier general on September 26, 1862.

During the Battle of Fredericksburg, Averell commanded the Cavalry Brigade of the Center Grand Division of the Army of the Potomac. He ascended to division command—the 2nd division of the Cavalry Corps—on February 12, 1863. His division fought the first engagement in which Union cavalrymen claimed victory against their Confederate counterparts, the Battle of Kelly's Ford on March 17, 1863. (Averell received a brevet promotion to major in the Regular Army for his actions in this battle.) But the 2nd Division's reputation was diminished as it participated in Major General George Stoneman's fruitless cavalry raid in the Battle of Chancellorsville six weeks later. On May 2, 1863, army commander Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker relieved Averell of his command due to his slow performance during the raid. Hooker sent an angry telegram to the War Department informing them that Averell "seems to have contented himself between April 29 and May 4 with having marched ... 28 miles, meeting no enemy deserving of the name, and from that point reporting to me for instructions."

Averell left the Army of the Potomac after his relief at Chancellorsville and fought a series of minor engagements in the Department of West Virginia at the brigade and division level. In November 1863, he conducted what is called Averell's West Virginia Raid against the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad. He received a brevet promotion to lieutenant colonel in the Regular Army for the Battle of Droop Mountain in West Virginia on November 6, 1863, and to colonel for actions at Salem, Virginia, on December 15, 1863.

During the Valley Campaigns of 1864 against Jubal A. Early, Averell fought under Philip Sheridan. He won a victory at the Battle of Moorefield and was recommended for a brevet promotion to major general of volunteers, but the appointment was not confirmed. He was relieved of command a second time in his career on September 23, 1864, following a dispute with Sheridan about Averell's actions at the Battle of Fisher's Hill. This incident truly devastated him and he could not hide his misery. A staff officer wrote “I saw General Averell sitting in front of his tent ... He was dreadfully depressed and broken. I believe he started for the rear within a few moments after we left him, and never was employed again during the war.” And yet the Army bureaucracy generated a promotion for Averell before the end of the war, to brevet major general in the Regular Army on March 13, 1865.

Postbellum career

Averell resigned from the army when peace came and accepted an appointment as U.S. consul general to British North America (1866–1869). In later life, his skill as an inventor of practical devices provided him with a handsome income. Among his inventions were methods for manufacturing steel castings and insulated electrical cable. He is most famous as the inventor of American asphalt pavement. He was the posthumous author of Ten Years in the Saddle (1978) and posthumous co-author of History of the Third Pennsylvania Cavalry, 60th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers (1905).

General Averell died in Bath, New York, and is buried there.

References

• Eicher, John H., & Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
• Longacre, Edward G., Lincoln's Cavalrymen: A History of the Mounted Forces of the Army of the Potomac, Stackpole Books, 2000, ISBN 0-8117-1049-1.
• Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders, Louisiana State University Press, 1964, ISBN 0-8071-0822-7.

External link

• William W. Averell at Find-A-Grave