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"Minneapolis" redirects here. For other uses, see Minneapolis (disambiguation).
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Downtown and Lake Calhoun, part of the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds Scenic Byway
Downtown and Lake Calhoun, part of the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds Scenic Byway
Flag of Minneapolis, Minnesota
Flag
Official seal of Minneapolis, Minnesota
Seal
Nickname(s): 
City of Lakes, Mill City
Motto: 
En Avant (French: 'Forward')
Location in Hennepin County and the state of Minnesota
Location in Hennepin County and the state of Minnesota
CountryUnited States
StateMinnesota
CountiesHennepin
Government
 • MayorR.T. Rybak (DFL)
Population
 (2005)[1][2]
 • City372,811
 • Metro
3,175,041
Time zoneUTC-6 (CST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)
Websitehttp://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/

Minneapolis (pronounced: /ˌmɪniˈæpəlɪs/[3]) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and is the county seat of Hennepin County. The city lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. Known as the Twin Cities, these two cities form the core of Minneapolis-St. Paul, the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with about 3.2 million residents. The city of Minneapolis' population is estimated at 372,811 people as of 2005.

Once a hub for timber and flour milling, Minneapolis is the primary business center in the vast expanse between Chicago and Seattle, Washington.[4] The community has a long tradition of charitable support through progressive public social programs and through private and corporate philanthropy.

Public park systems are modeled after Minneapolis, where lakes are used for recreation year-around, and a park is within one-half mile (.8 km) of every home. Regional theater was pioneered at the city's Guthrie Theater and is part of a strong local tradition in the performing arts.

The name Minneapolis is attributed to the city's first schoolmaster, who combined Minnehaha and mni, the Dakota word for water, and polis, the Greek word for city.[5] Minneapolis is nicknamed the City of Lakes and the Mill City.[4]

History

Main article: History of Minneapolis, Minnesota
Taoyateduta was among the 121 Sioux leaders who from 1837–1851 ceded what is now Minneapolis.[6]

Dakota Sioux were the region's sole residents until explorers arrived from France in about 1680. Nearby Fort Snelling, built in 1819 by the United States Army spurred growth in the area. Circumstances pressed the Mdewakanton band of the Dakota to sell their land, allowing people arriving from the east to settle there. Present day Minneapolis was incorporated as a town on the Mississippi's west bank in 1856, incorporated as a city in 1867, the year rail service began between Minneapolis and Chicago, and joined with the east bank city of St. Anthony in 1872.[7]

Loading flour, 1939

Minneapolis grew up around Saint Anthony Falls, the only waterfall on the Mississippi. Millers have used hydropower since the 1st century B.C.,[8] but the results in Minneapolis between 1880 and 1930 were so remarkable the city has been described as "the greatest direct-drive waterpower center the world has ever seen."[9] In early years, forests in northern Minnesota were the source of a lumber industry that operated seventeen saw mills on power from the waterfall. By 1871, the west river bank had twenty-three businesses including flour mills, woolen mills, iron works, a railroad machine shop, and mills for cotton, paper, sashes, and planing wood.[10] The farmers of the Great Plains grew grain that was shipped by rail to the city's thirty-four flour mills where Pillsbury and General Mills became processors. By 1905 Minneapolis delivered almost 10% of the country's flour and grist.[11] At peak production, a single mill at Washburn-Crosby made enough flour for twelve million loaves of bread each day.[12]

Minneapolis made dramatic changes to rectify discrimination as early as 1886 when Martha Ripley founded Maternity Hospital for both married and unmarried mothers.[13] When the country's fortunes turned during the Great Depression, the violent Teamsters Strike of 1934 resulted in laws acknowledging worker's rights.[14] In 1945, mayor Hubert H. Humphrey skillfully brought opposing interests together and forged the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party.[15] Minneapolis contended with white supremacy, participated in desegregation and the African-American civil rights movement, and in 1968 was the birthplace of the American Indian Movement.[16]

During the 1950s and 1960s as part of urban renewal, the city razed about two hundred buildings across twenty-five city blocks—roughly 40% of downtown, destroying the Gateway District and many buildings with notable architecture including the Metropolitan Building. Efforts to save the building failed but are credited with jumpstarting interest in historic preservation in the state.[17]

Mississippi riverfront and Saint Anthony Falls in 1915. At left, Pillsbury, power plants and the Stone Arch Bridge. Today the Minnesota Historical Society's Mill City Museum is in the Washburn "A" Mill, across the river just to the left of the falls. At center left are Northwestern Consolidated mills. The tall building is Minneapolis City Hall. In the foreground to the right are Nicollet Island and the Hennepin Avenue Bridge.

Geography and climate

Main articles: Geography of Minneapolis, Minnesota and Climate of Minneapolis, Minnesota
Swimming at Cedar Lake in summer

Minneapolis history and the city's economic growth are tied to water, the city's defining physical characteristic, which was sent to the region during the last ice age. Fed by receding glaciers and Lake Agassiz ten thousand years ago, torrents of water from a glacial river undercut the Mississippi and Minnehaha riverbeds, creating waterfalls important to modern Minneapolis.[18] Lying on an artesian aquifer[4] and otherwise flat terrain, Minneapolis has a total area of 58.4 mi² (151.3 km²) and of this 6% is water.[19] Water is managed by watershed districts that correspond to the Mississippi and the city's three creeks.[20]

The city center is located just south of 45° N latitude.[21] The city's lowest elevation of 686 ft (209 m) is near where Minnehaha Creek meets the Mississippi River. The site of the Prospect Park Water Tower is often cited as the city's highest point[22] and a placard in Deming Heights Park denotes the highest elevation, but a spot at 974 ft (296.8 m) in or near Waite Park in Northeast Minneapolis is corroborated by Google Earth as the highest ground.

Lake Harriet frozen in winter

The climate of Minneapolis is typical of the Upper Midwestern United States. Winters are bitterly cold and dry, while summer is warm, sometimes hot, and frequently humid. On the Köppen climate classification, Minneapolis falls in the warm summer humid continental climate zone (Dfa). The city experiences a full range of precipitation and related weather events, including snow, sleet, ice, rain, thunderstorms, tornadoes, and fog. The warmest temperature ever recorded in Minneapolis was 108 °F (42.2 °C) in July 1936, and the coldest temperature ever recorded was -41 °F (-40.6 °C), in January 1888. The snowiest winter of record was 1983–84, when 98.4 in (2.5 m) of snow fell.[23]

Because of its northerly location in the United States and lack of large bodies of water to moderate the air, Minneapolis is frequently subjected to cold arctic air masses throughout the winter months. The average annual temperature of 45.4 °F (7 °C) gives the Minneapolis–St.Paul metropolitan area the coldest annual mean temperature of any metropolitan area in the continental U.S.[24]

Monthly Normal and Record High and Low Temperatures[25]
°Fahrenheit °Celsius
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Rec High 58 61 83 95 96 102 105 102 98 90 77 68 Rec High 14 16 28 35 36 39 41 39 37 32 25 20
Norm High 22 28 41 57 70 79 83 80 71 58 40 26 Norm High -6 -2 5 14 21 26 28 27 22 14 4 -3
Norm Low 4 12 24 36 49 58 63 61 51 39 25 11 Norm Low -16 -11 -4 2 9 14 17 16 11 4 -4 -7
Rec Low -34 -32 -32 2 18 34 43 39 26 13 -17 -29 Rec Low -37 -36 -36 -17 -8 1 6 4 -3 -11 -27 -34
Precip (in) 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 4 3 2 2 1 Precip (mm) 26 20 47 59 82 110 103 103 68 54 49 25

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Minneapolis, Minnesota
American Swedish Institute. Immigrants from Scandinavia arrived in the 1860s.

Minneapolitans are a diverse group of people with ancestors from five continents. Their heritage of welcoming newcomers began in the 19th and continues into the 21st century. During the 1850s and 1860s, new settlers arrived from New England and New York, and during the mid-1860s, Scandinavians from Sweden, Norway, and Denmark began to call the city home. Later, immigrants came from Germany, Italy, Greece, Poland, and southern and eastern Europe. Jewish people came from Russia and eastern Europe, settling primarily on the city's north side before moving in large numbers to the western suburbs in the 1950s and 1960s.[26] Asians came from China, the Philippines, Japan, and Korea. Two groups came for a short while during U.S. government relocations, Japanese during the 1940s, and Native Americans during the 1950s. From 1970 onward, Asians arrived from Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand. Beginning in the 1990s, a large Latino population arrived, along with refugees from Africa, especially from Somalia.[27]

Prospect Park. Minneapolis enjoys increasingly African American ethnicity.

Estimates in 2005 show the population of Minneapolis to be 372,811, a 2.6% drop since the 2000 census.[1] The population grew until 1950 when the census peaked at 521,718, and then declined as people moved to the suburbs until about 1990. The number of African-Americans, Asians, and Hispanics is growing. Non-whites are now about one fifth of the city's residents.[28]

Compared to the U.S. national average in 2005, the city has fewer white, Hispanic, senior, and unemployed people, while it has more people aged over 18 and more with a college degree.[29] Compared to a peer group in 2000, the metropolitan area is an immigrant gateway with a 127% increase in foreign-born residents since 1990. The area is decentralizing, with a high churn rate and a large young and white population and low unemployment. Racial and ethnic minorities lag behind white counterparts in education, with 15% of black and 13% of Hispanic people holding bachelor's degrees compared to 42% of the white population. The standard of living is on the rise, with incomes among the highest in the Midwest, but median household income among black people is below that of white by over $17,000. Home ownership among black and Hispanic residents is half that of white, and one-third of the Asian population lives below the poverty line.[30]

Year 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005
Population 3,000 13,000 46,887 164,738 202,718 301,408 380,582 464,356 492,370 521,718 482,872 434,400 370,951 368,383 382,618 372,811
U.S. Rank[31] - - 38 18 19 18 18 15 16 17 25 32 34 42 - -

Economy

Target Corporation's 350,000 employees operate about 1,500 retail stores in 47 U.S. states.[32]

The economy of Minneapolis today is based in commerce, finance, rail and trucking services, health care, and industry. Smaller components are in publishing, milling, food processing, graphic arts, insurance, and high technology. Industry produces metal and automotive products, chemical and agricultural products, electronics, computers, precision medical instruments and devices, plastics, and machinery.[33]

IDS Center (left), now partially occupied by Ameriprise Financial, and Wells Fargo Center (right)

The largest business headquartered in Minneapolis, Target Corporation grew from the store George Dayton built on Nicollet Avenue in 1902.[34] Ameriprise Financial, Carlson Companies, Donaldson Company, Goldner Hawn, PepsiAmericas, RBC Dain Rauscher, Thrivent Financial for Lutherans, U.S. Bancorp, Xcel Energy, and Valspar Corporation are based in the city as are the law firms Faegre & Benson and Dorsey & Whitney.[35] The headquarters of Allina Hospitals & Clinics is in the historic million-square foot Midtown Exchange on Lake Street.[36] Cargill, Dairy Queen, General Mills, Medtronic, and Nash Finch are sometimes thought to be in Minneapolis although they are in nearby suburbs.

Availability of Wi-Fi, transportation solutions, medical trials, university research and development expenditures, advanced degrees held by the work force, and energy conservation are so far above the national average that in 2005, Popular Science named Minneapolis the "Top Tech City" in the U.S.[37] Minneapolis ranked the country's second best city in a 2006 Kiplinger's poll of Smart Places to Live and one of the Seven Cool Cities for young professionals.[38]

The Twin Cities contribute 63.8% of the gross state product of Minnesota. The area's $145.8 billion gross metropolitan product and its per capita personal income rank fourteenth in the U.S. Recovering from the nation's recession in 2000, personal income grew 3.8% in 2005, though it was behind the national average of 5%. The city returned to peak employment during the fourth quarter of that year.[39]

The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, with one branch in Helena, Montana, serves Minnesota, Montana, North and South Dakota, and parts of Wisconsin and Michigan. The smallest of the twelve regional banks in the Federal Reserve System, it operates a nationwide payments system, oversees member banks and bank holding companies, and serves as a banker for the U.S. Treasury.[40] The Minneapolis Grain Exchange founded in 1881 is still located near the riverfront and is the only exchange for hard red spring wheat futures and options.[41]

Arts

Main article: Arts in Minneapolis, Minnesota
Guthrie Theater on the riverfront

The region is second only to New York City in live theater per capita[42] and is the third-largest theater market in the U.S., supporting the Theatre de la Jeune Lune, Illusion, Jungle, Mixed Blood, Penumbra, the Brave New Workshop, the Minnesota Dance Theatre, Theater Latté Da, and the Children's Theatre Company.[43] Jean Nouvel designed a new three stage complex[44] for the Guthrie Theatre, the prototype alternative to Broadway founded in Minneapolis in 1965.[45] Minneapolis purchased and renovated the Orpheum, State, and Pantages Theatre vaudeville and film houses on Hennepin Avenue now used for concerts and plays.[46]

Minneapolitans support a dozen large art, cultural, science, and historical museums alongside smaller galleries and museums, four large ballet, dance, and folkdance companies, as well as filmmakers groups and numerous theater companies.[47] The city publishes updates to The Minneapolis Plan for Arts and Culture which has produced results such as the formal recognition of the Northeast Arts District in Northeast Minneapolis.[48]

The Minneapolis Institute of Arts, built in 1915 in south central Minneapolis is the largest art museum in the city with 100,000 pieces in its permanent collection. A new wing designed by Michael Graves was completed in 2006 for contemporary and modern works and more gallery space.[44] The Walker Art Center near downtown doubled its size with an addition in 2005 by Herzog & de Meuron and is continuing its expansion to 15 acres (.06 km²) with a park designed by Michel Desvigne across the street from the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden.[49] The Weisman Art Museum, designed by Frank Gehry for the University of Minnesota, opened in 1993. An addition, also designed by Gehry, is expected to open in 2009.[50]

File:Prince (musician)-2006-06.jpg
Prince

The son of a jazz musician and a singer, Prince is Minneapolis' most famous musical progeny.[51] With fellow local musicians, many of whom recorded at Twin/Tone Records,[52] he helped make First Avenue and the 7th Street Entry venues of choice for both artists and audiences.[53] The Minnesota Orchestra plays classical and popular music at Orchestra Hall under music director Osmo Vänskä who has set about making it the best in the country.[54] The Minnesota Opera produces both classic and new operas.[55] Celebrating its 100th year, the MacPhail Center for Music is building a new facility near the riverfront.[56]

Tom Waits released two songs about the city, Christmas Card from a Hooker in Minneapolis (Blue Valentine 1978) and 9th & Hennepin (Rain Dogs 1985). Home to the MN Spoken Word Association, the city has garnered notice for rap and hip hop and its spoken word community.[57] The underground hip-hop group Atmosphere frequently comments in song lyrics on the city and Minnesota.[58]

Sports

Main article: Sports in Minnesota
Twins catcher Joe Mauer at bat, Metrodome

Professional sports are well-established in Minneapolis. First playing in 1884, the Minneapolis Millers baseball team produced the best won-lost record in their league at the time and contributed fifteen players to the Baseball Hall of Fame. During the 1940s the Minneapolis Lakers basketball team, the city's first in the major leagues in any sport, played in and won basketball championships in three leagues before moving to Los Angeles. The American Wrestling Association, formerly the NWA Minneapolis Boxing & Wrestling Club, operated in Minneapolis from 1960 until the 1990s.[59]

The Minnesota Vikings and the Minnesota Twins arrived in the state in 1961. The Vikings were an NFL expansion team and the Twins were formed when the Washington Senators relocated to Minnesota. Both teams played outdoors in open air Metropolitan Stadium in the suburb of Bloomington for twenty years before moving to the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome, where the Twins won the World Series in 1987 and 1991. The Minnesota Timberwolves brought NBA basketball back to Minneapolis in 1989, followed by the Minnesota Lynx WNBA team in 1999. They play in Target Center. The NHL ice hockey team Minnesota Wild and USL-1 soccer team Minnesota Thunder play in St. Paul.[60]

Golden Gophers basketball

The downtown Metrodome, opened in 1982, is the largest sports stadium in Minnesota. The three major tenants are the Vikings, the Twins and the University of Minnesota's Golden Gophers football team. The Metrodome is the only stadium in the country to have hosted a Major League Baseball All-Star Game, the Super Bowl, the World Series, and NCAA Basketball Men's Final Four. Runners, walkers, inline skaters, coed volleyball teams, and touch football teams all have access to "The Dome." Events from sports to concerts, community activities, religious activities, and trade shows are held more than three hundred days per year, making the facility one of the most versatile stadiums in the world.[61]

Gifted amateur athletes have played in Minneapolis schools, notably starting in the 1920s and 1930s at Central, De La Salle, and Marshall high schools. The Golden Gophers have won national championships in football, baseball, and hockey since the 1930s.[60]

Major League Sports in Minneapolis
Club Sport League Venue Championships
Minnesota Lynx Basketball Women's National Basketball Association Western Conference Target Center
Minnesota Timberwolves Basketball National Basketball Association Western Conference Target Center
Minnesota Twins Baseball Major League Baseball American League Metrodome World Series 1987 and 1991
Minnesota Vikings American football National Football League National Football Conference Metrodome

Parks and recreation

Minnehaha Falls

The Minneapolis park system has been called the best-designed, best-financed and best-maintained in America.[62] Foresight, donations and effort by community leaders enabled Horace Cleveland to create his finest landscape architecture, preserving geographical landmarks and linking them with boulevards and parkways.[63] The city's Chain of Lakes is connected by bike, running, and walking paths and used for swimming, fishing, picnics, boating, and ice skating. A parkway for cars, a bikeway for riders, and a walkway for pedestrians run parallel paths along the 52 mile (83 km) route of the Grand Rounds Scenic Byway.[64]

Theodore Wirth is credited with the development of the parks system that brought a playground within the reach of most children, the city's canopy of trees, and a park within six blocks of each home.[65] Today 15% of the city is parks and there are 770 square feet (71 m²) of parkland for each resident.[66]

In the Heart of the Beast May Day Parade, Powderhorn Park

Parks are interlinked in many places and the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area connects regional parks and visitor centers. The country's oldest public wildflower garden, the Eloise Butler Wildflower Garden and Bird Sanctuary is near Theodore Wirth Park which is shared with Golden Valley and is about 60% the size of Central Park in New York City.[67] Site of the 53-foot (16 m) Minnehaha Falls, Minnehaha Park is one of the city's oldest and most popular parks, receiving over 500,000 visitors each year.[68] Henry Wadsworth Longfellow named Hiawatha's wife Minnehaha for the Minneapolis waterfall in his The Song of Hiawatha, a bestselling and often-parodied 19th century poem.[69]

Runner's World ranks Minneapolis America's sixth best city for runners.[70] The Twin Cities Marathon run in Minneapolis and St. Paul every October draws 250,000 spectators. The 26.2 mile (42 km) race is a Boston and USA Olympic Trials qualifier. The organizers sponsor three more races: a Kids Marathon, a 1 mile (1.6 km), and a 10 mile (16 km).[71] Minneapolis is home to more golfers per capita than any major U.S. city.[72] Five golf courses are located within the city, with nationally renowned Hazeltine National Golf Club, Bearpath Country Club, and Bunker Hills Golf Course in nearby suburbs.[73] The state of Minnesota has the nation's highest number of bicyclists, sport fishermen, and snow skiers per capita. Hennepin County has the second-highest number of horses per capita in the U.S.[42] While living in Minneapolis, Scott and Brennan Olson founded (and later sold) Rollerblade, the company that popularized the sport of inline skating.[74]

Government

Main articles: Law and government of Minneapolis, Minnesota; Minneapolis City Council; and Neighborhoods of Minneapolis
Mayor of Minneapolis R.T. Rybak and his family at a 2007 antiwar rally

Minneapolis is a stronghold for the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL), an affiliate of the Democratic Party. The Minneapolis City Council holds the most power and represents the city's thirteen districts called wards. The council has twelve DFL members and one from the Green Party. R.T. Rybak also of the DFL is the current mayor of Minneapolis. The office of mayor is relatively weak but has some power to appoint individuals such as the chief of police. Parks, libraries, taxation, and public housing are semi-independent boards and levy their own taxes and fees subject to Board of Estimate and Taxation limits.[75]

Citizens have a unique and powerful influence in neighborhood government. Neighborhoods coordinate activities under the Neighborhood Revitalization Program (NRP), funded in the 1990s by the city and state who appropriated $400 million for it over twenty years.[76] Minneapolis is divided into communities, each containing neighborhoods. In some cases two or more neighborhoods act together under one organization. Some areas are commonly known by nicknames of business associations.[77]

The organizers of Earth Day scored Minneapolis ninth best overall and second among mid-sized cities in their 2007 Urban Environment Report, a study based on indicators of environmental health and their effect on people.[78]

File:Minneapolis City Hall.JPG
Minneapolis City Hall

Early Minneapolis experienced a period of corruption in local government and crime was common until an economic downturn in the mid 1900s. Since 1950 the population decreased and much of downtown was lost to urban renewal and highway construction. The result was a "moribund and peaceful" environment until the 1990s.[79] Along with economic recovery the murder rate climbed. The police imported a computer system from New York City that sent officers to high crime areas despite accusations of racial profiling; the result was a drop in major crime. Since 1999 the number of homicides increased during four years, and to its highest in recent history in 2006.[80] Politicians debate the causes and solutions, including increasing the number of police officers, providing youths with alternatives to gangs and drugs, and helping families in poverty. For 2007, the city invested in public safety infrastructure, hired over forty new officers, and has a new police chief, Tim Dolan.[81]

Canada and Norway have permanent consulates in Minneapolis. Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Guatemala, Korea, The Netherlands, Romania and Sweden have honorary consuls.[82]

Education

Main articles: Minneapolis Public Library, Minneapolis Public Schools, Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System, and University of Minnesota
University of Minnesota teaching art museum, student union and teaching hospital

Minneapolis Public Schools enroll 36,370 students in public primary and secondary schools. The district administers about one hundred public schools including forty-five elementary schools, seven middle schools, seven high schools, eigth special education schools, eight alternative schools, nineteen contract alternative schools and five charter schools. With authority granted by the state legislature, the school board makes policy, selects the superintendent, and oversees the district's budget, curriculum, personnel, and facilities. Students speak ninety different languages at home and most school communications are printed in English, Hmong, Spanish, and Somali.[83] Besides public schools, the city is home to more than twenty private schools and academies and about twenty additional charter schools.[84]

Central Minneapolis Public Library

Minneapolis' collegiate scene is dominated by the main campus of the University of Minnesota where more than 50,000 undergraduate, graduate, and professional students attend twenty colleges, schools, and institutes. Created in 1851 as a preparatory school, the university is noted for engineering, applied mathematics, management, health, and economics and administers more than 140 research facilities.[85] A Big Ten school and home of the Golden Gophers, the U of M is the fourth largest campus in the U.S. in terms of enrollment.[86]

Minneapolis Community and Technical College, the private Dunwoody College of Technology, and Art Institutes International Minnesota provide career training. Augsburg College, Minneapolis College of Art and Design, North Central University, and University of St. Thomas are private four-year colleges. Capella University, Minnesota School of Professional Psychology, and Walden University are headquartered in Minneapolis and some others including the public four-year Metropolitan State University have campuses there.[87]

The Minneapolis Public Library system operates the city's public libraries. It faced a severe budget shortfall for 2007, and has been forced to close three of its neighborhood libraries.[88] A merger with Hennepin County Library is proposed but not funded.[89] The new downtown Central Library designed by César Pelli opened in 2006.[90] Ten special collections hold over 25,000 books and resources for researchers, including the Minneapolis Collection and the Minneapolis Photo Collection.[91] At recent count 1,696,453 items in the system are used annually and the library answers over 500,000 research and fact-finding questions each year.[92]

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Minnesota
Hiawatha Line LRT

Only half of Minneapolis-Saint Paul residents work in the city where they live.[93] Most residents drive cars but 60% of the 160,000 people working downtown commute by means other than a single person per auto.[94] Alternative transportation is encouraged. The Metropolitan Council's Metro Transit, which operates the light rail system and most of the city's buses, provides free travel vouchers through the Guaranteed Ride Home program to allay fears that commuters might otherwise be occasionally stranded if, for example, they work late hours.[95] The Hiawatha Line LRT serves 34,000 riders daily and connects the airport and Mall of America to downtown.[96] The planned Central Corridor LRT will connect downtown with the University of Minnesota and downtown St. Paul via University Avenue. Expected completion is in 2014.[97]

Seven miles (11 km) of enclosed pedestrian bridges called skyways link eighty city blocks downtown. Second floor restaurants and retailers connected to these passageways are open weekdays.[98]

The taxicab ordinance requires 10% wheelchair accessibility by 2009 and some use of alternative fuel or fuel efficient vehicles. Starting in 2011 the city's limit of 343 taxis will be lifted.[99]

Cedar Lake Trail bike freeway

Ten thousand cyclists use the bike lanes in the city each day, and many ride in the winter. The Public Works Department expanded the bicycle trail system from the Grand Rounds to 56 miles (90 km) of off-street commuter trails including the Midtown Greenway, the Light Rail Trail, Kenilworth Trail, Cedar Lake Trail and the West River Parkway Trail along the Mississippi. Minneapolis also has 34 miles (54 km) of dedicated bike lanes on city streets and encourages cycling by equipping transit buses with bike racks and by providing online bicycle maps.[100] Many of these trails and bridges, such as the Stone Arch Bridge, were former railroad lines that have now been converted for bicycles and pedestrians.[101] In 2007 citing the city's bicycle lanes, buses and LRT, Forbes identified Minneapolis the world's fifth cleanest city.[102]

Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport (MSP) sits on 3400 acres (13.7 km²) [103] southeast of the city between Minnesota State Highway 5, Interstate 494, Minnesota State Highway 77, and Minnesota State Highway 62. The airport serves three international, twelve domestic, seven charter and four regional carriers[104] and is a hub and home base for Northwest Airlines, Mesaba Airlines, Sun Country Airlines and Champion Air.[105]

Amtrak's Empire Builder between Chicago and Seattle stops once daily in each direction at nearby Midway Station in St. Paul.[106] Expected to open in 2009, a commuter rail line, the Northstar Corridor between downtown and Big Lake, Minnesota has been funded. It will utilize existing railroad tracks and will serve a projected 5,000 daily commuters.[107]

Media

Main article: Media in Minneapolis-St. Paul
KFAI radio, Cedar-Riverside, is a public access station.

Four major newspapers are published in Minneapolis: the daily Star Tribune, the Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder, Finance and Commerce, and the university's Minnesota Daily. Other publications are the City Pages weekly, the Mpls.St.Paul, Minnesota Monthly, and The Rake monthlies, and Utne magazine.[108] Minneapolis is a center for printing and publishing and was a natural place for artists to build the Loft Literary Center and the Minnesota Center for Book Arts.[108] The city is ranked America's second most literate.[109] The New York Times said in 1996, "Now there are T-shirts that read, 'Murderapolis,'" a name for the city that members of the local media have mistakenly attributed to the paper.[110]

WCCO-TV transmitters

Minneapolis has a mix of radio stations and healthy listener support for public radio but in the commercial market, a single organization Clear Channel Communications operates seven stations. Listeners support three non-profit stations, the Minneapolis Public Schools and the University of Minnesota each operate a station, the networks broadcast on affiliate stations, and religious organizations run two stations.[111]

The city's first television was broadcast by the St. Paul station and ABC affiliate KSTP-TV. The first to broadcast in color was WCCO-TV, the CBS affiliate which is located in downtown Minneapolis.[108] The city also receives FOX, NBC, PBS, UPN and WB through their affiliates and one independent station.[112] Twins Brandon and Brenda Walsh were from Minneapolis on the TV series Beverly Hills, 90210.[113] American Idol held auditions for its sixth season in Minneapolis in 2006[114] and Last Comic Standing held auditions for its fifth season in Minneapolis in 2007.[115] A statue of Mary Tyler Moore downtown on the Nicollet Mall commemorates the 1970s television situation comedy Mary Tyler Moore, awarded three Golden Globes and thirty-one Emmy Awards.[116]

Religion and charity

Saint Stephen's Human Services is dedicated to ending homelessness.[117]

The Dakota believed in the Great Spirit and were surprised by the lack of religion among European settlers. Over fifty denominations and religions and some well known churches have since been established in Minneapolis. Those who arrived from New England were for the most part Christian Protestants, Quakers, and Universalists.[118] The oldest continuously used church in the city, Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church in the Nicollet Island/East Bank neighborhood was built in 1856 by Universalists and soon afterward was acquired by a French Catholic congregation.[119] Formed in 1878 as Shaarai Tov, in 1902 the first Jewish congregation in Minneapolis built the synagogue in East Isles known since 1920 as Temple Israel.[26] St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral was founded in 1887, opened a missionary school in 1897 and in 1905 created the first Russian Orthodox seminary in the U.S.[120] The first basilica in the U.S., the Roman Catholic Basilica of Saint Mary near Loring Park was named by Pope Pius XI.[118]

The Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, Decision magazine, and World Wide Pictures film and television distribution were headquartered in Minneapolis for about forty of the years between the late 1940s into the 2000s.[121] Jim Bakker and Tammy Faye met while attending the Pentecostal North Central University and began a television ministry that by the 1980s reached 13.5 million households.[122] Today, Mount Olivet Lutheran Church in southwest Minneapolis has 6,000 active members and is the world's largest Lutheran congregation.[123]

Philanthropy and charitable giving are part of the community.[124] Catholic Charities is one of the largest providers of social services locally.[125] The American Refugee Committee helps one million refugees and displaced persons in ten countries in Africa, the Balkans and Asia each year.[126] Although no Minneapolis businesses are top corporate citizens, Business Ethics was based in Minneapolis and was the predecessor of CRO magazine for corporate responsibility officers.[127] The oldest foundation in Minnesota, the Minneapolis Foundation invests and administers over nine hundred charitable funds and connects donors to nonprofit organizations.[128] The metropolitan area gives 13% of its total charitable donations to the arts and culture. The majority of the estimated $1 billion recent expansion of arts facilities was contributed privately.[129]

Health and utilities

Hennepin County Medical Center

Minneapolis has five hospitals, three ranked among America's best by U.S. News & World Report—Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Hennepin County Medical Center (HCMC) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center.[130] All three were founded under other names during the 1800s and early 1900s.[131] The Britton Center for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Children's Hospitals and Clinics also serve the city. The Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota is a 75-minute drive away.[132]

Cardiac surgery was developed at the university's Variety Club Hospital, where by 1957, more than two hundred patients had survived open-heart operations, many of them children. Working with the university's pioneering heart surgeon C. Walton Lillehei, Medtronic began to build portable and implantable cardiac pacemakers about this time.[133]

A Snow Emergency

HCMC opened in 1887 as City Hospital and was also known as General Hospital.[131] A public teaching hospital and Level I trauma center, the HCMC safety net sees 350,000 patient visits and 95,000 emergency room visits each year and in 2006 provided about 18% of the uncompensated care given in Minnesota.[134]

Utility providers are regulated monopolies: Xcel Energy supplies electricity, CenterPoint Energy supplies gas, Qwest is the landline telephone provider, and Comcast is the cable service.[135] In 2007 city-wide wireless is to begin, provided for 10 years by US Internet of Minnetonka to residents for about $20 per month and to businesses for $30.[136] The city treats and distributes water and requires payment of a monthly solid waste fee for trash removal, recycling, and drop off for large items. Residents who recycle receive a credit. Hazardous waste is handled by Hennepin County drop off sites.[135] After each significant snowfall, called a Snow Emergency, the Minneapolis Public Works Street Division plows over one thousand miles (1609 km) of streets and four hundred miles (643.7 km) of alleys—counting both sides, the distance between Minneapolis and Seattle and back. Ordinances govern parking on the plowing routes during these emergencies as well as snow shoveling throughout the city.[137]

Sister cities

Citizens maintain international connections with eight sister cities:[138]

And informal connections with:

See also

References

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