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El Al Israel Airlines
File:NewElAlLogo.JPG
IATA ICAO Call sign
LY ELY ELAL
Founded1948
HubsBen Gurion International Airport
Frequent-flyer programMatmid
SubsidiariesSun D'Or[1]
Fleet size35 (+8/9 orders)
Destinations48
Parent companyKnafaim Holdings Ltd. (42%)
State of Israel (13%)
Employees Union (8%)[2]
HeadquartersIsrael Tel Aviv, Israel
Key peopleIsrael (Izzy) Borovich (Chairman)
Haim Romano (CEO)
Websitehttp://www.elal.com/

El Al Israel Airlines (Template:Lang-he, "skyward") (TASE: ELAL) is the flag carrier and largest airline of Israel.[3][4] From its main base and hub at Tel Aviv's Ben Gurion International Airport, El Al operates regular international passenger and cargo flights to Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America as well as local flights to Eilat.[5]

Since its inaugural flight from Geneva to Tel Aviv in September 1948, the airline has steadily grown, and now serves 48 destinations on four continents.[6] As the national carrier, El Al has played an important role in Israel's humanitarian rescue efforts, airlifting Jews from Ethiopia, Yemen, and other countries where their lives were in danger. The airline holds several world records, one of them for the highest number of passengers on a commercial aircraft, a record set by Operation Solomon, when Jewish refugees were brought over from Ethiopia. El Al is regarded as the most secure airline in the world, after foiling many attempted hijackings and terror attacks through its vigilant security protocols.[7]

History

Early years

In September 1948, Israel's first president, Chaim Weizmann, attended a conference in Geneva, Switzerland. Weizmann was scheduled to fly back to Israel in a government aircraft, but due to the embargo imposed on Israel at the time, this was not possible. A C-54 military transport aircraft was converted into a civilian plane for this purpose. The aircraft was painted with the El Al/Israel National Aviation Company logo and fitted with extra fuel tanks to enable a non-stop flight from Geneva to Israel. It departed from Ekron Air Base on September 28, and returned to Israel on September 30. After the flight, the aircraft was repainted and returned to military use.[8]

File:El Al Logo 1950.gif
El Al logo in the 1950s
File:60s.gif
El Al logo in the early 1960s
El Al's 1958 ad promoting non-stop transatlantic services


The airline was incorporated and became Israel's official carrier on November 15, 1948, althought it used borrowed aircraft until February 1959, when two unpressurised DC-4's were purchased from American Airlines. The acquisition was funded by by the Israeli government, the Jewish Agency, and other Jewish organizations. The first plane arrived at Lod Airport on April 3, 1949. Aryeh Pincus, a lawyer from South Africa, was elected head of the company. The first international flight, from Tel Aviv to Paris (refueling in Rome), took place on July 31, 1949.[9][8] By the end of 1949, the airline had flown passengers to London and Johannesburg. A regular service to London was inaugurated in the middle of 1950. Later that year, El Al acquired Universal Airways, which was owned by South African Zionists. A state-run domestic airline, Israel Inland Airlines, was founded in which El Al had a 50% stake.[8]

El Al's cargo service was inaugurated in 1950, using military surplus C-46 aircraft. That same year, the airline initiated charter services to the USA, soon followed by scheduled flights.[8] From its earliest days, operation of the airline in keeping with Jewish tradition has been a source of friction. When the Israeli prime minister David Ben Gurion was forming his first coalition, the religious parties would not join unless Ben Gurion promised that El Al would serve only kosher food on its flights and would not fly on the Jewish Sabbath.[10]

As the national carrier, the airline was involved in several covert operations. In the early 1950s, El Al airlifted over 160,000 immigrants to Israel from India, Iran, Iraq and Yemen as part of Operation Magic Carpet and Operation Ezra and Nehemiah.[6] In 1960, Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann was captured and flown from Argentina to Israel on an El Al aircraft.[11] In 1955, after using unreliable and noisy Lockheed Constellations for several years, the airline purchased two Bristol Britannia aircraft. El Al was the second airline in the world to fly this plane, after the British Overseas Airways Corporation.

In 1958, El Al ran a newspaper advertisement in the US featuring a picture of a "shrunken" Atlantic Ocean ("Starting Dec. 23, the Atlantic Ocean will be 20% smaller") to promote its non-stop trans-atlantic flights .[12] This was a bold step: The airline industry had never used images of the ocean in its advertising because of the widespread public fear of airline crashes. The advertisement, which ran only once, proved effective. Within a year, El Al's sales tripled.[13]

Jet era and terrorism

Despite the purchases of the Britannia, and introduction of non-stop trans-atlantic flights, the airline remained unprofitable.[8] The end of the 1950s saw Efraim Ben-Arzi take over leadership of the airline, and soon the Britannias were replaced by the de Havilland Comet 4, Boeing 707, and Douglas DC-8 jets. 1960 was the first year in which the airline posted a profit and El Al was, at this time carrying more than half of all passengers flying into Israel.[8]

On 15 June 1961, the airline set the world record for the longest non-stop commercial flight from Tel Aviv to New York when one of its Boeing 707 aircraft covered 5,760 miles in 9 hours and 33 minutes.[6] By this time, El Al was carrying 56,000 passengers a year, beating out well-known airlines as Loftleidir and the same as Qantas. In 1961, El Al was the world's 35th largest airline in terms of accumulated passenger-miles.[14]

El Al continued to pass through a strong era during the late 1960s, especially in 1968 when, not only did El Al began flying scheduled flights to Bucharest and started dedicated cargo flights to Europe and the USA, but also established a catering subsidiary, Teshet Tourism and Aviation Services Ltd., all of which led to annual profits of approximately $2 million in this year.[8]

In 1968, El Al experienced what would become the first of many instances of terrorism against the airline. On July 23, the first and only successful hijacking of an El Al aircraft took place when a 707 carrying 10 crew and 38 passengers was taken over by three members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). The aircraft was en route from Rome, Italy, to Lod, Israel. The hijackers diverted it to Algiers. The negotiations extended over 40 days and both the hijackers and the 21 Israeli hostages ultimately went free. It later emerged that the hijackers left Beirut armed, with the full consent of the Lebanese authorities.[15] This was followed on December 26 by the attack against an El Al aircraft at Athens Airport, in which two PFLP operates killed an Israeli mechanic.[16] Israel once again held Lebanon accountable for the attack, and, following restraint following the July attack, the IDF retaliated on December 29, when it raided Lebanon's Beirut Airport airport at night, destroying 14 planes on the ground belonging to Middle East Airlines, Trans Mediterranean Airways and Lebanese International Airways.[17]

1969 did not see any easing of tensions in the region, and El Al continued to be a target. On February 18 1969, Palestinians attacked an El Al plane at Zurich Airport killing the copilot and injuring the pilot. One Palestinian attacker was killed and others were convicted but later released.[18] Between September and December 1969, bomb and grenade attacks occurred at El Al offices in Athens, Berlin, and Brussels.[18] This culminated in the failed attempt hijack of an El Al Boeing 707 by Patrick Arguello and Leila Khaled on September 6 1970, as part of the Dawson's Field hijackings.[19]

1970s and 1980s

An El Al Boeing 707 at Zurich Airport in June 1982

1971 saw El Al receive its first Boeing 747 jet which was received in a new color scheme. Many saw this purchase as too risky, given the enormous cost and serious threat of attacks against the airline, but traffic soared with the two 747s, and at this time, El Al's relatively small operation of just 12 jets was one highly regarded world-wide. A third 747 was delivered in 1973 which was used by the airline to inaugurate nonstop services from Tel Aviv to New York. At thirteen hours against prevailing winds, this was the longest scheduled flight in the world.[8] By the mid-1970s, El Al had started to schedule its flights to leave airports outside of Israel on Sabbath, in order to arrive in Israel after Sabbath. This caused religious parties to object to this breaking of halachah and the original 1948 agreement. The subsequent controversy caused the Labor government to fall. New elections were held, and Menachem Begin, the new Prime Minister agreed to enforce the agreement. This caused the secular community to campaign against the laws once again, by threatening to boycott the airline, and arguing that they would lose much-needed income. In August 1982, angry El Al workers prevented Orthodox and Hassidic Jews from entering the airport.[10]

In 1977 El Al created a charter subsidiary then known as El Al Charter Services Ltd., but later renamed Sun D'Or International Airlines Ltd. This happened two years after its first year of losses since the late 1950s, as a result of a global recession. El Al replaced its management three times in the late 1970s, finally settling with Itzhak Shander as president. Following the deterioration in the situation in Iran at this time, El Al sent aircraft to the country to evacuate Jewish citizens to Israel. Soon, all of the airline's facilities in the country were destroyed.[8]

File:Elal logo.gif
El Al's logo from the 1960s to 2006

April 1980 saw the launch of El Al service from Tel Aviv to Cairo following the peace agreement.[6] It didn't last long though, as it, along with all other El Al operations were grounded in late 1982 following poor operations and particularly a strike in September. The government appointed Amram Blum as the person ultimately responsible for the airline, which lost $123.3 million in the fiscal year ending April 1983.[8] It sold its stake in Arkia at this time.[20]

The government gave the airline permission to resume services in January 1983 from a technical receivership position. The Israeli government provided them with two new Boeing 737 aircraft and agreed to purchase four Boeing 767 jets worth $200 million. Within four years, the airline had returned to a position of profits.[8] In May 1988, El Al operated what is to this day the longest non-stop flight in its history from Los Angeles to Tel Aviv, a journey of 7,000 miles in 13 hours and 41 minutes.[6] In 1989, flights to Poland and Yugoslavia commenced.[8]

1990s and early 2000s

El Al Boeing 747-200 such as that operated in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s

In January 1990, North American Airlines started operations, designed partly to provide feeder services to El Al gateways in North America. El Al held a 24.9% stake in the airline until it sold it back to Dan McKinnon in July 2003. By this time, El Al operated a fleet of 20 aircraft, including nine Boeing 747s, and had begun the process of replacing its aging Boeing 707s with the Boeing 757. Early 1990 saw El Al begin scheduled services to Moscow following the downfall of the Soviet Union. At this time, however, the airline was unable to carry Jewish emigrants out of the country. In 1991, however, permission came through, and charter operations started in August of this year, with many immigrants also flying in available seates on El Al's scheduled routes. In this operation, El Al, in cooperation with Aeroflot, carried more than 400,000 Jewish immigrants to Israel within a three year period.[8][21]

On 24 May 1991 an El Al Boeing 747 airlifted a record-breaking 1,087 passengers, Ethiopian Jews flying from Addis Ababa to Israel as part of Operation Solomon.[22] Within a few years, the airline had started flights to the Far East, and in 1995, entered into its first code-sharing agreement with American Airlines.[8] In February 1995 El Al left the technical receivership it had been operating under since 1982[23] and in June 1996, another milestone was hit with the inaugural flight from Israel to Amman, Jordan.[6]

File:Operation Solomon.jpg
Ethiopian Jews boarding El Al aircraft during Operation Solomon

1996 saw the airline post losses of $83.1 million, due partly to a new wave of attacks, and the open-skies policy which was being adopted by the Israeli government at this time.[8] During this difficult time, in order to keep its aircraft flying, El Al introduced flights "to nowhere" in which passengers could enjoy various in-flight entertainments while circling the Mediterranean. It also promoted day trips for shopping in London or visiting newly accessible sites of religious importance in eastern Europe.[8]

In 1997, El Al's cargo branch became a special division in the airline, when before it had operated in the same branch as scheduled flights.[24] El Al's first Boeing 777 took off for the first time in March 2000, and later that year the debate regarding Sabbath flights was re-ignited when it was announced that it is estimated that the airline loses $55 million a year by not flying on Sabbath. It was expected that following the first phase of a long delayed privatisation, which was initiated in June 2003 when 15% of the airline's shares were listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, the policy regarding Sabbath flights would be reversed.[6][10] Arkia Israel Airlines' then-parent company, Knafaim-Arkia Holdings, acquired a large stake in mid-2004 and intended to take complete ownership.[6][10] In order to satisfy Israeli anti-trust rulings, Knafaim-Arkia was forced to sell its stake in Arkia.[25] As of March 2007, the major shareholders of El Al are Knafaim Holdings (42%), the state (13%) and the Employee Union (8%).[2]

Recent history

File:NewElAlLogo.JPG
El Al's logo from 2006

El Al has had success in serving the needs of the religious Jewish clientele who fly to and from Israel: it serves only kosher food (by most definitions), and long-haul flights typically feature passenger-led prayer-services. As a rule, El Al has not flown on Shabbat, despite the possible loss of clientele. An estimated 20-30% of the company's passengers are Jewish Ultra-Orthodox, who mostly fly in certain seasons, and to certain destinations. Operating on Sabbath may result in a Haredi boycott, a major financial blow far exceeding the potential profits. [26] In the aftermath of a November 2006 strike that temporarily shut down Tel-Aviv airport, El Al decided to fly some of their planes on Sabbath in order to get back on schedule. This led to a large-scale Haredi boycott of the airline.[27] On 5 January 2007 a deal was signed between El Al and the Haredi community, stipulating that El Al will not fly on Sabbath.[28]

In early 2007, El Al opened a new King David Lounge at Charles de Gaulle Airport. New lounges at Heathrow Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport are expected to open in late 2007.[29] Today, the company employs 5,417 staff globally and has a fleet of over 30 aircraft.[30] In 2006, El Al posted a $44.6 million dollar loss on revenues of $1.665 billion.[31]

Incidents and accidents

File:View of Apron at TLV.jpg
El Al aircraft at Ben Gurion International Airport as seen from the Dan Lounge
Inside one of the company's Boeing jetliners

Destinations

Further information: [[:El Al destinations]]

El Al serves destinations on four continents with a particularly developed network to Europe. The airline serves a number of gateway North American cities and has recently extended its service to include direct service to Los Angeles and Miami. Over the past few years, El Al has expanded its destinations to cover the Far East, while retaining its limited coverage of Africa.[43][44]

El Al Boeing 777-200ER

Codeshare agreements

El Al has the following codeshare partners, as of May 2007.[45]

Cargo

El Al has a cargo branch, El Al Cargo, which became independent in 1997. As the national cargo airline of Israel, they operate a fleet of 4 Boeing 747-200 aircraft to destinations in Asia, Europe and North America. Prior to 2001, when the Israeli air cargo market was opened to competition, the airline occupied a monopolistic position in the market.[8]

Security

Due to terrorist actions on El Al throughout its history, the airline employs stringent security procedures, both on the ground and onboard its aircraft. These effective, and sometimes controversial, procedures have given El Al the reputation of being the most secure airline in the world.[46]

On the plane

Approximately six undercover agents (formerly two; exact numbers are never given for security purposes) with hidden firearms accompany each international El Al flight, sitting amongst passengers.[47] Most El Al pilots are former Israeli Air Force fighter pilots, and all El Al flight crew members are trained in hand-to-hand combat. In fact, most El Al employees have served in the Israel Defense Force as national service is compulsory in Israel for most citizens.[48]

El Al Boeing 777

The cockpits in all El Al aircraft have double doors to prevent entry by unauthorized people. A code is required to access the doors, and the second door will only be opened after the first has closed and the person has been identified by the Captain or First Officer.[48] Furthermore, there are reinforced steel floors separating the passenger cabin from the baggage hold.[49] This is intended to strengthen the plane in case of an explosion in the hold or vice versa. The El Al fleet is also the only commercial airline fleet in the world to be equipped with anti-missile countermeasures by utilising the radar-based Flight Guard system.[4] Switzerland has threatened to refuse El Al flights landing rights if these systems are fitted because of fears that flares dropped by such an automated system might cause fires on the ground near airports, and other European governments have expressed similar views.[50] El Al does not comment about the specifications of these systems.

On the ground

Passengers are asked to report three hours before departure. All El Al terminals around the world are closely monitored by security agents in either plain clothes or fully armed local police or army personnel, who patrol the premises for explosives, suspicious behavior, and other threats. Inside, passengers and their baggage are checked by a trained team. El Al security procedures also require that all passengers be interviewed individually prior to boarding, allowing El Al staff to identify possible security threats with probing questions, such as their origin, the reason for them traveling and their job or occupation. The likelihood of potential terrorists maintaining their calmness under such inquisitive probing is considered low.[51]

At the check-in counter, ground staff scrutinize the passport and the ticket. They will not accept a ticket without a sticker from the security checkers. Once through passport control, where the person's name is passed through computer checks utilising information from FBI, Scotland Yard, Shin Bet and Interpol databases, the passenger and their hand luggage go through rigorous screening, including hand searches. In addition, all luggage must pass through a decompression chamber simulating pressures during flight which may be triggers for explosives.[52] El Al is the only airline in the world that passes all luggage through such a chamber.[53] Even in airports in the United States, El Al security agents conduct all luggage searches personally, though they are often supervised by government or private security firms who otherwise have screening responsibilities.[54]

Controversy

According to a report published by the Center Against Racism and the Arab Association for Human Rights in December 2006, there exists a situation during El Al security checks whereby passengers are racially profiled.[55] The report goes further to claim that this is unfair, irrational, and degrading to those undergoing the stringent screening procedures.

On the other hand, there are those, such as the political analyst Daniel Pipes, who do not consider the policy of passenger profiling to be racist. According to Pipes, "however distasteful, there must be special scrutiny of Muslims in the West for security purposes."[56]

The airline was also criticised by the Hungarian courts for refusing to search luggage with the passenger present, whilst also acting against Hungarian domestic laws which stipulate that only authorized officials are able to undertake such searches.[55]

Stringent security measures have ensured that no El Al aircraft has been successfully hijacked since 1968. Most recently, on November 17, 2002 , Tawfiq Fukra, a twenty-three-year-old Israeli Arab, attempted to an hijack an El Al flight from Tel Aviv to Turkey. He was reportedly armed with a pocket knife and attempted to break into the cockpit in order to fly the aircraft back to Israel and crash it into a building, but was apprehended by on-board security personnel,[57] a charge which Fukra denies.[58] [59] El Al's security protocol has been proven incredibly effective and is now a model which many airline around the world follow.[60]

Fleet

El Al has an all-Boeing fleet which consists of the following aircraft. The airline names some of its aircraft after cities, towns, and regions in Israel.[61] All El Al aircraft offer passengers economy class (Y class) and business class (J class) while El Al's Boeing 747 and 777 aircraft also have first class cabins (F class).

El Al Fleet
Aircraft Total Passengers Routes Notes
Boeing 737-700 2 104 (16J/88Y) Domestic, Europe 4X-EKD (Ashkelon), 4X-EKE (Nazareth)
Boeing 737-800 6 142 (16J/126Y) Domestic, Europe 4X-EKA (Tiberias), 4X-EKB (Eilat), 4X-EKC (Beit She'an), 4X-EKI, 4X-EKO, 4X-EKP
(4X-EKO and 4X-EKP have winglets)
Boeing 747-200F 4 (cargo) Freighters Worldwide 4X-AXF, 4X-AXK, 4X-AXL, 4X-AXM
Boeing 747-400 4 408 (8F/52J/348Y) North America, London 4X-ELA (Tel Aviv), 4X-ELB (Haifa), 4X-ELC (Be'er Sheva), 4X-ELD (Jerusalem)
Boeing 757-200 6 178 (16J/162Y) Domestic, Europe 4X-EBS, 4X-EBT, 4X-EBU, 4X-EBV
(Three additional 757-200s are leased to Sun D'Or: 4X-EBO, 4X-EBM, and 4X-EBY)
Boeing 767-200 2 Europe, Far East 4X-EAA, 4X-EAB
Boeing 767-200ER 4 198 (24J/174Y) Europe, Far East 4X-EAC, 4X-EAD, 4X-EAE, 4X-EAF
Boeing 767-300ER 3 234 (24J/210Y) Europe, Far East, North America 4X-EAJ, 4X-EAP, 4X-EAR
Boeing 777-200ER 4 (+2 orders) 283 (6F/40J/237Y) North America, Far East, London 4X-ECA (Galilee), 4X-ECB (Negev), 4X-ECC (HaSharon), 4X-ECD (Carmel)
(4X-ECE(Sderot) will be delivered in July 2007; 4X-ECF will be delivered in August 2007)

In May 2007, it was announced that El Al reached an agreement to lease six or seven aircraft from Boeing between 2011 and 2015 after canceling its option to buy eight Boeing 787 aircraft. It is currently unclear what model these aircraft will be.[62]

King David Lounge

File:BGN LY King David Lounge birdseyeview.jpg
King David Lounge at Ben Gurion International Airport

The King David Lounge is El Al's airport lounge, serving the airline's premium class passengers. There are a total of five King David Lounges worldwide, located at Ben Gurion International Airport, Charles de Gaulle International Airport, John F. Kennedy International Airport, London Heathrow Airport, and Los Angeles International Airport.[63]

The King David Lounges all offer slightly different services to passengers, however they all offer basics such as drinks, snacks, newspapers (Israeli and International), and magazines. Some lounges also offer free Wi-Fi internet access. The King David Lounge in Ben Gurion International Airport's Terminal 3 includes a special area for first class passengers, telephones, massage facilities, showers, and even a spa.[64]

El Al also has agreements with other companies to provide services at the lounges: Arcaffe offers coffee and baked goods, Strauss offers breakfasts, and Tnuva, which provides health food meals.[65]

Livery

El Al's historic, now superseded livery featured a turquoise/navy blue stripe down the side of aircraft, and a turquoise tailfin with the Israeli flag at the top. El Al's logo was featured above the front run of windows on each side of the plane in the turquoise/navy scheme.[66] The replacement livery featured a ribbon effect blue stripe with a thick silver border on the bottom. It sweeps across onto the side of the aircraft before the wing, disappearing out of sight onto the top before reapearring at the bottom of the tailfin. El Al's logo is also featured in the new livery, although it has since changed slightly.[67]

  • El Al's superseded livery
    El Al's superseded livery
  • El Al's new livery
    El Al's new livery

Matmid

Matmid is El Al's frequent flyer program. It was launched in 2004 following the merger of El Al's previous frequent flyer programs. Matmid has four tiers: Matmid, Matmid Silver, Matmid Gold, and Matmid Platinum. Miles accumulated in the program entitle members to bonus tickets, flight upgrades, and discounts on car rentals, hotel stays, and other products and services. Points are also awarded for travel with partner airlines, as well as for nights at partner hotels and credit card purchases.[68]

Partnerships

Matmid points can be collected on most flights operated by:[69]

Some flights operated by the following airlines qualify for points:

  • Aeroméxico flights from Madrid, Miami, New York, and Paris, to Mexico City

Points can also be collected on El Al's codeshare flights.

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  54. ^ "El Al wants to do own bag screening at Newark". USA Today. 2006-05-12. Retrieved 2007-05-07.
  55. ^ a b Tarek, Ibrahim (2006). "Suspected Citizens: Racial Profiling Against Arab Passengers by Israeli Airlines and Airports" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-03-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  56. ^ Pipes, Daniel (2006-08-10). "What Security Measures vis-à-vis Western Muslims?". Retrieved 2007-03-01.
  57. ^ "Passengers recall El Al 'hijack' terror". BBC News. 2002-11-18. Retrieved 2007-05-30. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessyear=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help)
  58. ^ Ian Fisher (2002-11-27). "Man Denies Trying To Hijack El Al Plane". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-05-30. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessyear=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help)
  59. ^ Eli Ashkenazi and Jack Khoury (2005-10-11). "El Al hijacker released to house arrest". Haaretz. Retrieved 2007-05-30. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessyear=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help)
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  61. ^ "El Al Fleet". Blue Air. Retrieved 2007-05-07.
  62. ^ Tal, Dalia (2007-05-03). "El Al, Boeing close to plane lease deal for 2011-15". Globes. Retrieved 2007-05-05.
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See also

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