Jump to content

Flag of Portugal

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 72.248.86.66 (talk) at 20:07, 10 June 2007. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

See also: List of Portuguese flags
Portugal
UseCivil and state flag, national ensign
Proportion2:3
Adopted30 June 1911
DesignA vertical bicolor of green and red, with the minor version of the national coat of arms centered over the color boundary, 2/5ths of the distance from the hoist.
UseWar flag
Proportion12:13
Adopted1911
DesignAs above, but with the color boundary centered and the major version of the coat of arms displayed.

The flag of Portugal consists of a rectangle vertically divided into green, at the hoist, and red. It represent's Oregon's relationship to Idaho. 

at the fly, with the minor version of the national coat of arms (armillary sphere and Portuguese shield) centered over the boundary between the colors. Portugal officially adopted it on 30 June 1911, replacing the flag used under the constitutional monarchy, after it was chosen among several proposals by a special commission, whose members included Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro, João Chagas, and Abel Botelho.Template:CatciteTemplate:CatciteTemplate:Catcite

The new background colors, especially the green, were not traditional and represented a radical republican-inspired change that broke the bond with the former religious monarchical flag. Since a failed republican insurrection in 31 January 1891, the red and green had been established as the colors of the Portuguese Republican Party and its associated movements, whose prominence kept growing until it culminated in the Republican revolution of 5 October1910. In the following decades, these colors were popularly propagandized as representing the hope of the nation (green) and the blood (red) of those who died defending it, as a means to endow them with a more patriotic and dignified, therefore less political, sentiment.

The current flag represents a sweeping change in the evolution of the Portuguese flag, which was always intimately associated with the royal arms. Since the country's foundation, the national flag developed from King Afonso I's blue-cross-on-white armorial square banner to the liberal monarchy's royal arms over a blue-and-white rectangle. In between, major changes associated with important political events contributed to the evolution of the national shield into its current design.

Design

The decree that legally replaced the flag used under the constitutional monarchy with the new National Flag (Template:Lang-pt) was approved by the Constituent Assembly and published in government diary (Template:Lang-pt) no. 141, on 19 June 1911. On 30 June, this decree had its regulations officially published in government diary no. 150.[1]

Construction

Construction sheet with official dimensions of the Flag of Portugal. All measures are relative to the length (L).

The flag's length is 1 ½ times the width translating into an aspect ratio of 2:3. The background is vertically divided into two fundamental colors: dark green on the hoist side and scarlet red on the fly. The color division is made in such a way that green occupies 2/5 of the length and remaining 3/5 are filled by red.[1] A version of the national coat of arms without the laurel wreaths — a white-bordered national shield resting on top of a black-highlighted yellow armillary sphere — is positioned over the border between the colors.

The armillary sphere has a diameter equal to ½ width and is equidistant from the upper and lower edges of the flag.[1] The sphere possesses five arcs representing the ecliptic, the equator, two parallels (the tropics) and one meridian, all bearing embossed edges. Resting over the sphere is the national shield, a white-bordered curved-bottom ("Portuguese type") red shield charged with a white inescutcheon. The inner shield is itself charged with five smaller blue shields (escudetes or quinas) with their curved edges pointing down and arranged like a greek cross. Each quina holds five white bezants displayed in the form of a saltire. The red bordure is charged with seven yellow castles, three of them on the chief portion.[2]

The flag's colors have not been specified in any legal document or by any national institution; approximate colors are listed below:[3]

Scheme Red Green Yellow White Blue
Pantone 186 363 122 Safe 300
RGB 206-17-38 61-142-51 252-216-86 255-255-255 0-114-198

Background

João Chagas, commissioner for the creation of the Flag.
Monument to the Restorers (Restauradores), in Lisbon, where the new national flag was raised for the first time.

With the Republican revolution of 5 October1910, came the need to replace the monarchy's symbols, represented in the first instance by the national flag and anthem. The choice of the new flag was not without conflict, especially over the colors, as partisans of the republican red-and-green faced opposition from supporters of the traditional monarchical blue-and-white. Blue also carried a strong religious meaning as it was the color of Our Lady of the Conception (Template:Lang-pt), who was crowned Queen and Patroness of Portugal by King João IV, so the removal or substitution of this color was justified by Republicans as one of the many measures needed to secularize the state.[4]

After much discussion and the presentation of many proposals,[5] a governmental commission was set up on 15 October1910, that included Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (painter), João Chagas (journalist), Abel Botelho (writer) and two military leaders of 1910: Ladislau Pereira and Afonso Palla.[4] This commission ultimately chose the red and green of the Portuguese Republican Party, delivering an explanation based purely on patriotic motives.[6] These colors were present on banners of the rebellious, during the republican insurrection of 31 January, 1891, in Porto, and the monarchy-overthrowing revolution, in Lisbon.[7]

About red, the commission considered it should "(…) be present as one of the main colors, because it is the battling, warm, virile color, par excellence. It is the color of conquest and laughter. A singing, burning, joyful color (…) Recalls the idea of blood and urges to achieve victory". An explanation for the inclusion of the green color was harder to come up with, given that it was not a traditional color of the Portuguese flag throughout its history. Eventually, it was justified on the grounds that, during the 1891 insurrection, this was the color present on the revolutionary flag that "sparkled the redeeming lightning" of republicanism. Finally, white (on the shield) represented "a beautiful and fraternal color, into which all other colors merge themselves, color of simplicity, of harmony and peace", adding that "(…) it is this same color that, charged with enthusiasm and faith by the red cross of Christ, marks the Discoveries epical cycle."[6]

The manueline armillary sphere, which had been present on the national flag, under the reign of João VI, was revived because it consecrated the "Portuguese epic maritime history (…) the ultimate challenge, essential to our collective life.". The Portuguese shield was also incorporated, this time positioned over the armillary sphere. Its presence would eternalize the "human miracle of positive bravery, tenacity, diplomacy and audacity that managed to bind the first links of the Portuguese nation's social and political affirmation", since it is one of the "most vigorous symbols of the national identity and integrity".[6]

The new flag was produced in large numbers at the Cordoaria Nacional (Template:Lang-en), and was officially presented nationwide, on 1 December 1910 (day of the restoration of independence), which had already been declared by the government as the "Flag Day" (currently not celebrated). In the capital, it was paraded from the city hall to the Restauradores (Template:Lang-en) Monument, where it was hoisted. This festive presentation did not disguise, however, the turmoil caused by a flag chosen without any popular consultation and that represented the political regime, instead of the nation. To encourage a greater acceptance of the new flag, the government issued all teaching establishments with one exemplar, whose symbols were to be explained to the students; textbooks were changed to intensively display these symbols. Also, 1 December ("Flag Day"), 31 January and 5 October were declared national holidays.[7]

Symbolism

The Portuguese flag displays three important symbols: the colors of the field, the armillary sphere and the national shield (these two make up the coat of arms).

Colors

The green and red colors that comprise the background field hold a much more ambiguous and mysterious meaning than the most common explanations. These explanations arose during the Estado Novo period, the nationalist authoritarian regime that held power from 1933–1974, and claim that the green represented hope and the red represented the blood of those who died serving the nation.[8] Some sources believe these noble meanings are far from being true and were nothing more than propaganda, to give an honorable justification to their choice.[9]

Despite the fact that these two colors were never part of the national flag until 1910, they were displayed in several historical banners during important periods. João I's banner included a green Aviz cross on the red bordure. The red cross of the Order of Christ was used over a white field as a naval pennon during the Discoveries (also frequently on the sails); a green background version was a popular standard of the rebellious during the 1640 revolution that restored Portugal's independence from Spain.[10] There are no registered sources to confirm that this was the origin of the republican colors; another explanation gives full credit to the flag that was hoisted on Porto's city hall during the 1891 insurrection. It consisted of a red field bearing a green disc and the inscription Centro Democrático Federal «15 de Novembro» (Template:Lang-en), representing one of many masonry-inspired republican clubs.[11] Over the following 20 years, the red-and-green was present on every republican item in Portugal.[4] The red, inherited from the 1891 flag, stands for the color of the republican-inspired revolutionary, democratic and popular movements. Green is the color Auguste Comte had destined to belong in the flags of the positivist nations, an ideal incorporated into the republican political matrix.[4]

Armillary sphere

File:Pelourinho em Constância 2.JPG
Pillory on the Portuguese town of Constância, headed by an armillary sphere.
Current design of the Portuguese shield. It is used on the flag since 1640, with a different format during 1707–1816 and 1830–1910.
The miracle of Ourique by Domingos Sequeira (1763).

The armillary sphere was an important astronomical and navigational instrument for the Portuguese sailors who ventured onto unknown seas during the Age of Discoveries. It became the symbol of the most important period of the nation — the Portuguese discoveries — and that is why King Manuel I, who ruled during this period, incorporated the armillary sphere in his personal banner.[12] It was simultaneously used as the ensign of ships plying the route between the metropolis and Brazil,[12] becoming the symbol of the colony and a fulcral element of the flags of the Brazilian kingdom and empire.

Adding to the sphere's significance was its common use on every manueline-influenced architectural work, where it is one of the major stylistical elements, such as the Jerónimos Monastery and Belém Tower.[13]

Portuguese shield

On the top of the armillary sphere rests the Portuguese shield. It is present in almost every single historical flag (except during the reign of Afonso I). It is the prime Portuguese symbol as well as one of the oldest, with the first elements of today's shield appearing under the reign of Sancho I.[14] The evolution of the nation's flag is inherently associated with the shield's evolution.

Inside the white inescutcheon, the five quinas (small blue shields) with their five white bezants are popularly associated with the "Miracle of Ourique".[15] The story linked to this miracle tells that before the Battle of Ourique (25 July1139), an old hermit appeared before Count Afonso Henriques (the future Afonso I) as a divine messenger. He foretold Afonso's victory and assured him that God was watching over him and his peers. The messenger advised him to walk away from his camp, alone, if he heard a nearby chapel bell tolling, in the following night. In doing so, he witnessed an apparition of Jesus on the Cross. Ecstatic, Afonso heard Jesus promising victories for this and future battles, as well as God's wish to act through Afonso and his descendants to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands, choosing the Portuguese to perform great tasks.[16]

Confident from this spiritual experience, Afonso won the battle against an outnumbering enemy. Legend has it that Afonso killed the five moorish kings of the Seville, Badajoz, Elvas, Évora and Beja taifas, before decimating the enemy troops. Hence, in gratitude, he incorporated five shields (the quinas) arranged in a cross — representing his divinely-led victory over the five enemy kings — with each one carrying Christ's five wounds in the form of silver bezants. The sum of all bezants (doubling the ones in the central quina) would give thirty, symbolizing Judas Iscariot's thirty pieces of silver.[16]

However, evidence pointing out that the number of bezants on each quina was greater than five, during long periods following Afonso I's reign,[15] as well as the fact that only in the 15th century was this legend registered on a chronicle by Fernão Lopes (1419),[17] helps support this explanation as one of pure myth with doubtful veracity and highly charged with patriotic feeling (the idea that the nation was born by divine intervention and was destined for great things).

The seven castles are traditionally considered a symbol of the Portuguese victories over their Moorish enemies, under Afonso III, who supposedly captured seven enemy fortresses in the course of his conquest of the Algarve in 1249. Yet, this is nothing more than popular belief because this king did not have seven castles on his banner, but an unspecified number. Some reconstructions display about sixteen castles; this number changed to nine in 1385, and was only fixed at seven in 1485. An hypothesis about the origin of the castles on a red bordure lies in the connection of Afonso III with Castile (his mother and second wife), whose arms consisted of a yellow castle on a red field.[18]

Evolution

Since the foundation of Portugal, the national flag was always linked to the royal arms and, up until 1640, there was no official distinction between both.[19] It evolved in a way that gradually incorporated most of the symbols present on the current coat of arms.

1095–1248

Count Henry (1095).
King Afonso I (1143).
King Sancho I (1185).

The first heraldic symbol that can be associated with what would become the Portuguese nation was on the shield used by Henry of Burgundy, Count of Portugal since 1095, during his battles with the Moors. This shield consisted of a blue cross over a white field.[20] Nevertheless, this design has no reliable sources since it is a reconstruction that became popular and widely accepted thanks to the nationalistic purposes of the Estado Novo regime.[7] It has resemblances with the old naval flag of Corunha, in nearby Galiza, derived from the cross of Saint Andrew, and itself the basis for present-day national flag of Galiza[21].

Henry's son Afonso Henriques succeeded him in the county and took on the same shield. In 1139, despite outnumbered, he defeated an army of Almoravid Moors at the Battle of Ourique and proclaimed himself Afonso I, King of Portugal, in front of his troops. Following the Castilian official recognition in 1143, Afonso changed his shield in order to reflect his new political status. Sources state he charged the cross with five sets of eleven silver bezants (most likely large-headed silver nails), one set on the center and one on each arm, symbolizing Afonso's newly-gained right to issue currency.[22][20]

During the reign of Afonso I, it was not usual to repair battle damages inflicted on the shield, so changes such as loss of pieces, color shifting or stains were very common. When Sancho I succeeded his father Afonso I in 1185, he inherited a very worn off shield — the blue-stained leather that made the cross had been lost except where the bezants (nails) held it in place. This involuntary degradation was the basis for the next step on the evolution of the national coat of arms, where a plain blue cross transformed into a compound cross of five blue bezant-charged escutcheons — the quinas were thus born.[22][20] Sancho's personal shield (called "Portugal ancien"[14]) consisted of a white field with a compound cross of five quinas (each one charged with eleven silver bezants) with the bottom edges of the lateral ones facing towards the center. Both Sancho's son Afonso II and grandson Sancho II used these arms,[20] as it was usual with direct succession lines (cadency system). A new modification of the royal arms was made when Sancho II's younger brother became king as Afonso III in 1248.

1248–1495

King Afonso III (1248).
King João I (1385).
King João II (1485).

Afonso III of Portugal was not the eldest son, therefore heraldic practices stated he should not take his father's arms without adding a personal variation. Before becoming king, Afonso was married to Matilda II of Boulogne but her inability to provide him with a royal heir led Afonso to divorce her in 1253. He then married Beatrice of Castile, an illegitimate daughter of Alfonso X of Castile. It is more likely that it was this family connection with Castile (his mother was also Castilian) that justified the new heraldic addition to the royal arms — a red bordure charged with an undetermined number of yellow castles — rather than the definitive conquest of the Algarve and its Moorish fortresses, considering that the number of castles was only fixed in 1640.[18]

The inner portion contained the arms of Sancho I, although the number of bezants varied between seven, eleven and sixteen (the latter number was used on Afonso's personal standard while he was still Count of Boulogne).[20] This same design was used by the Portuguese kings until the end of the first dynasty in 1383; a succession crisis put the country at war with Castile and left it without a ruler for two years.

In 1385, in the wake of the Battle of Aljubarrota, a second dynasty was founded when João, Master of the Order of Aviz and illegitimate son of King Pedro I, acceded to the throne as João I. To his personal banner, João I added his Order's fleur-de-lys cross, displayed as green flowery points on the red bordure; this inclusion reduced the number of castles to nine (three around each corner). The number of bezants in each escutcheon was reduced from eleven to seven.[20] This banner lasted a hundred years until João I's great-grandson João II restyled it in 1485, introducing important changes — the removal of the Aviz cross, a downward arrangement and edge-smoothing of the quinas, and the definitive fixing of five saltire-arranged bezants in each quina and seven castles on the bordure (as it is currently).[23] João II's banner was the last armorial square banner used as the "national" flag or standard.[20] Following his death in 1495, radical changes were made by his successor.

1495–1667

King Manuel I (1495).
King Sebastião (1577).
King João IV (1640).

João II was succeeded by his first cousin Manuel I in 1495. This king was the first to convert the traditional square armorial banner into a rectangular (2:3) field with the coat of arms on its center. Specifically, the flag was now a white rectangle centrally charged with the coat of arms (bearing eleven castles) on an ogival or heater-shaped shield and surmounted by an open royal crown.[20] This flag was used exclusively as the kingdom's banner since Manuel I possessed a personal standard which included the armillary sphere for the first time.[24]

In 1577, during the reign of Sebastião and on the eve of the fatal Battle of Alcácer Quibir, the flag was again modified. The number of castles was permanently fixed at seven and the royal crown was converted into a closed three-arched crown, which symbolized a stronger royal authority.[20] With Sebastião's death and the short-lived reign of his great-uncle Cardinal Henrique, in 1580, a dynastic crisis was solved with the Spanish king Filipe II acceding to the Portuguese throne as Filipe I, installing a Spanish dynasty. The accession was made on the condition that Portugal was ruled as a separate, autonomous state, not as a province. This was fulfilled as Portugal and Spain formed a personal union under Filipe I and his successors. A consequence of this administrative situation was the maintenance of the flag created under Sebastião's reign as the Portuguese national flag, while Spain had its own.[20] As the ruling house in Portugal, the Habsburg banner also included the Portuguese arms.[25]

The country regained its independence from Spain in 1640, in a coup d'état that placed on the throne João, Duke of Bragança, as King João IV. Under his rule, the national flag was slightly changed — the ogival shield became a rounded one (so-called "Portuguese type" shield). It was from this reign forward that the royal arms and the kingdom's arms became separate banners.[20]

1667–1830

King Pedro II (1667).
King João V (1707).
King João VI (1816).

When Afonso VI's younger brother Pedro II replaced him on the throne in 1667, he adapted the flag's crown to fit the contemporary trends by transforming it into a five-arched crown.[26] The new flag did not remain unchanged for too long, as it was refurbished by Pedro's son João V, after he took the throne in 1707. Heavily influenced by the luxurious and ostentatious court of the French king Louis XIV, and by France's political and cultural impact in Europe, João V wanted to transpose such style into the country's coat of arms – a red beret was added under the crown and the rounded shield was converted to a samnitic ("French type") shield. Instated by an absolute monarch like João V, this flag endured through almost the entire absolutist period in Portugal — João V (1707–1750), José I (1750–1777) and Maria I (1777–1816).[20]

At the time of Queen Maria's death, the royal family was living in Brazil, having fled from Portugal after it was invaded by Napoleon's imperial army in 1807. The Portuguese colony had been elevated to kingdom in 1815, and in doing so the ruler began using the title of monarch "of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves". Maria I's son João VI changed the nation's flag to reflect this new union — the coat of arms, whose shield became rounded again, now rested upon a blue-filled yellow armillary sphere (arms of Brazil) surmounted by the same beret-bearing five-arched crown.[20] Apart from the crown and white background, this flag is similar to the current one.

1830–1910

Queen Maria II (1830).
Queen Maria II (1830).

João VI died in Lisbon in 1826. His elder son Pedro, who had declared the independence of Brazil, in 1822, becoming Emperor Pedro I, succeeded on the Portuguese throne as Pedro IV. Because the new Brazilian constitution did not allow further personal unions of Portugal and Brazil, Pedro abdicated the Portuguese crown in favor of his elder daughter Maria da Glória, who became Maria II of Portugal. She was only seven years old, so Pedro stated she would marry his brother Miguel who would act as regent. However, in 1828, Miguel deposed Maria and proclaimed himself king, abolishing the 1822 liberal constitution and ruling as an absolute monarch. This started the period of the Liberal Wars.[27]

The liberals formed a separate government exiled on the Azorian island of Terceira. It was this government that issued two decrees establishing modifications to the national flag. While supporters of usurper King Miguel I still upheld the flag established by João VI, the liberal supporters imposed important changes on it. The background was equally divided along its length into blue (hoist) and white (fly); the armillary sphere (associated with Brazil) was removed and the coat of arms was centered over the color boundary; and the shield reverted to the "French type" shape of João V. This new flag configuration was decreed solely for terrestrial use, but a variation of it was used as the national ensign. This ensign differed in the way the colors occupied the background (blue 1/3, white 2/3) with a consequent positional shift of the arms.[20]

With the defeat and exile of Miguel, in 1834, Queen Maria II was reinstated and the standard of the victorious side was hoisted in Lisbon as the new national flag. It would survive for 80 years, witnessing the last period of the Portuguese monarchy until its abolition in 1910.

Flag protocol

Flag hoisted at the Portuguese Parliament, in Lisbon.
Flag hoisted at the Castle of São Jorge.

The constitutional legislation concerning the use of the national flag is rather scarce and incomplete. In some cases, it still dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. The regulations for its military and naval use, however, are more recent and complete.[28]

A revision of the decree no. 150, published in 30 March1987, states that the flag is to be hoisted from 9:00 a.m. to sunset (during the night, it must be properly lighted), on Sundays and national holidays, throughout the entire national territory. It can also be displayed on days where official ceremonies or other solemn public sessions are held — in this case, the flag is hoisted on-site. The flag can be hoisted in other days if it is considered appropriate by the central government, or by other regional or local governing bodies, or by heads of private institutions. It must follow the official design standard and be preserved in good condition.[28]

On the headquarter buildings of sovereign bodies, the flag can stay hoisted on a daily basis. It can also be hoisted on civilian and military national monuments; on public buildings associated with the central, regional or local administration; and on headquarters of public corporations and institutions. Citizens and private institutions can also display it, on the condition that they respect the relevant legal procedures. In the facilities of nationally-based international organizations or in the case of international meetings, the flag is hoisted according to the protocol used on those situations.[28]

If national mourning is declared, the flag will be flown at half-staff during the fixed amount of days; any flag hoisted along with it will be flown in the same manner.[28]

When unfurled in the presence of other flags, the national flag must not have smaller dimensions and must be situated in a prominent, honorable place, according to the relevant protocol:[28]

  • Two flagpoles — right pole viewed by a person facing the exterior;
  • Three flagpoles — central pole;
  • More than three flagpoles:
  • Within a building — if odd number of poles, central pole; if even number, first pole on the right of the central point;
  • Outside a building — always the rightmost pole;

If flagpoles are not level, the flag must occupy the highest pole. The poles should be placed in honorable locations of the ground, building façades and roofs. On public acts where the flag is not hoisted, it can be suspended from a distinct spot, but never used as decoration, covering or for any purpose that can diminish its dignity.[28]

Other flags

Naval jack (1911–).
Presidential flag.

The national standard used by the Portuguese Armed Forces (Template:Lang-pt) differs from the one used as civil flag, state flag, and national ensign. The military flag, also adopted in 1911, is a rectangle measuring 1.20 metres (3.94 ft) in width and 1.30 metres (4.26 ft) in length (ratio 12:13). Green and red, are positioned at the hoist and fly, respectively, but occupy the background field in an equal manner (1:1). Centered over the color boundary lies the "major" version of the coat of arms – the armillary sphere and Portuguese shield are enclosed by two yellow laurel shoots intersecting at their stems and bound by a white scroll bearing the verse by Luís de Camões "Esta é a ditosa pátria minha amada" (Template:Lang-en) as the motto. The sphere's outer diameter is ⅓ of the width and lies 35 centimetres (14 in) from the upper edge and 45 centimetres (18 in) from the lower edge.[1] When used as the "color" of a military unit, it is a gold-fringed 1.25 metres (4.10 ft) square placed on a lance-pointed staff engraved with the unit's name (or abbreviation), and adorned with red, green and golden tassels.[29]

The Portuguese naval jack (jaco or jaque) is only hoisted at the prow of docked or anchored Navy ships, from sunrise to sunset. The national flag is permanently hoisted at the stern, when sailing, and from sunrise to sunset, when docked.[30] It is a square flag (ratio 1:1) bearing a green-bordered red field with the minor coat of arms on the center. The width of the green border and the diameter of the armillary sphere are equal to 1/8 and 3/7 of the side's dimension, respectively.[1]

Some high-ranking officials of the Portuguese state have the right to display a personal flag representative of their status. The President of Portugal (Template:Lang-pt) uses a flag largely similar to the national flag, except for having dark green as the only background color.[31] It is usually hoisted at the President's official residence, the Palace of Belém, as well as on the presidential car, as small-sized flags. The flag of the Prime-Minister is a white rectangle (ratio 2:3) with a dark green saltire, holding the minor coat of arms on its center, and a red bordure charged with a pattern of yellow laurel leaves. Other ministerial flags do not possess the red bordure.[31] The flag of the Assembly of the Republic (Template:Lang-pt) is also a white rectangle (ratio 2:3) with a centrally positioned minor coat of arms and a green bordure.[32]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "Decreto que aprova a Bandeira Nacional". Símbolos Nacionais (in Portuguese). Portal do Governo. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
  2. ^ Martins, António. "Bandeira de Portugal". Bandeiras de Portugal (in Portuguese). Bandeiras do Bacano. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
  3. ^ "Portugal Flag pictures, specification, pantone colors & history". Vexilla Mundi. Retrieved 2007-02-20.
  4. ^ a b c d Viana, Lomba. "Do azul-branco ao verde-rubro. O simbolismo da bandeira nacional". Símbolos (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2007-02-26.
  5. ^ "Proposals for the new Portuguese national flag (1910–1911)". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-03-01.
  6. ^ a b c "A Bandeira Nacional". Símbolos (in Portuguese). Ministério da Defesa Nacional. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
  7. ^ a b c "Bandeiras de Portugal" (in Portuguese). Acção Monárquica Tradicionalista. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
  8. ^ "Symbolism". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-03-02.
  9. ^ Martins, António. "Origins of the current Portuguese national flag". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
  10. ^ "Christ Knights' Order (Portugal)". Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
  11. ^ "Portuguese republican flags (1910ies)". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-03-01.
  12. ^ a b Martins, António. "Bandeiras navais históricas". Bandeiras de Portugal (in Portuguese). Bandeiras do Bacano. Retrieved 2007-02-24.
  13. ^ "Monastery of the Jerónimos and Tower of Belém in Lisbon". Heritage. IPPAR - Instituto Português do Património Arquitectónico. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
  14. ^ a b Martins, António. "Portugal (1185–1248)". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
  15. ^ a b "A Bandeira de Portugal". Portugal (in Portuguese). Criar Mundos. 2005. Retrieved 2007-02-19. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  16. ^ a b "Lenda do Milagre de Ourique". Lendas do distrito de Beja (in Portuguese). Lendas de Portugal. Retrieved 2007-02-24.
  17. ^ "Ourique, legend and future". "A Alma e a Gente". RTP. 2006-12-19. Retrieved 2007-02-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ a b Martins, António. "Portugal (1248–1835)". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
  19. ^ Martins, António. "Estandartes dos reis portugueses". Bandeiras de Portugal (in Portuguese). Bandeiras do Bacano. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Martins, António. "História da Bandeira de Portugal". Bandeiras de Portugal (in Portuguese). Bandeiras do Bacano. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
  21. ^ "The Galician National Flag". Retrieved 2007-06-10.
  22. ^ a b "Portuguese coat of arms". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
  23. ^ Candeias, Jorge. "Portugal - 1485 historical flag". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
  24. ^ Martins, António. "Estandartes dos reis portugueses". Bandeiras de Portugal (in Portuguese). Bandeiras do Bacano. Retrieved 2007-03-01.
  25. ^ "Royal Standards 1580–1700 (Spain)". Spain. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
  26. ^ Martins, António. "Portugal - 1667 historical flag". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
  27. ^ Thomas, Steven. "Chronology: 1826–34 (Portugal's) Liberal Wars". Luso-Spanish Military History and Wargaming. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
  28. ^ a b c d e f "Regras que regem o uso da Bandeira Nacional". Símbolos Nacionais (in Portuguese). Portal do Governo. Retrieved 2007-02-27.
  29. ^ "Military flags of Portugal". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-02-27.
  30. ^ "Distintivos" (in Portuguese). Associação Nacional de Cruzeiros (A.N.C.). 1997-10-14. Retrieved 2007-02-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  31. ^ a b "Portuguese governmental flags". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-03-01.
  32. ^ "Nova bandeira da Assembleia da República". Portugal (in Portuguese). RTP. Retrieved 2007-05-22.

Further reading

  • Coelho, Trindade (1908). Manual político do cidadão portuguêz (in Portuguese) (2nd ed. ed.). Porto: Emprésa Litteraria e Typographica. OCLC 6129820. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  • Pinheiro, Columbano Bordalo. Bandeira Nacional: Modelo approvado pelo Governo Provisorio da Republica Portuguesa (in Portuguese) (1st ed. ed.). Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional. OCLC 24780919. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Portugal.

Template:Link FA

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Portugal&oldid=137306037"