Lê Thánh Tông
Le Thanh Tong (1442–1497), was emperor of Dai Viet from 1460 until his death. He is regarded as one of the greatest kings and emperors of Vietnamese history.
Early Years
Le Thanh Tong, was named Tu Thanh. His father was the emperor Le Thai Tong, his mother was Nguyen Thi Dao. He was a half brother of Le Nhan Tong and it is likely that his mother and Nguyen-thi-Anh (the mother of Le Nhan Tong) were related (cousins or perhaps sisters). He was educated just like his half brother the emperor at the palace in Hanoi. When his older half brother Nghi Dan staged a coup and killed the emperor in 1459, Prince Tu (as he was called) was spared. Nine months later, when the second counter-coup was successfully carried out, the plotters asked Prince Tu to become the new emperor and he accepted.
The leaders of the counter-coup which removed (and killed) Nghi Dan were two of the last surviving friends and aides of Le Loi: Nguyen Xi and Dinh Liet. These two old men had been out of power since the 1440s but they still commanded respect due to their association with the heroic Le Loi. The new king appointed these men to the highest positions in his new government, Nguyen Xi as Emperor's Councilor and Dinh Liet as commander of the army of Vietnam.
Tony
The Rise of Confucian Government
Thanh Tong was strongly influenced by his Confucian teachers and he resolved to make Vietnam more like the Song Dynasty with its Neo-Confucianism philosophy and the key idea that the government should be run by men of noble character as opposed to men from noble families. This meant that he needed to take power away from the ruling families (mostly from Thanh Hoa Province) and give power to the scholars who did well on the official examinations. The first step on this path was to re-start the examination process, which had continued only fitfully in the 1450s. The first great examination was held in 1463 and, as expected, the top scholars were men from the delta (around the capital) not the men from Thanh Hoa province.
Thanh Tong encouraged the spread of Confucian values throughout Vietnam by having "Temples of Literature" built in all the provinces. Here Confucious was venerated and the classic works on Confucianism could be found. He also halted the building of any new Buddhist or Taoist temples and ordered that monks were not to be allowed to purchase any new land.
Following the Chinese model, Le Thanh Tong instituted six ministries for running the government: Finance, Rites, Justice, Personnel, Army, and Public Works. Nine grades of rank were set up for both the civil administration and the military. A Board of Censors was set up with royal authority to monitor governmental officials and the power to report directly to the emperor. However, governmental authority did not extend all the way to the village level. The villages were ruled by their own concils in Vietnam (Vietnam, Trials and Tribulations of a Nation D. R. SarDesai, ppg 35-37, 1988).
With the death of Nguyen Xi in 1465, the noble families from Thanh Hoa province lost their leader and they were mostly relegated to secondary positions in the new Confucian government of Thanh Tong. However, they still retained control over Vietnam's armies, the old general Dinh Liet was still in command of army.
In 1469 all of Vietnam was mapped and a full census was taken, listing all the villages in the kingdom. Around this time the country was divided into 13 Dao (provinces), ruled by three top officials: Administrator, General, and Judge. Thanh Tong also ordered that a new census should be done every six years. Other public works that were undertaken included building and repair of granaries, using the army to rebuild and repair irrigation systems after floods, and sending out doctors to areas afflicted by outbreaks of disease. Also in 1469, a title for Thanh Tong's reign was chosen, Flood of Virtue (Hong-duc). The king was just 25 years old and already the country was better off than ever before.
The new government proved to be just and effective and represents a successful copy of the Chinese Confucian system of government outside of China.
The Conquest of Champa
.gif?lang=en)
In 1465 Vietnam was attacked by pirates from the north. This was dealt with by sending additional forces to the north to fight the pirates. Thanh Tong also sent a military force to the west to subdue the Ai-lao mountain tribe that was causing troubles.
In 1470, the Vietnamese began preparations for a final war against the Champa kingdom to the south. The war actually started with an attack by the Cham king, Tra-Toan, who lead a Champa army into the border area of Vietnam. Le Thanh Tong responded with his typical energy and efficiency, a large army was mobilized from all over the country and a delegation was sent to the Ming Court laying out the reasons for Vietnam's counter attack. On November 28 1470, the Vietnamese army of some 100,000 men moved south.
The Vietnamese advanced slowly and methodically. The Cham tried to disrupt the offensive by a surprise attack with elephants but the attacking force was detected early and mauled. On March 18 1471 Thanh Tong's army attacked the Champa capital city of Vijaya (near modern-day Qui Nhon). After four days of battle, the city was captured, and the Cham king, Tra-Toan, was captured. He died on the return journey to Hanoi. Cham losses were immense, some 60,000 dead and 30,000 enslaved. The Champa regions of Amaravati and Vijaya were formally annexed to the Vietnamese kingdom as the newly organized province of Quang-nam.
The Royal army continued south until it reached Cả pass - some 50 miles north of the Champa city of Kauthara (modern-day Nha Trang). Here Le Thanh Tong stopped and he ordered a stele set up to mark the new border between his kingdom and the Champa lands (Insight Guide - Vietnam, Scott Rutherford (ed.), p. 275, 2006 ISBN 9812349847).
In 1479, in response to continued attacks from the west, Le Thanh Tong waged war against the federation of Lān Xāng (modern day Laos). A powerful Vietnamese army invaded the Lao lands, sacking the capital city of Luang Phrabāng. From this point on, Lan Xang paid tribute to the Vietnamese government (Vietnam, Trials and Tribulations of a Nation D. R. SarDesai, pg 35, 1988). The Vietnamese government would intervene at least once more in Laos during the rule of Trinh Can in 1694.
The conquest of the Cham kingdoms started a rapid period of expansion by the Vietnamese southwards into this newly conquered land. The government used a system of land settlement that was borrowed from the Chinese called don dien(屯 田).
- Under this system, military colonies were established in which soldiers and landless peasants cleared a new area, began rice production on the new land, established a village, and served as a militia to defend it. After three years, the village was incorporated into the Vietnamese administrative system, a communal village meeting house (dinh) was built, and the workers were given an opportunity to share in the communal lands given by the state to each village. The remainder of the land belonged to the state. As each area was cleared and a village established, the soldiers of the don dien would move on to clear more land. U.S. Library of Congress Country Studies - Vietnam
Cultural Advances
Le Thanh Tong created and widely distributed a new legal code - also called Hong-duc. The new laws were
- "based on Chinese law but included distinctly Vietnamese features, such as recognition of the higher position of women in Vietnamese society than in Chinese society. Under the new code, parental consent was not required for marriage, and daughters were granted equal inheritance rights with sons. U.S. Library of Congress Country Studies - Vietnam
A group of 28 poets was formally recognized by the court (the Tao Dan) and a new official history of Vietnam was written called "The Full History of Dai Viet". It was the creation of the historian Ngo Si Lien and was published under supervision of the emperor.
It is claimed that the Vietnamese learned secret Chinese technology for printing documents during Thanh Tong's reign.
Le Thanh Tong the person
As a young prince he was given the best Confucian education, his teacher was Tran Phong who later wrote about how serious a student Thanh Long had been. He cared deeply about implementing Confucian principals in his government and seeing that the land was in harmony through the following of rituals.
Thanh Tong toured the entire country in the year 1467, addressing local problems that he found, firing government officials, and re-distributing land that had been illegally taken. This made him very popular with the people.
He also wrote poetry, some of which has survived. He wrote the following at the start of his campaign against the Champa:
One hundred thousand officers and men,
Start out on a distant journey.
Falling on the sails, the rain
Softens the sounds of the army.
Le Thanh Tong tried to be and essentially succeeded in becoming the ideal Confucian ruler: deeply concerned with good government and personal morality.
Sources
- The first part of this history is based on the doctoral thesis of John K. Whitmore "The Development of the Le Government in Fifteenth Century Vietnam" (Cornell University, 1968). The thesis is mostly concerned with the structure and make-up of the Le government from 1427 to 1471.
- The second part is based in part on the Library of Congress Country studies for Vietnam
- Vietnam, Trials and Tribulations of a Nation D. R. SarDesai, ppg 35-37, 1988. ISBN 0941910040
- History of Vietnam from BVOM.com