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Sibiu

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Sibiu
Hermannstadt
City
Coat of arms of Sibiu
Coat of arms
Location of Sibiu within Romania (in red)
Location of Sibiu within Romania (in red)
CountryRomania
Sibiu CountyMunicipality of Sibiu
Founded1191 (first official record)
Government
 • MayorKlaus Johannis
Area
 • Total
121 km2 (47 sq mi)
Elevation
190 - 240 m (−600 ft)
Population
 (2002)
 • Total
Decrease 154.892
 • Density1,273/km2 (3,300/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal Code
0xxxxx
Area code+40 269
Car PlatesSB
Websitewww.sibiu.ro

Sibiu (IPA: [si'biw], Template:Lang-de; Template:Lang-hu) is one of the largest cities in Transylvania, Romania with a population of about 160,000. It straddles the Cibin River, a tributary of the river Olt. It is the capital of Sibiu County.

It is one of the most important cultural and religious centres in Romania as well a major transportation hub in central Romania. The city used to be the centre of the Transylvanian Saxons in Romania until World War II.

Sibiu was designated European Capital of Culture for the year 2007 together with Luxembourg.

Geography and climate

Climate diagram of Sibiu

Sibiu is situated near the geographical center of Romania. Set in the Cibin Depression, the city is about 20 km from the Făgăraş Mountains, 12 km from the Cibin Mountains, and about 15 km from the Lotrului Mountains, which border the depression in its southwestern section. The northern and eastern limits of Sibiu are formed by the Târnavelor Plateau, which descends to the Cibin Valley through Guşteriţei Hill.

The Cibin river runs through Sibiu, as well as some smaller streams. The geographical position of Sibiu makes it one of the most important transportation hubs in Romania with important roads and railway lines passing through it.

Sibiu's climate is temperate-continental with average temperatures of 8 to 9°C. The multi-annual average of rainfall is 662 l/mp, and there are about 120 days of hard frost annually.

History

Main article: History of Sibiu
Historic Center Skyline, 2004
Numerous street signs in Sibiu are bilingual (Romanian and German)

The city was founded in 1190 by German settlers. It was probably built near a Roman settlement, one that would be known during the early Middle Ages as Caedonia, and may have been deserted at the time of the Saxons' arrival.

In the 14th century, it was already an important trade center. In 1376, the craftsmen were divided in 19 guilds. Sibiu became the most important ethnic German city among the seven cities that gave Transylvania its German name Siebenbürgen (literally seven cities), and it was home to the Universitas Saxorum, the assembly of Germans in Transylvania. Common opinion in the 17th century ascribed Sibiu the quality of being the easternmost city to be part of the European sphere; it was also the eastern terminus of postal routes.

During the 18th and 19th centuries, the city became the second and later the first most important center of Transylvanian Romanian ethnics. The first Romanian-owned bank had its headquarters here (The Albina Bank), as did the ASTRA (Transylvanian Association for Romanian Literature and Romanian's People Culture). After the Romanian Orthodox Church was granted status in the Habsburg Empire from the 1860s onwards, Sibiu became the Metropolitan seat, and the city is still regarded as the third most important center of the Romanian Orthodox Church. Between the 1848 Hungarian Revolution and 1867 (the year of the Ausgleich), Sibiu was the meeting-place of the Transylvanian Diet, which had taken its most representative form after the Empire agreed to extend voting rights in the region.

After World War I, when Austria-Hungary was dissolved, Sibiu became part of Romania; the majority of its population was Romanian and counted large ethnic German and Hungarian communities. Starting from the 1950s and until after 1990, most of the city's ethnic Germans emigrated to Germany. Among the roughly 2,000 who have remained is Klaus Johannis, who is currently mayor of Sibiu City.

Milestones in Sibiu's history

  • 1191 - Mentioned for the first time in a document of the Vatican, under the name "Cibinium" ( due to the river Cibin that flows through the city)
  • 1292 - The first hospital in present-day Romania was opened.
  • 1380 - The first documented school in present-day Romania.
  • 1494 - The first pharmacy in present-day Romania.
  • 1534 - The first paper mill in present-day Romania.
  • 1544 - The first book in the Romanian language was printed in Sibiu.
  • 1570 - Transylvania became an independent principality
  • 1551 - Conrad Haas' experiment with rockets.
  • 1671 - Methane gas was discovered near Sibiu.
  • 1782 - Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein discovered the chemical element tellurium.
  • 1788 - First theatre in present-day Romania.
  • 1795 - The first lightning rod in Southeastern Europe was installed in Cisnădie.
  • 1797 - Samuel Hahnemann opened the world's first homeopathic laboratory.
  • 1817 - The Brukenthal Museum, the first museum in present-day Romania, was opened.
  • 1867 - Union of Transylvania and Hungary
  • 1896 - The first use of electricity in present-day Romania, and the first power line in Southeastern Europe.
  • 1904 - The second city in Europe to use an electric-powered trolley.
  • 1918 - Union of Transylvania and Romania. Sibiu became part of Romania
  • 1928 - The first zoo in Romania.
  • 1941 - Saxons lost their historical majority in the population
  • 1989 - The third city to take part in the Romanian Revolution.
  • 2007 - European Capital of Culture 2007

Population

File:Piata Mare Sibiu SibiuVirtual large.jpg
Piaţa Mare (Large Square)

As of approximately 2002, Sibiu has a population of about 160,000. The ethnic breakdown is as follows:

Population dynamics

  • 1850: || 12.765 inhabitants
  • 1900: |||| 21.465
  • 1930: |||||||||| 49.345
  • 1948: |||||||||||||| 60.602
  • 1966: |||||||||||||||||||||| 109.515
  • 1977: |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 151.005
  • 1992: |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 169.610
  • 2002: ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 154.892
  • 2007: |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 159.000 (aprox.)

Population by confession

Today, most of the population is of the Romanian Orthodox religion. Protestants and Roman Catholics represent about 5% of the population.

Confessions in Sibiu
Confession 1910 2002
romanian-orthodox 18 % 91 %
greek-catholic 8 % 1 %
roman-catholic 20 % 2 %
evanghelical 42 % 2 %
reformed 7 % 1 %
Jewish 4 % < 1 %
Other 1 % 4 %

Politics

Sibiu city council composition:
  Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania
  Social Democratic Party
  National Liberal Party
  Democratic Party

The mayor of Sibiu is Klaus Johannis, the president of the Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania (FDGR/DFDR). He was elected in 2000, being the first german mayor of a city in Romania since World War II. Johannis was overwhelmingly reelected in 2004 with 87% of votes and his party gained an absolute majority in the city council. The German Forum also won the elections for mayor in the second and third most important towns in Sibiu county, Medias and Cisnadie, as well as 40% of the seats in the county council.

This may seem surprising, as the germans make up less than 2% of Sibiu`s population and less than 3% of the county population, but the romanian majority decided not to give their votes to the corrupted territorial leaders of the romanian parties.

Prefecture and County Council

The leadership of the 2 county institutions based in Sibiu was elected in 2004:

  • Prefect: Ion Ariton (PD)
  • Viceprefect: Marin Craciun (PNL)
  • President of the County Council: Martin Bottesch (FDGR/DFDR)

City districts

The following districts are part of Sibiu, some of them were villages annexed by the city but most were built as the city developed and increased its surface.

  • Centru (Centre)
  • Oraşul de Jos (Lower town)
  • Lupeni
  • Trei Stejari (Three oaks)
  • Sub Arini
  • Vasile Aaron
  • Hipodrom I, II, III, IV
  • Valea Aurie (Golden valley)
  • Tilişca
  • Ştrand I, II
  • Turnişor
  • Piaţa Cluj
  • Ţiglari
  • Terezian
  • Reşiţa
  • Lazaret
  • Gusteriţa
  • Broscărie

Two main industrial areas are located within the city limits:

The Southern part, where the ASTRA National Museum Complex is located is also belonging to Sibiu.

Economy

Sibiu is one of the most prosperous cities of Romania, and also receives one of the highest rates of foreign investment in the country. It is an important manufacturer of automotive components (Bilstein-Compa, Takata, Continental, and SNR 'Ball bearing'). Other local industries are machine components, textiles, agro-industry, and electrical components (Siemens).

One of the main concerns for the city is attracting new investors to locate their businesses in Sibiu, and an industrial park has been recently completed. The city also contains Romania's largest stock exchange outside Bucharest, the Sibiu Stock Exchange.

Employment breakdown by economic sector

  • Industry - 49%
  • Commerce - 15%
  • Construction - 7.5%
  • Health - 7.5%
  • Education - 7%
  • Transport - 6.5%

Transport

Sibiu is well served in terms of transport and infrastructure, altough the traffic is congested because of the lack of a city bypass.

Air

Sibiu has an international airport with direct connections to Germany, United Kingdom and Austria as well as to other romanian cities. The airport is one of the most modern in Romania and the runway will be able to receive all types of commercial aircraft, including the Airbus A380, from 2008.

Direct flights from Sibiu:

Internal

Tursib[1] is the city's transport system and operates one tramway line to Răşinari, 5 trolleybus lines and about 25 yellow bus lines.

Taxi companies are very strong in Sibiu with about 2000 taxies operating. The fares are the same for every company: 1.5 RON/km and 1 RON-starting price . The city council regulations are very strict and impose the yellow colour for all taxies (as well as for all buses).

Road and Train

Sibiu is also an important hub for the international bus links with the biggest passenger transporter in Romania, Atlassib[2], based here.

The city is also a hub for the Romanian railway network, CFR, with links to Braşov, Râmnicu Vâlcea, Alba Iulia and Mediaş. It has an important diesel powered locomotives depot and a freight terminal. Numerous InterCity trains (nicknamed Blue Arrows) connect Sibiu to other major cities in Romania: Cluj-Napoca, Brasov, Craiova, Timisoara and Bucharest.

Tourism

Historic house in Sibiu

In 2007 Sibiu is the European Capital of Culture (together with Luxembourg). It is the most important cultural event that has ever happened in the city and a great number of tourists are expected, both domestic and foreign. [3]

The city of Sibiu and its surroundings are one of the most visited areas in Romania. It holds one of the best preserved historical sites in the country, many of its medieval fortifications having been kept in excellent state. Its old center has begun the process for becoming a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004. Sibiu and its surrounding area have many significant museums, with 12 institutions housing art collections, paintings, and exhibits in decorative arts, archaeology, anthropology, history, industrial archeology and history of technology and natural sciences.

The city also lies close to the Făgăraş Mountains - a very popular trekking destination, close to the Păltiniş resort - a popular winter holiday destination, and it is at the heart of the former Saxon communities in Transylvania renowned for its fortified churches.

There are over 35 hotels in Sibiu, with different classifications. The most exquisite hotel is the Împăratul Romanilor hotel, located in the center of the old part of the city. Continental Hotels Romania owns two important hotels in the city and in 2006 it will upgrade one of them and rebadge it under the Ibis name with an Accor franchise. Also at least two brand new hotels are scheduled to open by 2007.

Places of interest

Much of the city's aspect is due to its position, easily defensible, but allowing horizontal development. The old city of Sibiu lies on the right bank of the Cibin River, on a hill situated at about 200 m from the river. It consists of two distinct entities: the Upper City and the Lower City. Traditionally, the Upper City was the wealthier part and commercial outlet, while the Lower City served as the manufacturing area.

The Evangelical Cathedral viewed from the Lower City

The Lower City

The Lower City (Romanian: Oraşul de jos) comprises the area between the river and the hill, and it developed around the earliest fortifications. The streets are long and quite wide for medieval city standards, with small city squares at places. The architecture is rather rustic: typically two-storey houses with tall roofs and gates opening passages to inner courts.

Most of the exterior fortifications were lost to industrial development and modern urban planning in the late 19th century; only one or two towers still exist. A building associated with newer urbanism of the period is the Independenţa Highschool.

This area has the oldest church in the city, dating back to 1386.

The Upper City

The Upper City (Romanian: Oraşul de sus) is organised around three city squares and a set of streets along the line of the hill. As the main area for burgher activities, the area contains most points of interest in Sibiu.

The Large Square

The Large Square (Romanian: Piaţa Mare, German: Großer Ring) is, as its name suggests, the largest square of the city, and has been the center of the city since the 16th century. 142 m long and 93 m wide, it is one of the largest ones in Transylvania.

Brukenthal Palace, one of the most important Baroque monuments in Romania, lies on the north-western corner of the square. It was erected between 1777 and 1787 as the main residence for the Governor of Trasylvania Samuel von Brukenthal. It houses the main part of the National Brukenthal Museum, opened in 1817. Next to the palace is the Blue House, an 18th century Baroque house bearing the old coat of arms of Sibiu on its façade.

Piaţa Mare (Large Square)

On the north side is the Jesuit Church, along with its dependencies, the former residence of the Jesuits in Sibiu. Also on the north side, at the beginning of the 20th century an Art Nouveau building was constructed on the west part, now it houses the mayor's office.

Next to the Jesuit Church on the north side is the Council Tower, one of the city's symbols. This former fortification tower from the 14th century has been successively rebuilt over the years. The building nearby used to be the City Council's meetingplace; beneath it lies an access way between the Large Square and the Small Square.

On the south and east sides are two- or three-storey houses, having tall attics with small windows known as the city's eyes. Most of these houses are dated 17th to 19th centuries, and most of them are Baroque in style.

The Small Square

Sibiu city centre

As its name says, the Piaţă Mică is smaller in size, being rather longer than wide. Its north-west side has a curved shape, unlike the Large Square, which has an approximately rectangular shape. Accordingly, Piaţă Mică plays a smaller part in the city's present-day life.

The square is connected to the other two squares and to other streets by small, narrow passages. The main access from the Lower City is through Ocnei Street, which divides the square in two. The street passes under the Liar's Bridge - the first bridge in Romania to have been cast in iron (1859).

To the right of the bridge is another symbol of the city, The House of the Arts, an arched building formerly belonging to the Butchers' Guild. On the left side of the bridge is the Luxemburg House, a Baroque four-storey building, former seat of the Goldsmiths' Guild.

The Huet Square

Huet Square is the third of the three main squares of Sibiu. Its most notable feature is the Evangelical (Lutheran) Cathedral in its center. It is the place where the earliest fortifications have been built. The buildings around this square are mainly Gothic. On the west side lies the Brukenthal Highschool, in place of a former 15th century school.

Sibiu's fortifications

The Fortifications

The city of Sibiu was one of the most important fortified cities in Southeastern Europe. Multiple rings were built around the city, most of them out of clay bricks. The south-eastern fortifications are the best kept, and all three parallel lines are still visible. The first is an exterior earth mound, the second is a 10-meter-tall red brick wall, and the third line comprises towers linked by another 10-meter-tall wall. All structures are connected via a labyrinth of tunnels and passageways, designed to ensure transport between the city and lines of defense.

In the 16th century more modern elements were added to the fortifications, mainly leaf-shaped bastions. One of these survived to this day, as the Haller Bastion (all the way down Coposu Boulevard).

Passage of the Stairs

The steep Passage of the Stairs leads down to the lower section of Sibiu. It descends along some fortifications under the support arches. It is the most picturesque of the several passages linking the two sides of the city.

The Stairs' Passage in February 2006

Culture

Sibiu is one of Romania's most culturally lively cities. It has two theatres and a philharmonic orchestra.

The Radu Stanca National Theatre [4] is one of the leading Romanian theatres. With origins dating back to 1787, it attracts some of the best-known Romanian directors, such as Tompa Gábor and Silviu Purcărete. It has both a Romanian-language and a German-language section, and presents an average of five shows a week.

The Gong Theatre is specialised in puppetry, mime and non-conventional shows for children and teenagers. It also presents shows in both Romanian and German.

The State Philharmonic of Sibiu [5] presents weekly classical music concerts, and educational concerts for children and teenagers. The concerts take place in the newly restored Thalia Hall, a concert and theatre hall dating from 1787, situated along the old city fortifications. Weekly organ concerts are organised at the Evangelical Cathedral during summers, and thematic concerts are presented by the Faculty of Theology choir at the Orthodox Cathedral.

Museums

Brukenthal National Museum

Sibiu's museums are organised around two entities: the Brukenthal National Museum and the ASTRA National Museum Complex. The Brukenthal Museum consists of an Art Gallery and an Old Books Library located inside the Brukenthal Palace, a History Museum located in the old town hall building, a Pharmacy Museum located in one of the first apothecary shops in Europe, dating from the 16th century, a Natural History Museum and a Museum of Arms and Hunting Trophies.

The ASTRA National Museum Complex focuses on ethnography, and consists of a Traditional Folk Civilisation Museum—a 96-hectare open-air museum located on a forest south of Sibiu—a Universal Ethnography Museum, a Museum of Transylvanian Civilisation and a Museum of Saxon Ethnography and Folk Art. It also has a project of opening a Museum of the Culture and Civilisation of the Romany People.

There is a Steam Locomotives Museum close to the railway station, sheltering around 40 locomotives, two of which are functional.

Events

Several festivals are organised yearly in Sibiu, the most prestigious of them being the Theatre Festival, organised each spring at the end of May. The 2005 edition gathered over 2,500 participants from 68 countries; more than 300 shows were presented. The oldest Jazz Festival in Romania is organised here, as well as the "Carl Filtsch" festival for young classical piano players, the "Astra Film" documentary film festival, the Transylvania calling Festival a Multi Cultural 6 day Open Air Music festival! 26-31 July 2007, a medieval arts festival and many more smaller cultural events. [6]

European Cultural Capital

Sibiu has been designated as a European Cultural Co-Capital for 2007, owing greatly to the excellent collaboration with Luxembourg, but also to what many regard as a miraculous social rebirth taking place in the city during the last years.

The Cultural Capital status is expected to bring about an abrupt increase in quantity and quality of cultural events during year 2007. The long term effects, on the other hand, and the impact on the city's inhabitants are quite disputed. Some people consider the status of Cultural Capital a natural recognition of the city's merits, while young intellectuals consider it less of a recognition and more of a chance that has been generously granted to Sibiu.[7]

Education

File:Lazar8.jpg
Gheorghe Lazăr High School, the former Jesuit College of Sibiu
The Lucian Blaga University

Sibiu is an important centre of higher education, with over 26,000 undergraduate students in 2004.

The Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu[8] was founded in 1990, with five faculties: Engineering and Sciences; Letters; History and Law; Medicine; Food and Textile Processing Technology. Nowadays, it has many departments.

  • Andrei Şaguna Faculty of Theology
  • Faculty of Letters and Arts
  • Nicolae Lupu Faculty of History and Patrimony
  • Simion Bărnuţiu Faculty of Law
  • Hermann Oberth Faculty of Engineering[9]
  • Faculty of Sciences
  • Victor Papilian Faculty of Medicine
  • Faculty of Economics
  • Faculty of Journalism
  • Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Food Industry and Environmental Protection
  • The University College
  • Department for Distance and E-Learning[10]

Sibiu also houses the Nicolae Bălcescu Land Forces Military Academy, as well as some private universities.

In Sibiu there are 20 educational institutions on the secondary level, the most prestigious of which are:

  • Colegiul Naţional Gheorghe Lazăr - mainly sciences and informatics, with some bilingual classes
  • Colegiul Naţional Samuel von Brukenthal - German language high school
  • Colegiul Naţional Octavian Goga - social sciences, sciences and informatics
  • Liceul Teoretic Onisifor Ghibu - informatics, social sciences and sports
  • Colegiul Pedagogic Andrei Şaguna - training for schoolteachers
  • Liceul Teoretic Constantin Noica - social sciences and sciences

Natives

Twinned towns

Legations

Currently there are two legations in Sibiu:

Cityscape

Sibiu Skyline from left to right Council Tower, Evengelic Church, Catholic Church, Reformed (Lutheran) Church, Orthodox Church and in the background the highest peak Negoiu.

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sibiu.

Notes

  1. ^ Tursib - Official Site
  2. ^ Atlassib - Official Site
  3. ^ Sibiu - European Capital of Culture - Official Site
  4. ^ Radu Stanca National Theatre - Official Site
  5. ^ State Philharmonic of Sibiu - Official Site
  6. ^ 2006 Cultural Programme
  7. ^ [1]
  8. ^ Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu - Official Site
  9. ^ Hermann Oberth Faculty of Engineering - Official Site
  10. ^ Department for Distance and E-Learning - Official Site
  11. ^ Template:Ro iconSibiu Town Hall Official Site, Acordul de infratire intre Sibiu si orasul Deventer din Olanda, 23 may, 2007

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