Miniature wargaming

Miniature wargaming is a form of wargaming designed to incorporate miniatures or figurines into play. The miniatures are used to represent troops or vehicles (such as tanks, chariots, aircraft, ships, etc.). The games may reflect historical situations and armies, or may be futuristic or fantasy-based.

General overview

File:MinasTirithSBG.jpg

Terrain representing city defences of Minas Tirith (Lord of the Rings SBG).

Miniature wargaming is a recreational hobby where players simulate a battle, which is played out using small figurines to represent the land, sea and/or air units involved. Many miniatures games are played on a floor or tabletop, with terrain represented by miniature scenery (hills, forests, roads, fences, etc.). Movement of the miniatures is regulated using a tape measure. However, like boardgames, miniature games can also be played using gridded terrain (demarcated into squares or hexagons) or even gameboards.

One of the main reasons for playing miniature wargames, in both these respects, is because it offers players more freedom of play and a more aesthetically pleasing tactical element over traditional games or computer games. Additionally, many hobbyists enjoy the challenge of painting miniatures and constructing scenery. In many ways, miniature wargaming may be seen as combining many of the aesthetics of tabletop train modeling with an open strategy game predominantly, though not exclusively, with a military theme. There is also a large social component to wargames as very often games are played with several participants on a side.

The miniatures and scenery used vary greatly in scale, from 6mm figures up to 32mm or larger. The miniature figures are typically plastic or metal and are often sold unpainted. Scenery is often home-made, and figures are painted by the players, who will sometimes even "convert" shop-bought figures to better represent the units they are trying to depict.

There are any number of sets of miniature wargaming rules, some of which are available without charge on the Internet. Scenarios may depict actual historical situations and battles, or they may be hypothetical "what if?" situations. There are also fantasy and science fiction games with attendant wizards, spacecraft and other genres. Rules also vary in the scale they depict: one figure to one soldier is the most common for fantasy and some historical rules, but many historical systems presume that one figure represents a platoon, regiment or even larger formations on the tabletop.

Generally, these games are turn based strategy, like chess.

Scale

Main article: Miniature figure (gaming)

Scale is generally expressed as the approximate height of a humanoid figure from base of foot to eyeline (though some count to top of head - hence the possible confusion) in millimeters, this is sometimes referred to as the Barret Scale, as opposed to the ratio values used in scale modeling. Popular sizes include 54 mm, 45 mm, 28 mm, 25 mm, 20 mm, 15 mm, 10 mm and 6 mm; these roughly equate to ratios of 1:32, 1:35, 1:64, 1:72, 1:76, 1:100, 1:200 and 1:300, respectively (the naval wargaming branch of the hobby almost exclusively uses ratios).

"HO" (1:87) and "N" (1:160) scale are popular among model railroad hobbyists. Some model railroad scales are close enough to the smaller-scale figures to provide usable structures and/or vehicles, possibly requiring some modification. Some wargamers use card model structures because of their economy and the ease of scaling them to appropriate sizes, and many wargamers scratchbuild their structures.

Part of the reason for the profusion of miniature sizes is the need for manufacturers to differentiate themselves in what is a niche market. This results in what has been termed 'scale creep' where miniatures listed in a catalogue may be identified by a measurement, but in reality may vary significantly from that advertised size. This is to encourage the purchaser into brand loyalty based on the aesthetic desire to maintain a look of uniformity on the tabletop.

Over the years the size of new miniatures has tended to increase. For example, 25mm figures from the 70s are visibly smaller than the 25mm figures today. Some can even be used alongside modern 20mm figures. Currently most manufacturers and gamers refer to 25mm figures as 28mm figures, since they are so much bigger than the earlier 25mm figs. Some figures are still being called 25mm, even if by the foot to eyeline ratio they should be 30mm or bigger.

A players choice of which scale to use is a direct reflection of the scope of the game to be played. For historical games, 15mm seems to be the most popular scale, because it is small enough to allow for large battles. Smaller scaled miniatures are typically mounted in groups and moved as groups. This creates the visual effect of a large mass of combatants, allowing games simulating platoon, company, battalion, and even corps level actions. In these cases, the miniatures are often mounted on trays for ease of mass movement.

Larger scaled figures (primarily 25mm and up) tend to be used in skirmish games where the single miniature represents a single man/animal/vehicle. This is because although scales in this region provide greater detail that is easier to paint, their higher cost limits the size of battles that might be recreated. Games of this scale that are not mounted on trays (and thus not locked in block formation) tend to offer greater flexibility of movement.

The perceived and agreed ratios of representative models to represented 'real world' objects are generally explicitly stated. This is particularly true of rules systems that claim some form of historical authority, whereas a minority of rules sets do not state any representative scale.

Rulesets

Main article: List of Miniature Wargames

There are many miniature wargaming rulesets, not all of which are currently in print, including some which are available free on the internet. Most rulesets are intended for a specific historical period or fictional genre. Rules also vary in the model scale they use: one infantry figure may represent one man, one squad, or much larger numbers of actual troops.

Wargaming in general owes its origins to military simulations, most famously to the Prussian staff training system Kriegsspiel. Consequently, rules designers struggle with the perceived obligation to actually 'simulate' something, and with the seldom compatible necessity to make an enjoyable 'game'. Historical battles were seldom fair or even, and the potential detail that can be brought to bear to represent this in a set of rules always comes at the cost of pace of the game and enjoyment. In Osprey Publishing's book about the Battle of Crécy, from its series on historical campaigns, there is included a detailed section on wargaming the battle, in which Stuart Asquith writes:

When refighting a particular battle, it is important to adhere as closely as possible to the original historical engagement. The counter-argument is that the wargamer(s) know who is going to win. Fair comment, but knowing the outcome of any battle does not usually prevent one from reading about that action, so why should such knowledge debar a refight?

He adds that unless at least the initial moves are recreated, "then an interesting medieval battle may well take place, but it will not be a re-creation of Crécy." Still, rules aimed at the non-professional hobby market therefore inevitably contain abstractions. It is generally in the area of the abstraction liberties taken by the designers that the differences between rules can be found. Most follow tried and true conventions to the extent that a chess player would recognise wargaming merely as a different scaled version of his or her own game.

Role-playing games

File:Chainmail 3rd edition.jpg

The Chainmail rulebook.

Main article: Role-playing game

During the 1960s and 1970s, two new trends in wargaming emerged: First were small-unit rules sets which allowed individual players to portray small units down to even a single figure. These rules expanded the abilities of the smaller units accordingly, to magnify their effect on the overall battle.

Second was an interest in fantasy miniatures wargaming. J.R.R. Tolkien's novel The Hobbit and his epic cycle The Lord of the Rings were gaining strong interest in the United States, and as a result, rules were quickly developed to play medieval and Roman-era wargames, where these eras had previously been largely ignored in favor of Napoleonic and Civil War gaming.

The two converged in a set of miniatures rules entitled Chainmail, published by a tiny company called Guidon Games, headquartered in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. Later, in 1974, TSR designer E. Gary Gygax wrote a set of rules for individual characters under Chainmail, and entitled it Dungeons & Dragons. Further developments ensued, and the role-playing game hobby quickly became distinct from the wargaming hobby which preceded it, developments which are not within the scope of this article.

Naval wargames

Main article: Naval wargaming

Although generally less popular than wargames set on land, naval wargaming nevertheless enjoys a degree of support around the world. Model ships have long been used for wargaming, but it was the introduction of elaborate rules in the early 20th century that made the hobby more popular. Small miniature ships, often in 1:1200 scale and 1:1250 scale, were manoeuvred on large playing surfaces to recreate historical battles. Prior to World War II, firms such as Bassett-Lowke in England and the German company Wiking marketed these to the public. After World War II, several manufacturers started business in Germany, which remains the center of production to this day, while other companies started in England and the United States.

Rules can vary greatly between game systems; both in complexity and era. Historical rulesets range from the ancient and medieval ships to the fleets of the Age of Sail and the modern era. Often the hobbyists have to provide their own scale models of ships. The 1972 game, Don't Give Up The Ship!, called for pencil and paper, six-sided dice, rulers and protractors, and model ships, ideally of 1:1200 scale. The elaborate rules cover morale, sinking, fires, broken masts, and boarding. Dice determined wind speed and direction, and hence the ship's speed and the use of its cannon by measuring angles with the protractor.

In naval wargaming of the modern period, General Quarters, primarily (though not exclusively) using six-sided dice, has established itself as one of the leading sets of World War I and II era rules.

Each model for the now out-of-print fantasy game Man O' War, set in the realm of Warhammer Fantasy, had a corresponding template to record damage, crew levels, and outbreaks of fire, among other bookkeeping activities. In this regard, the game mechanics proved some limiting factors. Some land-based miniature wargames have also been adapted to naval wargaming. All at Sea, for example, is an adaptation of The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game rules for naval conflicts. The game's mechanics centred around boarding parties, with options for ramming actions and siege engines. As such, the ship's scale ratio corresponds to the 25mm scale miniatures used by The Lord of the Rings. Model ships are built by hobbyists, just as normal miniature terrain, such as "great ships" of Pelargir, cogs of Dol Amroth and Corsair galleys.

Community and culture

Miniature games tend to be more social than do other forms of commercial wargames, and very often games are played with several participants on a side. This manifests itself in wargame organisations, conventions, community websites and other social events. Some conventions have become very large affairs, such as Games Workshop's Games Day and the Historical Miniatures Gaming Society's Historicon, called the "mother of all wargaming conventions". Sometimes the wargamer stereotypes are parodied, such as in "Wargamers, a spotters guide" and the comic strip "Larry Leadhead".

Notable miniature wargame organisations

American Civil War miniature battle at the HMGS "Cold Wars" convention in Lancaster.

• International Wargames Federation (IWF) promotes historical wargaming competitions between players or teams from different countries. [1]
• Historical Miniatures Gaming Society (HMGS) is the collective name for several regional miniature wargaming societies/organizations. Each HMGS chapter holds its own wargaming conventions. The largest group, HMGS East, holds three major conventions: Cold Wars, Historicon, and Fall In!. HMGS East also supports several smaller conventions. There are chapters of HMGS in most regions of the United States. [2].
• Johnny Reb Gaming Society - the leading international gaming society devoted exclusively to wargaming the American Civil War; publishes the quarterly CHARGE! newsletter for members of the society.
• Wargame Developments (WD) was founded by game designer and author Paddy Griffith in 1980, and is an international group dedicated to developing all types of wargames. It publishes a journal, The Nugget, nine times per year and holds an annual 3-day long conference - COW (The Conference of Wargamers) - every July.
• Mind Sports South Africa started as the South African Wargames Union in 1980. It was the first wargaming body to have wargames recognised as a sport in the same way as which chess is so recognised. As a result South African teams were awarded Springbok Colours (1991 - 1994) and Protea Colours (1995 to date).
• The British Historical Games Society (BHGS) promotes historical wargaming in Britain, holding events including tournaments periodically.
• The War Gaming Society (WGS) was founded in May 1975. The Joaquin Valley War Gaming Association (SJVWGA), founded in 1972 by Jack Scruby, Ray Jackson and other miniature wargamers, is a subdivision of the War Gaming Society.
• The Pike & Shot Society promotes wargaming based on the "Pike and shot" period (c. 1500-1700), publishing a journal called The Arquebusier. [3]
• The Society of Ancients, founded in the '60's, promoting ancient wargaming and historical research through Slingshot, the society journal.
• Warhammer Player's Society. Dedicated to all versions (Fantasy, Ancients and Science-Fiction) of Warhammer [4]
• Society of Twentieth-Century Wargamers. (SOTCW) covers all periods 1900 - present [land, sea or air] the society has a magazine, The Journal, which is produced quarterly. [5]
• Society of Fantasy and Science Fiction Wargamers (SFSFW). For fantastical and future, including retro-future, wargames. Publishers of Ragnarok magazine. [6]
• Naval Wargames Society. The NWS is an international society devoted to the advancement of naval wargames, publishing a quarterly journal, Battlefleet. [7]

Notable miniature wargamers and miniature wargame designers

Little Wars, by H. G. Wells (1913).

• H.G. Wells - Known as the "Father of Miniature Wargaming" and author of the miniature wargaming classic Little Wars.
• Jack Scruby - The "Father of Modern Miniature Wargaming". Popularised modern miniature wargaming and organised perhaps the first miniatures convention in 1956. Jack Scruby was also a manufacturer of military miniatures whose efforts led to a rebirth of the miniature wargaming hobby in the late 1950s.
• Gary Gygax - Co-creator of Dungeons & Dragons and a number of miniature wargames.
• Duke Seifried - Sculptor of over 10,000 miniatures, one of the earliest American miniature manufacturers: Heritage, Custom Cast, Der Kreigspielers Napoleonic, and Fantastiques Fantasy Figures.
• Charles Grant - Author and founder member of the UK wargaming scene in the 60's. Helped popularise miniature wargaming.
• Donald Featherstone - A respected military historian, introduced to the hobby in 1955. Since then, he was one of the most prolific authors on the subject, and very influential in the development of the hobby.
• Fletcher Pratt - Science fiction writer (often in collaboration with L. Sprague de Camp) and originator of a popular set of rules for naval miniature wargaming.
• Walter ("Wally") Simon - One of the original founders of the Historical Miniature Gaming Society. First President of HMGS and Organizer of the Potomac Wargamers, publisher of the PW Review.
• Dick Bryant - Co-founder with Wally Simon of HMGS and editor since 1969 of The Courier Miniature Wargaming Magazine. His editorial in that magazine castigating GAMA for choosing cardboard counters as "The Best New Historical Miniature" started the search for an organization that supported and promulgated the hobby of Historical Miniature Waargaming that resulted in the "Meeting in Wally's Basement" that was the initialization of HMGS.
• David Waxtel - Publisher of over 20 sets of rules, and supplement books, including Died for Glory, Fire & Fury, Tactica, Spearhead, Crossfire, and Armarti. Known to put on an epic game at conventions.
• George Gush - Noted for A Guide to Wargaming (1980) as well as the WRG Renaissance Rules and the book Renaissance Armies.
• John Hill - Known for his classic Squad Leader and other Avalon Hill board games, also the author of the popular Johnny Reb miniatures rules.
• Raymond ("Ray") James Jackson - Author of Classic Napoleonics, an "Old School" set of miniature wargame rules which have been in existence since 1961. Chairman and CEO of both HMGS-West and the War Gaming Society. A miniature wargamer since 1958.
• Frank Chadwick - Author of the Command Decision and Volley & Bayonet rules, Space: 1889 and Traveller, and co-founder of Game Designers' Workshop.
• Phil Barker - Founder of the Wargames Research Group, and inventor of the De Bellis Antiquitatis game series.
• Arty Conliffe - Designer of Armati, Crossfire, Spearhead, Shako and Tactica rules.
• Bob Jones - Founder of Piquet and designer of the Piquet wargame series.
• Brigadier Peter Young, DSO, MC - Highly decorated World War II commando leader, commander of the 9th Regiment of the Arab Legion, founder of the Sealed Knot English Civil War reenactment society, Reader of Military History at Sandhurst, author of several books on military history, also author of Charge! Or How to Play Wargames and The War Game: Ten Great Battles Recreated from History.
• Phil Dunn - Founder of the Naval Wargames Society and author of Sea Battle Games.
• John McEwan - Creator of the first science fiction ground combat miniatures game Starguard! in 1974 along with over 200 figures and models for this game.
• Tony Bath - Author and veteran wargamer, founding member of the Society of Ancinets, best known as umpire of the one of the longest running and well known of all wargames campaigns, set in the fictional land of Hyboria.
• David Manley - Author of many sets of naval rules including Action Stations, Fire When Ready, Iron and Fire, Bulldogs Away, and Form Line of Battle, as well as numerous articles and technical papers on naval wargaming, history, and warship design.
• Scott Mingus - founder of the international Johnny Reb Gaming Society and one of the world's most prolific authors of American Civil War scenario books.
• Neville Dickinson - One of the original members of the UK wargaming scene and founder of Miniature Figurines, the first firm in the UK to popularise metal miniatures.
• W. Armintrout – Known as Bill, writer and game module designer, better known in recent years as the creator and webmaster of The Miniatures Page, a website with over thirteen thousand members worldwide.
• Larry Brom- designer of The Sword and The Flame, one of the most popular colonial era wargames.

References

• David Nicolle & Stuart Asquith, Crécy 1346: Triumph of the longbow, Osprey Publishing Paperback; June 25 2000; ISBN: 9781855329669
• Sadler, John (2006). Flodden 1513: Scotland's greatest defeat (Campaign 168). Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781841769592.

See also

• Simulation game
• Nation-simulation game
• Grand strategy
• Fantasy wargame
• Tabletop game
  • List of miniature wargames
  • List of wargame publishers
  • Scale model
• Computer and video games
• Computer-assisted gaming

External links

• What is wargaming? History and discussion of wargaming and miniature wargaming.
• The Miniatures Page Internet community for miniature wargaming.
• Wargaminglinks.com A frequently updated index of interesting miniature wargaming articles and websites.