Public transport in New Zealand
Public transport in New Zealand exists in many of the country's urban areas, and takes a number of forms. However, uptake is relatively low, partly due to the low population density of the country, and New Zealand was rated only 22nd in a survey for public transport use amongst 28 countries worldwide, with only 56% always, or sometimes, using public transport to reach work.[1]
Usage
According to the Ministry for the Environment, overall use of public transport in New Zealand is low, with only around 2.5% of trips making use of it.[2] This figure is for the whole of New Zealand and includes centres that may have limited public transport. Considering the major cities like Auckland where the overall share is about 5% .[3] , this figure is comparable to numerous North American and Australian cities. [4] However, use of public transport is higher in major cities, which have more developed systems. According to the 2006 census, 17% of Wellingtonians took public transport to work, as did 7% of Aucklanders.[5] Wendell Cox, public policy consultant said in 2001 that Auckland's "public transport's downtown work trip market share is 31%" compared to Wellington's 26%. Cox further stated that no other centre in New Zealand achieved as high a market share as the Auckland city centre. [6].
Modes
Buses are the most common form of public transport in New Zealand, making up the majority of trips in every city that has public transport (and often being the only mode available). They are followed by trains, which are found in Wellington and Auckland. Ferries also play a role, mainly in Auckland but also in other cities. Wellington has a funicular. Trams, while once common in many New Zealand cities and towns, now survive only as heritage displays.
Public transport by city
Auckland
Public transport in Auckland is managed by the Auckland Regional Transport Authority (set up by the regional council) under the MAXX brand. It consists of buses, trains, and ferries. According to ARTA, over 50 million passenger trips are made in Auckland each year.[7] This makes the Auckland transport system New Zealand's largest by total passenger volume, although not by trips per capita.
Buses are the most widely used form of public transport in Auckland. They are operated by a number of companies, including NZ Bus (operating under various brands) and Ritchies Transport. The route network is dense, covering all parts of the Auckland urban area (including Waiheke Island).
Auckland also has a commuter rail system, one of two in the country. The system uses diesel-powered trains, although planning is in motion to electrify it. There are three main lines, designated Western, Southern, and Eastern (the latter two of which eventually merge). The trains are operated by Veolia's New Zealand branch.
Ferries also play a significant role in Auckland's transport network — more so than in other New Zealand cities. Ferries travel between the city centre and a number of destinations, including several points on the North Shore, Half Moon Bay, Waiheke Island, Rangitoto Island, and Great Barrier Island. The largest operator is Fullers Ferries.
Auckland, like many others in New Zealand, previously operated trams. The first ran in 1884, and the last ran in 1956. The Museum of Transport and Technology subsequently constructed a 2km heritage line linking its two sites and Auckland Zoo.
Christchurch
The Christchurch public transport system is based principally around buses, although the city also has a ferry service and a heritage tramway. The services are operated under the Metro brand, administered by the regional council.
Buses operate to all parts of the Christchurch urban area, including Lyttelton. There are also services to outlying towns such as Rangiora, Lincoln, and Burnham. There are around 40 routes in total,[8] plus a free shuttle following a loop through the central city.[9]
There is a ferry service between Lyttelton and Diamond Harbour, a small settlement on the opposite side of Lyttelton Harbour.
Christchurch used to operate an extensive tram network,[10] but this service was discontinued in 1954. In 1995, a heritage tramway was re-opened in the city centre, primarily serving tourists.
Dunedin
Dunedin has a substantial public transport system based around buses. There are 14 routes, covering the Dunedin urban area (including Mosgiel and Port Chalmers), plus a service to Waikouaiti and Palmerston. Services are administered by the Otago Regional Council, and run mainly by Citibus (owned by the Dunedin City Council) and Passenger Transport, (a private company based in Invercargill).
The city formerly operated other forms of public transport — the Dunedin cable tramway system (similar to the famous San Francisco cable cars) operated between 1881 and 1957, while commuter trains ran from the Dunedin Railway Station to Mosgiel and Port Chalmers until 1979 and 1982, respectively.
Hamilton
Hamilton has a bus system covering most of its urban area, with around 25 routes.[11] There are also bus services to (and sometimes between) other towns in the Waikato region — Taupo, Huntly, Coromandel, Thames, Tokoroa, Meremere, Te Kauwhata, Cambridge, Paeroa, Raglan, Mangakino, and Te Awamutu are among the destinations.
Hamilton formerly had a commuter train to Auckland, the Waikato Connection. Proposals exist to re-instate the service.
Wellington
Wellington has the highest percentage of citizens using public transport in the country.[12] Its public transport system, organised under the Metlink brand, consists of buses (including trolleybuses), trains, ferries, and a funicular (the Wellington Cable Car).
The most widely used form of public transport are buses, which are operated mainly by NZ Bus and Mana Coachlines (both using multiple brands). The network extends across the whole region, with slightly over 100 routes and around 2,800 stops. Some bus routes are served by trolleybuses, which replaced the city's historic trams.
The second most popular form of public transport is rail, which makes up around a third of the total. Wellington's commuter rail network carries passengers between the central city and suburban areas to the north, as well as to smaller towns in Wairarapa. It is the larger of New Zealand's two commuter rail systems, with 49 stations, and is mostly electrified. The two non-electrified services are diesel trains: the Wairarapa Connection from Masterton and the Capital Connection from Palmerston North. The latter is not run by the suburban operator, Tranz Metro, but by long distance operator Tranz Scenic; however, in practice, it serves as a commuter service.
The remainder of trips use either ferries or the Wellington Cable Car. The ferry service operates across Wellington Harbour, connecting Eastbourne, Matiu/Somes Island, and the central city. The iconic Cable Car (strictly speaking, a funicular rather than a true cable car) travels between the central city and the suburb of Kelburn, and is still used as a regular means of transport.
Other areas
- Blenheim has a small bus service operating on Tuesdays and Thursdays. It has two loop routes, serving the northern and southern halves of the town from a central hub. It is operated by Ritchies Transport on behalf of the Marlborough regional council.[13]
- Gisborne operates a bus service covering most of the town's urban area. There are six routes. [14] It is run by a local company on behalf of Gisborne District Council.
- Invercargill has a bus service with eight routes [15] (four of which are loops that have different designations for the inbound and outbound sections). They operate from a hub in the central city, and are administered by the Invercargill City Council. Some of the routes are free, and others are free outside peak hours. See Public transport in Invercargill. Invercargill formerly had the southernmost tram system in the world; construction began in January 1911[16] and the network operated from 26 March 1912 to 10 September 1952. At its greatest extent, it had four separate routes.[17] Commuter trains also ran along the Bluff Branch railway line between Invercargill and Bluff from the line's opening in 1867 until the final service was cancelled in 1967. Multiple stops within Invercargill were serviced, and as late as 1950, seven trains ran each way on the average weekday.
- Levin has an internal bus service consisting of three loop routes converging on a central hub.[18] The buses are operated by Madge Coachlines on behalf of Horizons Regional Council. There is also a bus to Palmerston North.
- Masterton has an internal bus network consisting of three routes, operated as part of the Wellington regional transport system. There are also bus connections to nearby towns.
- Napier-Hastings has a bus service with eight routes — two in Napier proper, three in Hastings proper, and routes between Hastings and Napier, between Hastings and Flaxmere, and between Hastings and Havelock North.[19] The buses are operated by Nimon and Sons, a local company, under the Nimbus brandname. They are funded by the regional council.
- Nelson has four bus routes within its urban area, forming loops into the city's suburbs from a hub at Wakatu Square. [20] There is also a separate service to Richmond, which is outside Nelson's official boundaries but which is often considered part of the Nelson urban area.[21]
- New Plymouth has a bus service connecting the central city and the suburbs.[22] Four loop routes cover the city's main urban area, and there are also services to Waitara and Oakura, small towns not far from the city. Services are operated by Okato Bus Lines and administered by the Taranaki Regional Council.
- Palmerston North's public transport system consists of five bus routes, forming loops through the city's suburbs from a central station in the city's centre.[23] The outward and inward portions of each loop are given distinct labels. There are also less frequent services to places outside the immediate urban area, such as Ashhurst, Fielding, Levin, Taihape, and the Linton Army Camp.
- Pukekohe has an internal bus loop operated as part of the Auckland transport system.
- Queenstown has a bus service with three routes, serving most of Queenstown proper, Frankton (including Queenstown International Airport), and Arrowtown.[24] It operates seven days a week.
- Rotorua has a network of ten bus routes, serving all parts of the urban area.[25] The buses are administered by the Bay of Plenty's regional council. There are links to other towns in the area.
- Taupo has a single-route bus service covering the Taupo urban area.[26]
- Tauranga employs buses and ferries in its public transport system. Its bus system has around a dozen routes, covering all major parts of its urban area.[27] The buses run six days a week. There are also bus connections to other places in the Bay of Plenty region. The buses are administered by the Bay of Plenty regional council. Ferry services run between central Tauranga and Mount Maunganui.[28]
- Timaru's public transport network consists of four bus routes within its urban area, plus a route to nearby Temuka.[29] The four urban routes are loops, with a hub in the city centre.
- Wanganui operates buses on four loop routes, originating from a central terminus and passing through the city's suburbs.[30] As in Palmerston North (whose service is administered by the same region), the outward and inward portions of each loop are given distinct labels. There are also buses to Taihape.
- Whangarei has a bus service administered by the regional council, funded by the district council and Land Transport New Zealand, and operated by Whangarei Bus Services (a privately owned company).[31] The system has five routes, covering most of the Whangarei urban area. [32] It runs six days a week.
Table
The table below lists towns in New Zealand that have or once had public transport systems. It includes only internal services (as opposed to services between towns), and does not include services run primarily for heritage reasons.
| City | Buses | Urban rail | Ferries | Funicular | Trams |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Auckland |  |
|
|
(1884-1956) | |
| Blenheim | |
||||
| Christchurch | |
(closed 1972) | |
(1880 - 1954) | |
| Dunedin | |
(closed 1982) | (1880s?-1950s?) | (1881-1957) | |
| Gisborne | |
(1913-1929) | |||
| Hamilton | |
||||
| Invercargill | |
(1867-1967) | (1912-1952) | ||
| Levin | |
||||
| Masterton | |
||||
| Napier-Hastings | |
(1913-1931) | |||
| Nelson | |
(1862-1901) | |||
| New Plymouth | |
(1916-1954) | |||
| Palmerston North | |
||||
| Pukekohe | |
||||
| Queenstown | |
||||
| Rotorua | |
||||
| Taupo | |
||||
| Tauranga | |
|
|||
| Thames | (1871-1874) | ||||
| Timaru | |
||||
| Wanganui | |
(1908-1950) | |||
| Wellington | |
|
|
|
(1878-1964) |
| Whangarei | |
References
- ^ Kiwis not keen on public transport - Kelly Services, via TVNZ, Friday 27 April 2007
- ^ Ministry for the Environment - Public transport
- ^ Mode of Transport, Figure for New Zealand Regions (from the Travel Survey Highlights 1997-98, New Zealand Ministry of Transport)
- ^ http://www.publicpurpose.com/ut-intl-cityshare.htm
- ^ Metlink website - Statistics
- ^ Wendell Cox. "Urban Transport Planning in New Zealand: From Fantasy to Reality". Retrieved 2007-06-28.
- ^ ARTA - What we do
- ^ Metro - Timetables
- ^ Metro - The Shuttle (PDF)
- ^ Christchurch Tramway - Education
- ^ Environment Waikato - Hamilton routes
- ^ Metlink website - Statistics
- ^ Blenheim Bus (PDF)
- ^ Gisborne District Council - Bus Routes (PDF)
- ^ Invercargill City Council - Bus Timetables
- ^ Graham Stewart, The End of the Penny Section: When Trams Ruled the Streets of New Zealand, rev. ed. (Wellington: Grantham House, 1993), p. 112.
- ^ Stewart, The End of the Penny Section, p. 236.
- ^ Horizons Regional Council - Levin Buses
- ^ Nimon - Timetable
- ^ Nelson City Council - Bus brochure (PDF)
- ^ Nelson Coaches - Nelson-Richmond timetable
- ^ Okato Bus Lines - New Plymouth City Bus
- ^ Horizons Regional Council - Palmerston North Urban Bus Routes
- ^ Connectabus Timetable (PDF)
- ^ Bay Bus - Rototua
- ^ Taupo Connector timetable (PDF)
- ^ Bay Bus - Tauranga
- ^ Bay Ferries & Harbour Cruises
- ^ Metro - Timaru
- ^ Horizons Regional Council - Wanganui City Bus Routes
- ^ Northland Regional Council - Transport
- ^ Whangarei Bus Route Map (PDF)