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Steven Milloy

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Steven J. Milloy is an attorney, and journalist. He is the "Junk Science" commentator for FoxNews.com and runs the website Junkscience.com, which is dedicated to debunking what Milloy labels "faulty scientific data and analysis."

Among the topics Milloy has addressed are what he believes to be false claims regarding DDT, global warming, Alar, breast implants, passive smoking, ozone depletion, and mad cow disease, and many others.[1] Milloy also runs CSRWatch.com, which monitors and criticizes the corporate social responsibility movement. He is the author of the book Junk Science Judo: Self-defense Against Health Scares and Scams. From the 1990s until the end of 2005, he was an adjunct scholar at the libertarian Cato Institute, which hosted the JunkScience.com website. He is currently an adjunct scholar at the Competitive Enterprise Institute.

Milloy is also head of the Free Enterprise Action Fund, a mutual fund he runs with former tobacco executive Tom Borelli. Milloy operates the Advancement of Sound Science Center, a non-profit organization which is critical of environmental science, from his home in Potomac, Maryland.

Background

Milloy holds a B.A. in Natural Sciences from Johns Hopkins University, a Master of Health Sciences in Biostatistics from the Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, a Juris Doctor from the University of Baltimore, and a Master of Laws from the Georgetown University Law Center.[2]

Junk science

Main article: junk science

Milloy defines junk science as "faulty scientific data and analysis used to further a special agenda."[3] Critics claim that, in practice, Milloy regularly criticises research suggesting that corporate activities harm the environment or public health as "junk science", while praising scientific analysis that supports his preferred positions.[4]

DDT

For many years, Milloy's signature issue was his long campaign for a reversal of the phaseout of DDT, the use of which he says could save millions of lives in the fight against malaria in Third World nations. In January 2000, he called the DDT ban "Junk Science of the Century" and "genocide by junk science."[5] "Our irrational fear of the insecticide DDT," he says, is "the most infamous environmentalist myth of all-time."[6] Rachel Carson, he wrote, "misrepresented the existing science on bird reproduction and was wrong about DDT causing cancer."[7][8][9]

Milloy's junkscience.com web site features The Malaria Clock[10], which counts up the approximate number of new malaria cases and deaths in the world, most of which he says could have been prevented by the use of DDT. As of June, 2007, the toll stands at more than 94 million dead, 90% of whom are said to have been expectant mothers and children under five years of age. "Infanticide on this scale appears without parallel in human history," writes Milloy. "This is not ecology. This is not conservation. This is genocide."[10] He cites a 1970 National Academy of Sciences committee report that (before its use was discontinued) DDT "prevented 500 million deaths due to malaria that would otherwise have been inevitable."[11][12][13]

He is strongly critical of EPA administrator William Ruckelshaus' decision to ban DDT in 1972, a decision which overturned the ruling of an EPA administrative law judge who had found that, "DDT is not a carcinogenic hazard to man... [and, when properly used, does] not have a deleterious effect on freshwater fish, estuarine organisms, wild birds or other wildlife." According to Milloy, the judge was right, and Ruckelshaus was wrong. In support of his conclusions, Milloy cites numerous studies which found that plausible levels of exposure to DDT have no serious adverse effects on Bald Eagles, Peregrine Falcon, Brown Pelicans, or other birds.[14]

In September, 2006, the World Health Organization announced that, "Nearly thirty years after phasing [it] out, the widespread use of indoor spraying with DDT... will once again play a major role in [WHO's] efforts to fight... malaria."[15][16] The W.H.O. gave the indoor use of DDT "a clean bill of health for controlling malaria," and stated that, "Extensive research and testing has... demonstrated that well-managed indoor residual spraying programmes using DDT pose no harm to wildlife or to humans."[17] Milloy applauded the decision, and wrote, "It’s a relief that the WHO has finally come to its senses,"[18] He called it "great news for developing nations that want to employ the most affordable and effective anti-malarial tool."[19]

Secondhand smoke

Milloy has criticized research linking secondhand tobacco smoke to cancer, claiming that "the vast majority of studies reported no statistical association" between secondhand smoke and cancer.[20] In 1993, Milloy dismissed an Environmental Protection Agency report linking secondhand tobacco smoke to cancer as "a joke." Five years later Milloy claimed vindication after a federal court found that the "EPA disregarded information and made findings on selective information; ... deviated from its [standard procedures]; failed to disclose important findings and reasoning; and left significant questions without answers." The court's finding was later set aside on appeal.

When the British Medical Journal published a similar study in 1997, Milloy said, "it remains a joke today." When another researcher published a study linking secondhand smoke to cancer, Milloy wrote that she, "…must have pictures of journal editors in compromising positions with farm animals. How else can you explain her studies seeing the light of day?"[21]

While at FoxNews.com, Milloy continued to criticize claims that secondhand tobacco smoke causes cancer.[22] During the time that Milloy was attacking the link between secondhand smoke and cancer, his junkscience.com website was reviewed and revised by a public relations firm hired by the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company.[23] Milloy's supposedly independent organization TASSC was funded and coordinated by Philip Morris (now Altria)[24] with the goal of "utilizing TASSC as a tool in targeted legislative battles."[25] A confidential 1994 Philip Morris memo listed Milloy's organization under "PM Tools to Affect Legislative Decisions".[26] In 2000 & 2001, Milloy received a total of $180,000 in payments from Philip Morris for consulting services.[27]

Secondhand smoke is currently recognized by the United States Surgeon General and the World Health Organization as a clear cause of lung cancer and other health problems.[28][29][30]

US Surgeon General

In 1998, Milloy, writing on behalf of TASSC, co-wrote an article which called for the abolition of the position of United States Surgeon General, the article claimed that "Critics say the the nation could well do without the lecturing and hectoring" associated with the Surgeon-General's role as a spokesperson to the nation on matters of public health.[31].

Asbestos and the World Trade Center

On September 14 2001, three days after terrorist attacks destroyed the World Trade Center, Milloy reported on the opinions of experts who believed that the World Trade Center towers might have stood longer, preventing many casualties, had the use of asbestos fire-resistant lagging not been discontinued during the Towers' construction.[32] Milloy's article reported that, "In 1971, New York City banned the use of asbestos in spray fireproofing. At that time, asbestos insulating material had only been sprayed up to the 64th floor of the World Trade Center towers," and cited experts who questioned the efficacy of the asbestos-free lagging that was used on the steel in the upper floors.

The environment

Milloy has been critical of what he views as "radical environmentalists". He has been outspoken about the "banning" of DDT, the use of which he claims could save millions of lives a year in fighting malaria in Third World nations.

Milloy has been critical of the Clean Air Act of 1970, acknowledging that it has improved air quality but arguing that it has forced Americans to "surrender many freedoms". Milloy argued that "air pollution in the U.S. was more of an aesthetic than a public health problem [in 1970]. That is even more the case today."[33]

Milloy has consistently argued from the position of a global warming skeptic that human activity has little impact on climate change and that regulations to limit greenhouse gas emissions are unwarranted and harmful to business interests. He has criticised the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment as "debunking itself."

Food safety

Responding to criticism of the safety of the food product Quorn by the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI), Milloy accused CSPI of having an undisclosed relationship with Quorn's main competitor, Gardenburger. Writing for FoxNews.com, Milloy said that "CSPI appears to have an unsavory relationship with Quorn competitor, Gardenburger" and called the CSPI's complaints "unscrupulous shrieking".[34] Gardenburger denied Milloy's accusation, stating that Milloy's allegation of an "unsavory relationship" was "untrue and groundless".[35]

Evolution

Milloy's views on [evolution] are as follows:

Explanations of human evolution are not likely to move beyond the stage of hypothesis or conjecture. There is no scientific way - i.e., no experiment or other means of reliable study - for explaining how humans developed. Without a valid scientific method for proving a hypothesis, no indisputable explanation can exist.

The process of evolution can be scientifically demonstrated in some lower life forms, but this is a far cry from explaining how humans developed.

That said, some sort of evolutionary process seems most likely in my opinion. But there will probably always be enough uncertainty in any explanation of human evolution to give critics plenty of room for doubt.[36]

Work as a lobbyist

The guidebook Washington Representatives described Milloy as a registered lobbyist employed by the EOP Group in 1996.[37] Milloy is also listed as a lobbyist for the American Petroleum Institute (API), the trade association for the U.S. oil and gas industries[38] in the federal United States Senate Lobby Filing Disclosure Program.[38]

In April 1998 Milloy was part of the "Global Climate Science Team", which was convened by the API to work out a strategy to influence the media so that it would "understand (recognize) uncertainties in climate science".[39]

Milloy has denied ever working as a lobbyist, writing in an email in 1998:

I do not lobby for ANYONE. Before I became executive director of TASSC, I did some technical consulting for a D.C. firm which had the policy of registering all its employees and consultants as lobbyists (whether or not they lobbied) pursuant to a new law passed in 1995. I am aware of the listing and have asked it to be corrected since I no longer work for that firm.[40]

However, as of October 2006, Milloy remains listed as a registered lobbyist in the above federal database.

Corporate activism

Through the Free Enterprise Action Fund, a mutual fund run by Milloy and former tobacco executive Tom Borelli, Milloy has criticised companies that voluntarily adopt high environmental standards. A statement issued by the Fund on November 30 2005 began:

Action Fund Management LLC (AFM), investment adviser to the Free Enterprise Action Fund, requested that Goldman Sachs’ (NYSE: GS) Audit and Corporate Governance Committees review the firm’s recently announced Environmental Policy. “We are concerned that CEO Henry Paulson may have had a material conflict of interest and management may have breached its fiduciary duty to shareholders by adopting the policy,” said AFM’s Steve Milloy.

Through the platform of the FEAF, Milloy has criticized a number of other corporations for adopting environmental initiatives:

Criticism

Milloy has been accused by his critics of making misleading and false claims, and of presenting himself as an impartial journalist on health and environmental matters while accepting funding and editorial input from tobacco and oil companies. Critics claim that, in practice, Milloy regularly criticises research suggesting that corporate activities harm the environment or public health as "junk science," while praising scientific analysis that supports his preferred positions.[44]

Biographical claims

Milloy's biography on his junkscience.com website claims that he was a member of the judging panel for the 2004 American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Journalism Awards.[2] However, the AAAS website does not list him among the 2004 judges.[45] Journalist Paul D. Thacker reported that the AAAS initially invited Milloy as a judge, because he was listed in a media directory of journalists as a "science editor". However, Milloy was disqualified as an AAAS judge after the conflict of interest inherent in his position with the libertarian Cato Institute was revealed.[46]

Journalistic ethics

Critics have contended that Milloy is a paid advocate for Phillip Morris, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco, and other companies.[22][23][27][47] Tobacco-industry documents show that Milloy's website content was discussed, reviewed, and revised by a public relations firm hired by RJR Tobacco.[23]

In January 2006, Paul D. Thacker reported in The New Republic that Milloy, who is presented by Fox News as an independent journalist, was under contract to provide consulting services to Philip Morris through the end of 2005.[22] Philip Morris documents showed that Milloy was budgeted hundreds of thousands of dollars in payments while writing for FoxNews.com.[27] In the May/June 2005 issue of Mother Jones, Chris Mooney reported that non-profit organizations operated out of Milloy's home have also received large payments from ExxonMobil during his tenure with Fox News.[48][22]

A spokesperson for Fox News stated, "Fox News was unaware of Milloy's connection with Philip Morris. Any affiliation he had should have been disclosed."[22] Regarding ties to ExxonMobil, a Fox News spokesperson stated that Milloy is "...affiliated with several not-for-profit groups that possibly may receive funding from Exxon, but he certainly does not receive funding directly from Exxon."[48]

Journalists who take money to write pieces favorable to corporate interests are widely considered to be breaching journalistic ethics.[49][50][51][52] Milloy's association with the Cato Institute has since ended; however, as of October 2006, he continues to write for FoxNews.com, where he is described as a "junk science expert."[53]

Reaction to death of political opponents

In 1999, David Platt Rall, a prominent environmental scientist, died in a car accident. Milloy noted Rall's death on junkscience.com as the "Obituary of the Day," writing: "Scratch one junk scientist who promoted the bankrupt idea that poisoning rats with a chemical predicts cancer in humans exposed to much lower levels of the chemical — a notion that, at the very least, has wasted billions and billions of public and private dollars."[54][55] Cato Institute President Edward Crane called Milloy's attack an "inexcusable lapse in judgement and civility", but Milloy continued his attack on Rall, writing: "As far as David Rall is concerned, he was a bad guy when he was alive — shamelessly promoting the bankrupt notion that human cancer risk can be predicted by poisoning rats with chemicals. …Death did not improve his track record — no matter how many letters the Environmental Working Group sends to the Cato Institute." Since that time, Milloy has removed the attacks from his website, although he has not apologized.[54]

Following the death of Senator John Chafee (R-R.I.) in 1999, Milloy highlighted Chafee's death as the "Obituary of the Day", writing: "Unfortunately, Sen. Chafee too often acted like a Democrat on environmental and regulatory reform issues. The good news is his replacement as Committee chairman will be Sen. James Inhofe (R-OK) who has shown courage in opposing the Kyoto protocol and the EPA air quality proposals."[56]

World Trade Center tragedy

Advocates for banning asbestos were highly critical of Milloy's September 14 2001 article about asbestos fire-resistant cladding in the WTC Towers.[32] They questioned his motives and disputed his conclusions, and charged him with "insensitivity that is hard to fathom."[57] The lack of asbestos in the lagging used on the upper floors was not mentioned in the NIST's report on the Towers' collapse, which noted that the planes' impact dislodged any fireproofing that might have prevented the collapse.[58]

Laurie Kazan-Allen of the International Ban Asbestos Secretariat wrote:

It takes a certain kind of person to capitalize on a human catastrophe such as the attacks on the World Trade Centre. While the rest of us remained desperate for news, some were plotting how these events could be used to maximum advantage. ... The fact that Milloy chose to make this and other such statements as ground zero was still smouldering shows an insensitivity that is hard to fathom. What decent human being could do anything during those early days but watch and wait as the emergency services worked 24/7 to locate survivors?[59]

Free Enterprise Action Fund

Milloy's mutual fund, the Free Enterprise Action Fund (FEAF), has been criticised by investment analyst Chuck Jaffe as being "an advocacy group in search of assets." Jaffe concludes "Strip away the rhetoric, and you’re getting a very expensive, underperforming index fund, while Milloy and his partner Thomas Borelli get a platform for raising their pet issues."[60]

Similarly, Daniel Gross, in a Slate magazine article, wrote that FEAF "seems to be a lobbying enterprise masquerading as a mutual fund."[61] Gross noted that Milloy and Tom Borelli, the former head of corporate scientific affairs for Philip Morris, lack any money management experience; he also noted that FEAF had badly underperformed the S&P 500 during its first 10 months of existence.[61] Gross concluded that "...in the short term, it looks like Borelli and Milloy are essentially paying the fund for the privilege of using it as a platform to broadcast their views on corporate governance, global warming, and a host of other issues."[61]

Praise

Milloy's junkscience.com site lists positive comments, derived from prepublication reviews of his books Silencing Science and Junk Science Judo, published on the back cover (blurb) of those books. Those cited on junkscience.com are the late Philip Abelson, editor of Science from 1962 to 1984, and D.A. Henderson, Dean of the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health from 1977 to 1990. Abelson's review states "Milloy is one of a small group who devotes time, energy and intelligence to the defense of the truth of science."

Others with favourable reviews cited in the blurb of Junk Science Judo are Ronald Bailey, Frederick Seitz and John Stossel.

Responses

Milloy and Borelli have defended Exxon against criticism for funding global warming sceptics and others, though without declaring their own financial interest. In September 2006, Milloy's Junkscience.com site reproduced the following excerpt of a piece by Borelli published in Townhall.com, criticising the British Royal Society:

Battle for the boardroom - After over 200 years of independence, the British are still trying to direct U.S. public policy. The Royal Society – the British equivalent of the National Academy of Sciences – recently admonished Exxon Mobil for supporting organizations that question the link between man-made greenhouse gas emissions and global warming.

Notwithstanding the offensive nature of a prestigious organization attempting to silence scientific debate, the Royal Society’s letter sheds light on the larger effort employed by agents of the Left to shut-down corporate support for pro-growth political organizations, politicians and policies. By cutting-off the financial supply lines for free-market thought and policies, these agents – labor unions, NGOs, the media – hope to dominate public debate and control public opinion. As these tactics continue to meet with success, liberal policies and politicians will gain a huge strategic advantage.

For those of us interested in promoting pro-growth ideas, loss of corporate support represents a huge threat to sound public policy. There is too much money, power and influence wielded by companies and free-market advocates can’t afford to give up that high ground to the Left.[62]

Notes

  1. ^ Milloy's Website, junkscience.com, accessed 20 Sept 2006.
  2. ^ a b Milloy's history and C.V., from his website junkscience.com, accessed 20 Sept 2006.
  3. ^ [1] from junkscience.com, accessed 17 June, 2007.
  4. ^ 'In the world according to Milloy, any scientific study that does not support the world view where all chemicals are safe is "junk science", all environmentalists are alarmist, and pollution and second hand smoke are harmless.' Tittabawassee River Watch article on Steven Milloy
  5. ^ Junk Science of the Century: The DDT ban, by Steven Milloy, January 1, 2000
  6. ^ DDT Is Only Real Weapon to Combat Malaria, by Steven Milloy, October 27, 2005
  7. ^ At Risk from the Pesticide Myth, by Steven Milloy, July 28, 2000
  8. ^ www.RachelWasWrong.org Uncovering Silent Spring's Deadly Consequences (Competitive Enterprise Institute)
  9. ^ Rachel Carson's Genocide, by Keith Lockitch, Capitalism Magazine, May 23, 2007
  10. ^ a b The Malaria Clock: A Green Eco-Imperialist Legacy of Death
  11. ^ Rachel Was Wrong: Uncovering Silent Spring's Deadly Consequences, retrieved 19 June, 2007
  12. ^ Battle over anti-malaria chemical, 4 March, 2004
  13. ^ Uganda's Director of Health Services, Dr. Sam Zaramba: Give Us DDT (Wall Street Journal), 12 June 2007
  14. ^ 100 things you should know about DDT, by J. Gordon Edwards and Steven Milloy, retrieved 18 June, 2007
  15. ^ WHO gives indoor use of DDT a clean bill of health for controlling malaria, 15 September, 1996
  16. ^ Washington Post" WHO Urges Use of DDT in Africa; Call for Applications of Pesticide Changes 30-Year Policy, September 16, 2006
  17. ^ DDT - The Debate within the Malaria Community, WHO Roll Back Malaria Partnership, retrieved 27 June, 2007
  18. ^ Day of Reckoning for DDT Foes?, by Steven Milly, FoxNews.com, Thursday, September 21, 2006
  19. ^ Top Ten Junk Science Moments for 2006, by Steven Milloy, JunkScience.com, December 18, 2006
  20. ^ [2] Secondhand Smokescreen, By Steven Milloy, March 9, 2001
  21. ^ PRWatch.org article detailing Milloy's ties to the tobacco industry, accessed 23 Sept 2006.
  22. ^ a b c d e "Smoked Out: Pundit For Hire", published in The New Republic, accessed 20 Sept 2006. Also available without subscription at FreePress.net.
  23. ^ a b c Activity Report, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., December 1996, describing input from R.J.R. Tobacco's P.R. firm into Milloy's junkscience website. From the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library at the University of California, San Francisco. Accessed 5 October 2006.
  24. ^ Philip Morris 1994 Budget Draft, available at the Philip Morris Document Archive. Accessed 5 October 2006.
  25. ^ Letter from Margery Kraus, president of TASSC, to Vic Han, Director of Communications for Philip Morris, dated 23 September 1993. Accessed 5 October 2006.
  26. ^ Philip Morris Corporate Affairs Budget Presentation, 1994, from the Philip Morris Document Archive. Accessed 5 October 2006.
  27. ^ a b c Philip Morris budget for "Strategy and Social Responsibility", detailing $180,000 in payments to Steven Milloy (pp. 13 & 66). Accessed 5 October 2006.
  28. ^ Surgeon General's report on the dangers of second-hand tobacco smoke, accessed 23 Sept 2006.
  29. ^ WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, the first international treaty on public health, adopted by 192 countries and signed by 168. Its Article 8.1 states "Parties recognize that scientific evidence has unequivocally established that exposure to tobacco causes death, disease and disability."
  30. ^ WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer "Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking" IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 83, 2002. The evaluation of the Monograph is: "There is sufficient evidence that involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) causes lung cancer in humans. [...] Involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1)."
  31. ^ [3]/
  32. ^ a b Article: Asbestos Could Have Saved WTC Lives, published September 14, 2001.
  33. ^ Cato Institute Q&A with Steve Milloy. Accessed 10 October 2006.
  34. ^ Steven Milloy (2002-08-30). "Quorn & CSPI: The Other Fake Meat". Fox News. Retrieved 2006-05-20. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  35. ^ Scott C. Wallace, CEO of Gardenburger. "Gardenburger rebuttal to: "The Other Fake Meat" by Steven Milloy". Retrieved 2006-05-20.
  36. ^ Steve Milloy. "Q and A With Steve Milloy". Retrieved 2007-01-11.
  37. ^ Washington Lobbyists, 1996, Columbia Books, Washington DC.
  38. ^ a b United States Senate Lobby Filing Disclosure Program, listing Milloy as a lobbyist in the mid-1990's. Accessed 16 October 2006.
  39. ^ "Scientists' Report Documents ExxonMobil's Tobacco-like Disinformation Campaign on Global Warming Science". Union of Concerned Scientists. 3 January 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  40. ^ "Junk Science and the Art of Spin-Doctoring", an anti-Milloy site, in which Milloy responds to documentation of his status as a registered lobbyist. Accessed October 16, 2006.
  41. ^ Free Enterprise Action Fund press release, criticizing Microsoft for abandoning the use of PVC in its packing materials. Accessed 11 October 2006.
  42. ^ Free Enterprise Action Fund press release chastising the Business Roundtable for insufficient vigilance in the defense of capitalism. Accessed 11 October 2006.
  43. ^ Free Enterprise Action Fund press release criticizing General Electric's environmental policy. Accessed 11 October 2006.
  44. ^ CLEAR ("the anti-environmentalism watchdog group") article attacking Steven Milloy 'Environmentalist article which accuses Milloy of believing that "all chemicals are safe" and "pollution [is] harmless."'
  45. ^ AAAS Science Journalism Awards 2004 Judge Roster, which does not include Steven Milloy. Accessed 10 October 2006.
  46. ^ "The Junkman Climbs to the Top", by Paul D. Thacker. Accessed 10 October 2006.
  47. ^ PRWatch.com article describing the financial links between Milloy and the tobacco industry, accessed 20 Sept 2006.
  48. ^ a b Some Like It Hot, Mother Jones article on Milloy
  49. ^ Public Relations Society of America statement on disclosure of financial interests. Accessed 11 October 2006.
  50. ^ Code of Ethics of the Society of Professional Journalists. Accessed 11 October 2006.
  51. ^ USAToday article on Armstrong Williams, containing numerous comments on ethical impropriety of accepting money in return for favorable journalistic coverage. Accessed 11 October 2006.
  52. ^ Washington Post article on Armstrong Williams, containing numerous comments on the impropriety of accepting money in return for favorable journalistic coverage. Accessed 11 October 2006.
  53. ^ Milloy column on global warming, published 12 October 2006, in which Milloy is described as a "junk science expert." Accessed 16 October 2006.
  54. ^ a b Grist Magazine article on Milloy's response to the death of David Rall, accessed 23 Sept 2006.
  55. ^ "The Trashman Speweth": PRWatch article on Steven Milloy. Accessed 3 November 2006.
  56. ^ Junkscience.com archives, October 1999, containing the "Obituary of the Day" on Senator John Chafee. Accessed 16 October 2006.
  57. ^ Criticism of Milloy's comments by the International Ban Asbestos Secretariat. Accessed 11 October 2006.
  58. ^ National Institute of Standards and Technology report on the World Trade Center collapse, FAQ. Accessed 11 October 2006.
  59. ^ Criticism of Milloy for blaming asbestos removal for the WTC collapses, from the International Ban Asbestos Secretariat. Accessed 16 October 2006.
  60. ^ "Strange Bedfellows: Politics and Investment Fund", from the Boston Herald. Published 24 Jan 2006. Accessed 11 October 2006.
  61. ^ a b c "Thank You for Investing: A very curious right-wing mutual fund." Article by Daniel Gross from Slate magazine, published 4 May 2006. Accessed 11 October 2006.
  62. ^ "Battle For The Boardroom", by Tom Borelli, posted on Junkscience.com. Accessed 17 October 2006.

See also

Milloy's Websites

Tobacco Documents

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