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Metallica

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For other uses, see Metallica (disambiguation).
Metallica

Metallica is a Grammy Award-winning American heavy metal band formed in 1981[1] and has become one of the most commercially successful musical acts of recent decades. Metallica has sold more than 90 million records worldwide,[2][3] including 57 million albums sold in the United States alone.[4][5]

History

Early days (1981-83)

Metallica was formed in Los Angeles, California, in October 1981 by guitarist and vocalist James Hetfield and drummer Lars Ulrich, after both placed classified advertisements in the publication The Recycler about forming a band.[citation needed] The duo recruited bassist Ron McGovney, and the early incarnation of the band went through a number of members, including Dave Mustaine and Ron McGovney. Metallica got its name when San Francisco-area metal promoter Ron Quintana asked Lars to help pick out a name for his new magazine to promote U.S. and British metal bands. Quintana came up with a list that included "Metallica," while Lars suggested "Metal Mania," or "Hesse," he decided to use "Metallica" for the band name.[citation needed]

The band's music was inspired by bands such as Deep Purple, Black Sabbath, Diamond Head, Motörhead, Saxon, Thin Lizzy, Mercyful Fate, Venom and other, mainly British, metal bands. They also took inspiration from punk bands like the Misfits, Zeroption, and The Ramones and UK hardcore bands such as Discharge.

In early 1982, Ulrich convinced Metal Blade's Brian Slagel to include the song "Hit the Lights" on the first Metal Massacre compilation. Desperate for a full time lead guitarist, Ulrich posted an ad in a local newspaper. Dave Mustaine from Huntington Beach, California, who at the time was playing in the band Panic responded and met for an audition. Ulrich and Hetfield were so impressed with Mustaine's warm-up and equipment, they asked him to join before the audition even began.

File:Powermetalcard.jpg
An early business card (circa 1982). The band's self titled demo would later take its unofficial name from this same card.

In March and April of 1982, several demos were recorded with this lineup including Hit The Lights, Ron's Garage (which was recorded in McGovney's garage) and the Power Metal demo. A few months later the band recorded a full demo, No Life 'Til Leather, which quickly drew attention on the underground tape trading circuit. They then went on to release a live demo titled Metal Up Your Ass.

Later that year, Ron McGovney left the band and Metallica asked Trauma bassist Cliff Burton to join. Burton agreed if the band would relocate to his hometown in Castro Valley, CA. With Burton the band recorded the Megaforce Demo. After establishing themselves in the Bay Area thrash metal scene, Metallica traveled to the New York Tri-State Region in 1983 at the urging of promoters Jon and Marsha Zazula. After a few gigs the band signed with the Zazulas' new label, Megaforce Records. Shortly after being signed, Ulrich and Hetfield decided Mustaine's aggressive and disruptive behavior (related to alcohol and drug use)[citation needed] was becoming too much to handle. Kirk Hammett was brought in from the band Exodus, and Mustaine was fired, soon to create the thrash band Megadeth.

Thrash metal pioneers (1983-86)

Kill 'Em All

Main article: Kill 'Em All

In late spring 1983, the band travelled to Rochester, New York to record their first album,"Metal Up Your Ass." However, due to conflict with the record label regarding the title, the album was later renamed Kill 'Em All. The album was not an initial financial success, but it earned them a growing fanbase in the underground metal scene. Despite the animosity, Dave Mustaine, who would go on to fame with his band Megadeth, still has co-writing credits on "Jump in the Fire", "Phantom Lord", "Metal Militia" and the notable "The Four Horsemen" (originally titled "The Mechanix" and listed as such on early demo tapes). Another early favorite was "Seek & Destroy." The 1989 re-release included fan favorites "Am I Evil?", from Diamond Head, and "Blitzkrieg" from the band Blitzkrieg, which were later included in their Garage album.

Ride the Lightning

Main article: Ride the Lightning

A year later, Metallica released Ride the Lightning. The album's inclusion of a slower, more introspective song, "Fade to Black", set Metallica apart from other thrash bands. Despite some claims of selling out, classic fans note this album has many worthy numbers. In addition to the title track and "Fade to Black", it boasts "For Whom the Bell Tolls", "Creeping Death", and the 9-minute instrumental "The Call of Ktulu." Dave Mustaine still has credits recognized for "Ride the Lightning" and "The Call of Ktulu".

Master of Puppets

Main article: Master of Puppets

When Ride the Lightning caught the attention of major labels, Metallica signed with Elektra Records. Their first release with Elektra was 1986's Master of Puppets, which would serve as their breakthrough album. Despite the fact that no singles were released from the album, the band received minor airplay from album tracks "Master of Puppets" and "Welcome Home (Sanitarium)". Fans looking for an alternative to hair metal bands of the day relished in furious songs such as "Battery" and "Damage, Inc.". The band gained even more exposure when they were asked to open for Ozzy Osbourne, and Master of Puppets climbed to number 29 on the Billboard Top Album Charts.[6] Some critics consider the album to be one of the "greatest heavy metal albums of all time".[7]

Tragedy strikes Metallica

On September 27, 1986, during the European leg of their Damage Inc. tour, Cliff Burton died near Ljungby, Sweden when Metallica's tour bus skidded off an allegedly icy road and went onto its right side.[8] Burton was thrown out of the window and the bus landed on top of him. It is debatable whether Burton was dead at this point or not, although he would certainly have been critically injured. A winch that was lifting the bus off him snapped, causing the bus to crush him a second time.[9] Burton's death left the band's future in doubt. The three remaining members decided that the bassist would want them to carry on, and with the Burton family's blessings, the band sought a replacement.

Commercial success (1986-2001)

Bassist auditions

Among the auditionees was Les Claypool (of the band Primus), a childhood friend of Hammett's. The band liked Claypool but felt his style was "too funky".[citation needed] In the band's Behind the Music episode, Hetfield explains that Claypool was "too good" and "out there" for Metallica.[9] Ultimately Claypool was not offered the job, and Jason Newsted, formerly of Arizona's Flotsam and Jetsam was asked to join. Newsted officially joined Metallica on October 28, 1986 three weeks after Burton's funeral.[citation needed] The band finished their tour in the early months of 1987. Following the tour, the band recorded The $5.98 E.P.: Garage Days Re-Revisited in July 1987 as a way to test a new studio they had constructed and to trial the talents of Newsted.

...And Justice for All

Main article: ...And Justice for All (album)

...And Justice for All, the first studio album since Burton's death, was released in 1988. The album was a massive commercial success, reaching number 6 on The Billboard 200, their first album to reach the top 10.[10]

On the album very little of Newsted's bass is audible.[11]. The most likely reason, as mentioned by Hetfield and Ulrich in subsequent interviews, was that because Newsted was not at the mixing sessions he was not able to affect the final mixing process. Ulrich has also stated his opinion that the lack of perceived bass resulted from Newsted exclusively mirroring Hetfield's rhythm tracks.

Although the song-writing was praised, the production of this album was heavily criticized as Lars Ulrich's drums clicked more than thudded and the guitars had a thin sound.[12] The Damaged Justice tour followed to promote the new album. Fans again appreciated fast and furious tunes, as well as lengthy songs, such as on "...And Justice for All" (9:45) and "To Live Is to Die" (9:48). In fact, all the songs are over 5 minutes, with 7 of 9 songs over 6 minutes long.

Despite criticism, in 1989, Metallica received its first Grammy nomination for the album. The nomination was for the newly created Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance Vocal or Instrument categories. However, the award was given to Jethro Tull for the album Crest of a Knave. The result generated much controversy[citation needed], as Metallica was widely expected to take home the award and was standing off-stage waiting to receive it after performing the song "One" for the telecast. Jethro Tull (who was considered by most to not even be a Hard Rock/Metal group) had not even bothered to attend the ceremony, assuming that their chance of winning would be a long-shot. Lars Ulrich even referred to the snub in accepting a Grammy for "Enter Sandman" three years later, stating, "We gotta thank Jethro Tull for not putting out an album this year".

Following Metallica's release of ...And Justice for All, they embraced the mainstream music world with their debut music video for the song "One". The band performed the song in an abandoned warehouse, and was then extensively "remixed" with footage of the film version of Johnny Got His Gun. Rather than organize an ongoing licensing deal, Metallica simply bought the rights to the film outright. This is why the film has not had a subsequent DVD pressing. The end result featured a coherent but shortened "mini-movie" version of "Johnny Got His Gun" with an intricate level of synchronization between the song and the film's dialogue, creating a singular narrative between the two.

The "remix" video was submitted to MTV, with the alternate "performance only" version held back in the event that MTV would ban the remix version. MTV accepted the remix version despite its length (the video ran for nearly ten minutes). The video would be viewers' first exposure to Metallica and was voted #25 in the fall of 1999 when MTV aired its last "Top 100 Videos of All Time" countdown. The video was also prominently featured during MTV's 25th Anniversary edition of "ADD Video," which showcased the top videos to air on MTV in the last 25 years.[13]

Also, later on in 2005 Metallica would release "The Videos". This DVD collection included all music videos by Metallica from 1989 through 2005, but it featured "Two Of One". This was the original "One" video and the "Jammin' Version", which was the video of the band performing in a warehouse.

Metallica (The Black Album)

Main article: Metallica (album)

In 1991, Metallica released their self-titled album, Metallica (popularly known as The Black Album by fans), which included such songs as "Nothing Else Matters", "Sad But True," "The Unforgiven," "Holier Than Thou," and "Wherever I May Roam." The record was co-produced with Bob Rock, whose resume included work with hard rock acts The Cult, Bon Jovi and Mötley Crüe. The album featured a black cover that had a very pale image of a snake in one of the corners, with the band's name in the opposite corner. The album art evoked humorous comparisons to fictional band Spinal Tap [citation needed] who in the spoof rockumentary This is Spinal Tap put out an album with an all black cover.

The majority of the making of the Metallica album and the following tour was documented in A Year and a Half in the Life of Metallica. The recording sessions were a long and arduous process, lasting over a year due to infighting among the band's members and endless arguments with Rock about the album's direction, scope, and sound. The cost of recording the album was over $1 million (as stated on Behind the Music: Metallica). However, despite the battle to finish the album, it quickly became the band's most successful release, charting at number one on the Billboard charts.[14]

The album's first single was "Enter Sandman", which showed off the new album's slowed-down style of music compared to Metallica's previous work. The Black Album is currently tied for the 26th spot of highest selling album of all time in America.

Due to the album's new style of sound, more charges of selling out would be aimed at Metallica throughout the 1990s[citation needed], to which the band often joked that they did indeed sell out - each and every date of the tour[citation needed]. In 1992 during a hugely financially successful co-headlining tour with Guns N' Roses, Hetfield suffered severe second and third degree burns to his left arm due to pyrotechnics during the opening of "Fade to Black", leaving him unable to play guitar for a portion of the tour. Former Metallica roadie and Metal Church guitarist John Marshall filled in for the rest of the tour on guitar while Hetfield continued to sing.

Load, ReLoad, Garage Inc., S&M

Lars Ulrich (2004)

After almost three years of touring to support The Black Album, including a headlining performance at Woodstock 1994, Metallica went straight back into the studio to write and record their sixth studio album Load. They took a break in the summer of 1995 and played 3 outdoor shows which included Metallica organizing and headlining Donington Park UK supported by Slayer, Skid Row, Slash's Snakepit, Therapy? and Corrosion of Conformity. The Short Tour was entitled 'Escape from The studio Tour 1995'. On December 13 of that year, they recorded their rehearsal for Lemmy's 50th birthday party; four Motörhead covers which was entitled "Motörhead–ache" when it was released as part of the Hero of the Day singles collection. The band spent around a year writing and recording new songs, resulting in 1996's Load. During early production, Load was intended to be a double album. Ultimately, it was decided that it would be best to release half of the songs first, continue to work on the remaining songs, and release them the following year. This resulted in the follow up album, ReLoad.

By 1996, with the release of Load, all band members had cut their hair (although Hammett eventually grew it back), which was ridiculed by fans,[citation needed] including band friends Alice in Chains, whose edition of MTV's Unplugged featured, on Mike Inez's bass, the words "friends don't let friends get Friends haircuts"

These albums represented a significant musical change for Metallica. The band's breakneck metal tempos and layered guitar compositions had largely been replaced by bluesy guitar tones and slide guitar. Several songs include the use of new instruments including the use of the hurdy-gurdy and violin in "Low Man's Lyric". The changes on Load and ReLoad had been anticipated by earlier experiments (especially on The Black Album).

Sales of these albums were lower than sales of the previous three albums. Hetfield noted later in the documentary film Some Kind of Monster that the songs on these two albums were initially thought by the band to be of only average quality, and polished and reworked repeatedly until judged to be releasable. Hetfield also felt, however, that Metallica's changed image worked to the songs detriment, saying that " 'Bleeding Me', is, I think, some of my better lyrics of all time, and what are people talking about? Lars' fuzzy jacket."

In 1998, Metallica compiled a double CD called Garage Inc.. The first CD contained newly recorded covers ranging from Killing Joke, The Misfits, Thin Lizzy, Mercyful Fate, and Black Sabbath to more unexpected choices like Nick Cave and Bob Seger (the band's cover of Seger's "Turn the Page" garnered extensive radio airplay). The second CD gathered together previously released covers, including the original The $5.98 E.P.: Garage Days Re-Revisited, which had become a scarce collector's item. The CD also included B-side covers going as far back as 1984.

On March 7, 1999, Metallica was inducted into the San Francisco Walk of Fame. The mayor of San Francisco, Willie Brown, proclaimed the day "Official Metallica Day" in San Francisco. A month later, on April 21-22, 1999, Metallica recorded two performances with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, then conducted by Michael Kamen. Kamen, who had previously worked with Bob Rock on "Nothing Else Matters", had approached the band eight years prior, just after The Black Album was released with the idea of pairing Metallica's music with a symphony orchestra. Kamen and his staff composed additional orchestral material for a number of Metallica songs and the concerts featured broad selection of songs dating as far back as Ride the Lightning. Metallica also wrote two brand new Kamen-scored songs for the event, "No Leaf Clover" and "−Human". The audio recording and concert footage were released later that year as the album/concert film S&M, in November 1999, on CD, VHS, VCD, and DVD.

Napster controversy

File:James Hetfield.jpg
James Hetfield (2004)

In 2000, Metallica discovered that a demo of their song "I Disappear" was being distributed via the Napster P2P file-sharing network. Not only was the song unfinished, it was supposed to be released in combination with the Mission: Impossible II soundtrack.

They soon discovered that in addition to the demo, their entire catalogue was freely available. The band initiated legal action against Napster, demanding that 300,000 Napster users found to be trading Metallica songs be banned from the network. Legal actions were also filed against Yale University, University of Southern California, and Indiana University for not blocking Napster from their campuses. In 2001, Metallica and Napster agreed to an out-of-court settlement which led to Napster user accounts being locked out (the band did not take legal action against any individuals for copyright infringement). [citation needed] This led to Lars Ulrich providing a statement to the Senate Judiciary Committee regarding copyright infringement on July 11, 2000.

The lawsuit created a public relations nightmare. Throughout the controversy, websites hosted cartoon parodies of band members, portraying them as selfish rock stars who were out of touch with their fans. The most popular of these[citation needed] was a cartoon parody entitled Napster Bad!, by Camp Chaos, which spawned an entire series. Critics mocked Ulrich by spelling his name as "Lar$".[citation needed] In retaliation to the controversy, Ulrich appeared during the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards, in a skit with that year's host Marlon Wayans, that blasted the idea of using Napster to share music. Marlon played a college student sitting in his dorm room, listening to Metallica's "I Disappear". Ulrich, playing himself, walked in and asked for an explanation. Upon receiving Wayans' excuse that using Napster was just "sharing", Lars retorted that Marlon's idea of sharing was simply borrowing things that were not yours without asking. He called in the Metallica road crew, who proceeded to confiscate all Wayans' belongings, leaving him almost nude in an empty room. Napster creator Shawn Fanning responded later in the ceremony by presenting an award wearing a Metallica shirt, saying "I borrowed this shirt from a friend. Maybe, if I like it, I'll buy one of my own".

Public ridicule was widespread as Metallica had gotten their start via underground trading of bootleg recordings of their performances.[15] Metallica's defense was that Napster was allowing free access to their back catalogue and not live bootleg recordings, which the band had always encouraged. In 2007, years after the controversy, Metallica was still subject to ridicule for its actions, even being named #17 on Blender magazine's list of "biggest wusses in rock" for its "anti-Napster crusade".[16]

Newsted's departure

File:Kirk Hammett.jpg
Kirk Hammett (2004)

As plans were being made to go into the recording studio in 2001, Newsted left the band, due to as he put it, "the physical damage I have done to myself over the years while playing the music that I love". However, subsequent interviews with Newsted and the remaining members revealed that Newsted's desire to release a CD and tour with his Echobrain side project - and Hetfield's intense resistance to such an idea - was the primary cause of Newsted's departure [1]. Additionally, a Playboy interview [2] revealed that the "hazing" that Newsted received since joining the band had not lessened over time. Finally, Newsted had never shared the songwriting partner status that Burton had enjoyed (in 15 years with the group, Newsted only received co-writing credit on three songs: "Blackened" from ...And Justice for All, "My Friend of Misery" from Metallica and "Where The Wild Things Are" from ReLoad). The 2004 documentary, Some Kind of Monster provided more insight into the reasons for Newsted's departure. In the film he says he felt his former bandmates' decision to hire a therapist to help solve their problems was "really fucking lame, and weak".

Current era (2001-Present)

St. Anger

In July, 2001, Hetfield entered rehab due to "alcoholism and other addictions". For nearly a year, Metallica ceased to function in any meaningful way. Ulrich and Hammett, for the first time, seriously considered the possibility that Metallica might be finished. Hetfield eventually returned to the band following his rehab hiatus and was required to work only four hours a day and spend the rest of his time with his family. Metallica continued slowly as a three-piece throughout the writing and recording of their next album. Longtime producer Bob Rock handled bass duties for the sessions. The making of the album was documented for the movie, "Some Kind of Monster". The film also exposed to fans that Metallica had sought the guidance of a therapist, Phil Towle, to deal with a vast amount of the band's inner turmoil.

Following the album's recording, Metallica held auditions for Newsted's permanent replacement in early 2003. Robert Trujillo formerly of Suicidal Tendencies, and Ozzy Osbourne's band, was chosen as the new bassist. Robert's resume also included Infectious Grooves as well as a stint with Black Label Society on their Boozed, Broozed, and Broken-Boned DVD. As Metallica moved on, Jason Newsted also found a new musical home joining Canadian thrash metal legends Voivod in 2002. In an interesting turn of events, Jason also became Robert's replacement in Ozzy's band during the 2003 Ozzfest tour (which included Voivod as part of the touring bill).

In June 2003, Metallica's eighth full-length recording, St. Anger, debuted at number one on the album charts. Being an intentionally raw and unpolished album, harsh criticism from fans followed. The record's under-produced sound, Hetfield's "flexible" sense of pitch, Ulrich's steely sounding snare, and the absence of any guitar solos received particular criticism. [3][4] Despite this, the album won the best metal performance at the 2004 Grammys.

The song "St. Anger" was used as the official theme song for WWE SummerSlam 2003.

Having toured extensively for two years in support of St. Anger on the Summer Sanitarium Tour 2003 in festivals featuring Mudvayne, Deftones, Linkin Park, and Limp Bizkit and then the lengthy Madly in Anger with the World tour with Godsmack (in which nearly every performance was professionally recorded and sold on livemetallica.com) Metallica took a break from performing and spent most of 2005 with friends and family; however for two historic shows on November 13, 2005 and November 15, 2005, the band opened for the Rolling Stones at AT&T park in San Francisco.

Recent events, ninth studio album

Main article: Untitled Metallica album
File:Robert Trujillo.jpg
Robert Trujillo (2004)

On February 16 2006, Metallica announced on their official website that after their 15+ year relationship, longtime producer Bob Rock was stepping down and would not be recording Metallica's next studio album. Rock had produced every Metallica album since 1991. Metallica is currently working on a studio album with producer Rick Rubin[17] who has produced albums for other prominent rock and metal bands such as Slayer, System of a Down, Slipknot, Johnny Cash, Beastie Boys, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Rage Against the Machine and Linkin Park.

Metallica debuted an untitled song nicknamed "The New Song" in Berlin, Germany on June 6, 2006 on the European leg of the Escape from the Studio '06 mini tour. On August 12, 2006, Metallica debuted another song in Tokyo, Japan on the Asian leg of the tour, nicknamed "The Other New Song". They have also supported the Summer Sonic tour in Tokyo and Osaka, along with Linkin Park.

The band has previously unveiled new songs prior to their release: Four songs from Ride the Lightning ("Fight Fire with Fire", "Ride the Lightning", "Creeping Death", and "The Call of Ktulu") were performed before the release of the album; Master of Puppets' "Disposable Heroes" was debuted on September 14 of 1985; not to mention "Sanitarium" performed at Roskilde 1985; ...And Justice for All's "Harvester of Sorrow" received its live debut in 1987, Load's "2x4" and Reload's "Devil's Dance" were played during the Escape from the Studio '95 mini-tour; and "Fuel" were played at various points during the Load tour 1996-97. ("The Memory Remains" and "Bad Seed" were teased numerous times at shows throughout 1996 and 1997).

It was during this time on tour that the band finally bowed to fan pressure and decided to make each of their albums available from the iTunes Store - though strictly in the U.S. and Canada until issues with their European label are resolved - allowing individual tracks to be legally downloaded for the first time. Exclusive tracks from the Seattle '89 shows were added to the band's first four albums.

On October 13, 2006 Metallica announced that they would release a DVD containing all their videos from 1989 to 2004. The DVD, The Videos 1989-2004, was released on December 4, 2006 worldwide and on December 5 in North America.[18] The Videos 1989-2004 eventually became available on the iTunes Store.[19]

Metallica also released a cover of "The Ecstasy of Gold", a song by Ennio Morricone in an album entitled We All Love Ennio Morricone released on February 20, 2007, in which other artists honor the composer. The Ecstasy of Gold has been the opener of Metallica live shows for over 20 years - but it has always been the original instrumentation and arrangement, played from a recording. This new version features the band itself performing it, giving a new guitar-based interpretation to the song.[20]

On February 9, 2007 Metallica confirmed that pre-production on the new studio album had been completed, and recording of the new album would begin on March 12, 2007. The band also announced that a summer tour, later named "Sick of the Studio '07", was in the early planning stages.[21] Eleven dates of this tour have been announced so far.[22]

On Saturday, May 25th, 2007, Lars was a guest on The Opie and Anthony radio show and stated that they will play 3-4 new songs on this tour and the backing track of the new album had been finished the week before.

On June 15, 2007 Metallica returned to HQ after a short break to begin rehearsing for their "Sick Of The Studio" Tour. The winners from the METALLICA: THE VIDEOS 1989-2004 DVD radio and online contests were treated to the HQ VIP treatment with a BBQ, a few autographs, and an intimate performance from the band in the jam room.

Metallica has also confirmed, via their website, that they will be playing the Live Earth show at Wembley Stadium in London, England.

Band members

Further information: Metallica band members

Current members

  • James Hetfield - rhythm guitar, lead vocals (1981-present) rhythm guitar, lead vocals, bass (1981-1982)
  • Kirk Hammett - lead & rhythm guitars, backing vocals (1983-present)
  • Robert Trujillo - bass, backing vocals (2003-present)
  • Lars Ulrich - drums, percussion (1981-present)

Former members

Audio

Discography

Main article: Metallica discography

Awards and recognition

Metallica has won seven Grammy Awards:

MTV Video Music Awards:

American Music Awards:

  • 1996: Favorite Artist: Heavy Metal/Hard Rock: Metallica - Load
  • 1996: Favorite Metal/Hard Rock Song - "Until it Sleeps"

Bammies:

Billboard Music Awards:

  • 1997: Billboard Rock and Roll Artist of the Year: Metallica (RIAA Diamond Award)
  • 1999: Catalog Artist of the Year: Metallica
  • 1999: Catalog Album of the Year: Metallica (The Black Album)

Kerrang! awards:

  • 2003: Hall of Fame

Governor's Award:

  • 2004: Governor's Award - Metallica

Metallica were ranked by MTV the 3rd "Greatest Heavy Metal Band in History", and is listed at #5 on VH1's "100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock".[23] The band was ranked at #1 on VH1's "20 Greatest Metal Bands,"[citation needed] and will be eligible for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2008.[24]

References

Books

  1. Steffan Chirazi and Metallica (2004). So What!: The Good, The Mad, and The Ugly. Broadway. ISBN 0767918819.
  2. Glenn T. Pillsbury (2006). Damage Incorporated: Metallica and the Production of Musical Identity. Routledge. ISBN 9780415973748.

Footnotes

  1. ^ "Metallica.com - History Part 1". Metallica.com. Retrieved 2006-12-05.
  2. ^ "bbc.co.uk "BBC artist biography"". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-02-07.
  3. ^ "Metallica.com "Metallica, Limp Bizkit and Linkin Park committed to the Sanitarium"". Metallica.com. Retrieved 2006-12-05.
  4. ^ "RIAA Total Sales". RIAA. Retrieved 2006-12-05.
  5. ^ ""So What! The Good, The Mad, and The Ugly" - Review". Popmatters.com. Retrieved 2006-12-05.
  6. ^ "Description of Master of Puppets on Billboard.com". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2006-10-20.
  7. ^ "Master of Puppets - Review". AllMusic. Retrieved 2006-12-23.
  8. ^ "Metallica History Part 2". Metallica. Retrieved 2006-12-23.
  9. ^ a b VH1 - Behind The Music: Metallica
  10. ^ {{{ Metallica > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums }}}
  11. ^ some fans have speculated this was done intentionally as a reaction to Burton's death or as a way of hazing Newsted
  12. ^ "...And Justice for All - Review". AllMusic. Retrieved 2006-12-23.
  13. ^ "A.D.D. Videos: 25 Years of MTV". MTV.com. Retrieved 2006-03-12.
  14. ^ "Description of Metallica on Billboard.com". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2006-10-20.
  15. ^ "Metallica, How Could You?". Lew, Brian - Salon.com. Retrieved 2006-12-03.
  16. ^ "Rock's Biggest Wusses." Blender magazine. New York: Dennis, Aug 2006. vol7, no6, pg17.
  17. ^ "Metallica Studio Update". Metallica. 2006-02-16. Retrieved 2006-12-23.
  18. ^ "Metallica: 'The Videos 1989-2004' DVD details revealed". Blabbermouth.net. 2006-10-14. Retrieved 2006-10-14. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. ^ "METALLICA'S MUSIC VIDEOS NOW ON iTUNES!". Metallica.com. 2007-02-26. Retrieved 2007-02-28.
  20. ^ "We All Love Ennio Morricone". Metallica.com. 2007-02-20. Retrieved 2007-02-20.
  21. ^ "Latest Metallica News". Metallica.com. February 9, 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-10.
  22. ^ "MetOnTour". Metontour.com. February 19, 2007. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Text "urlhttp://www.metontour.com/Default.asp?" ignored (help)
  23. ^ "100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock". VH1. Retrieved 2006-12-23.
  24. ^ "Metallica entry". Future Rock Hall. Retrieved 2006-12-23.

See also

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