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Leslie Nielsen

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Leslie Nielsen
Born
Leslie William Nielsen
Occupation(s)comedian, actor
Years active1956—present
Spouse(s)Monica Boyer (1950—1956)
Alisande Ullman (1958—1973)
Brooks Oliver (1981—1983)
Barbaree Earl (2001—present)
ChildrenMaura Nielsen Kaplan,
Thea Nielsen Disney

Leslie William Nielsen OC (born February 11, 1926) is a Canadian born American comedian and actor. Although Nielsen’s acting career crossed a variety of genres in both television and movies, he has achieved his greatest film success in comedies, including Airplane! and The Naked Gun series of films. His portrayal of serious characters seemingly oblivious of (and complicit in) their absurd surroundings gave Nielsen a reputation as a comedian.[1] A series of later comedies attempted to emulate the popularity of his prior roles.

This paralleled the serious roles of his early career. Leading roles in the science fiction classic Forbidden Planet and as the ship's captain in The Poseidon Adventure came long before Nielsen considered a turn to comedy. His deadpan delivery as a doctor in 1980’s Airplane! marked a turning point in Nielsen’s career, one that would make him, in the words of movie critic Roger Ebert, "the Olivier of spoofs."[2]

Early life

Nielsen was born in Regina, Saskatchewan to Ingvard Nielsen, a Danish Canadian, and Maybelle, who was of Welsh descent. He has two brothers, including Erik Nielsen who was Deputy Prime Minister of Canada during the 1980s and is a nephew of the late actor Jean Hersholt. Leslie and his family spent some time living in Fort Norman, NWT (Tulita) as his father was stationed there with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.[3] After graduating Victoria Composite High School in Edmonton, Alberta Nielsen joined the Royal Canadian Air Force where he served for a year as an aerial gunner during World War II (although he was not sent overseas to fight).[3] Once he left the military, he found a job as a disc jockey at a Calgary radio station and decided to enroll at the Lorne Greene Academy of Radio Arts in Toronto.[3] In his early twenties, he moved to New York City for a scholarship he received for the Neighborhood Playhouse. He studied both theater and music while performing in summer stock theatre. In 1948, he made his first appearance on television in a Studio One episode.

Career

Early career

Nielsen’s career began in dramatic roles, with numerous appearances as a doctor, lawyer, or police officer. In 1950 alone, he appeared in almost 50 live programs. Nielsen reported that for his salary that there "was very little gold...we only got $75 or $100 per show."[4] His distinctive voice narrated several documentaries and commercials. With a handful of exceptions, his early work as a dramatic actor was uneventful. All Movie Guide notes, "much of Nielsen's early work was undistinguished; he was merely a handsome leading man in an industry overstocked with handsome leading men."[5]

Soon after moving to Hollywood in 1954 under a contract with Paramount,[4] he was cast as Commander John J. Adams in Forbidden Planet (1956) which would receive many good reviews, in the trailer he was called the talented Leslie Nielsen.
The film took its plot from Shakespeare's The Tempest, and also starred Walter Pidgeon and Anne Francis. Nielsen is also known for his roles as Debbie Reynolds' love interest in the first of the Tammy movies, Tammy and the Bachelor, and as Captain Harrison in The Poseidon Adventure (1972) as well as in the M*A*S*H episode "The Ringbanger".

Nielsen says he has appeared in over 1,500 television programs.[6] His early television appearances include parts in Alfred Hitchcock Presents, The Virginian, and Wild, Wild West.His first leading role in a tv series was as American Revolutionary War hero Francis Marion in Disney’s The Swamp Fox, a spin-off of the Davy Crockett series, it also featured his singing of the theme song. In 1961, he was the lead in a taut L.A. police drama called The New Breed.
In 1968, he had a major role in the pilot movie for the popular police series Hawaii Five-O. In 1969, he had the leading role as a police officer in The Bold Ones: The Protectors. Nielsen also starred in the by William Girdler directed 1977 cult-classic Project: Kill.

Airplane! and The Naked Gun

Main articles: Airplane! and The Naked Gun

Nielsen's comedic breakthrough came with a supporting role in 1980's Airplane!, a parody of Zero Hour. Nielsen played a doctor aboard an airplane whose crew has been struck with food sickness. His deadpan delivery contrasted with the absurdity surrounding him. When asked "Surely you can't be serious?", he responds with a curt, "I am serious. And don't call me Shirley." He later reflected in several interviews on the significance of the comedic line: "I thought it was amusing, but it never occurred to me that it was going to become a trademark. It's such a surprise...the thing comes out, people say "What did he say?!"[7] He also said that he was "pleased and honored that I had a chance to deliver that line."[8] The comedic exchange was at #79 on the American Film Institute's list of Top 100 movie quotes.[9] The American Film Institute would also include the film in its list of the top ten comedy movies of all time.[10]

Critics praised the movie, which proved to be a success with audiences as well.[11] The film's directors, Jim Abrahams, David Zucker and Jerry Zucker, decided to choose Nielsen for the role due to his ability to play "a fish in water", stating that "You could have cast funny people and done it with everybody winking, goofing off and silly...we wanted people to be oblivious to the comedy."[10] The directors, interested in the success of the new comedy, decided to bring the slapstick style of comedy to television. They asked Nielsen to play the lead role in their new series, Police Squad! The series introduced Nielsen as Frank Drebin, a stereotypical police officer modeled after earlier detective series.

The show's opening sequence was based on the 1950s cop show M Squad, (starring Lee Marvin), which opened with footage of a police car roving through in an after-dark urban setting as a big band played a jazz theme song. The voice-over and the show's organization into "acts" with an epilogue was homage to classic Quinn Martin police dramas including The Fugitive, Barnaby Jones, The F.B.I., and Cannon. Much like Airplane!, Drebin was a serious character whose one-liners appeared accidental next to the pratfalls and sight gags around him. Although the show failed, lasting only six episodes after being juggled between time slots, Nielsen received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series.[12]

With the exception of Airplane!, Nielsen was not known as a comedian. His roles continued to be small and sporadic, such as Prom Night (1980) and Creepshow (1982), which were both horror films. Nielsen's most recent non-comedy role was the cameo appearance as Allen Green, a sleazy character who is murdered by Barbra Streisand's character Claudia Draper in Martin Ritt's courtroom drama Nuts.

Six years after the cancellation of Police Squad!, the directors decided to make a feature length version for theaters. Titled The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad!, the film returned Nielsen to his role as Frank Drebin. The film involved a comical scheme to assassinate Queen Elizabeth II through a hypnotized baseball player. Drebin, like the doctor in Airplane!, seemed unaware of the absurdity even when unintentionally contributing toward it. Nielsen later said in an interview that he had done many of his own stunts, saying "You have an idea of how you're going to do something, and it's your vision...unless you do it, it really doesn't stand a chance."[7] The movie was popular and well received by critics.[13] Ebert's 3½-star review (out of four) noted, "You laugh, and then you laugh at yourself for laughing."[14]

Two popular sequels followed, The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear (1991) and Naked Gun 33⅓: The Final Insult (1994). Nielsen remains open to the prospects of acting in a fourth Naked Gun film, although doubts it will ever be produced – "I don't think so. If there hasn't been one by now, I doubt it. I think it would be wonderful."[15]

Nielsen briefly appeared in the World Wrestling Federation in the summer of 1994. Capitalizing on his Frank Drebin character, Nielsen (and George Kennedy) were hired as "super-sleuths" to unravel the mystery of The Undertaker, who had disappeared at January's Royal Rumble event. At SummerSlam 1994, in a Naked Gun parody, they were hot on the case (in fact, they were literally standing on a case). Although they did not actually find The Undertaker, the case had been closed (the literal case had been shut) and thus, they solved the mystery.

Later comedies

Nielsen attempted a variety of similar roles which never achieved the success of Frank Drebin. Many of the films emulated the style of The Naked Gun films, but with varying degrees of critical and commercial success. Indeed, many of the films were panned by critics and most performed poorly.

Although The Naked Gun series parodied police dramas in general, Nielsen’s later parody films focused on specific targets. Critics panned Repossessed (1990) and 2001: A Space Travesty (2001), parodies of The Exorcist and 2001: A Space Odyssey. Both films attempted the absurdist comedy Nielsen is recognized for, but were poorly received.[16][17] Even a leading role in a Mel Brooks comic horror parody, Dracula: Dead and Loving It, failed to generate much box office excitement, although it did gain somewhat of a following on its later release to video. Both 1996's Spy Hard and 1998's Wrongfully Accused, a parody of The Fugitive, received even more popularity on home video and were not-well received by critics.[18][19]

His attempt at children’s comedies met additional criticism. Surf Ninjas (1993) and Mr. Magoo (1997) faced scathing reviews. Several critics were disappointed that Nielsen's role in Surf Ninjas was only "an extended cameo" and Chirs Hick of desertnews.com recommended that viewers "avoid any comedy that features Leslie Nielsen outside of the Naked Gun series."[20][21] Jeff Miller of the Houston Chronicle panned Mr. Magoo, a live action remake of the 1950s cartoon, by saying, "I'm supposed to suggest how the film might be better. But I can't think of anything to say other than to make the film again."[22]

Nielsen’s first major slapstick success since The Naked Gun came in a supporting role in Scary Movie 3. His appearance as President Harris proved popular enough for a second appearance in its sequel, Scary Movie 4. This became the first time Nielsen reprised a character since his numerous appearances as Frank Drebin. In one scene in the film, Nielsen appeared almost fully nude, and one critic referred to the scene as putting "the 'scary' in Scary Movie 4."[23] With the recent announcement of 2008's Scary Movie 5, Nielsen is expected to reprise his role a third time. One line in Nielsen's appearance in Scary Movie 3 is the very epitome of his on-screen persona...near the end when they're about to be killed by the girl from the TV set, he comes in and repeats the line that Nielsen fans would recognise from Airplane! "I just want to tell you good luck, we're all counting on you!" which saves the day.

Nielsen also hosted a series of golf instructional videos beginning with 1993’s Bad Golf Made Easier. The videos were not serious, instead combining absurd comedy with golf techniques. The series were popular enough to spawn two additional sequels, Bad Golf My Way (1994) and Stupid Little Golf Video (1997). Nielsen also co-wrote a fictional autobiography titled The Naked Truth. The book portrayed Nielsen as a popular actor with a long history of prestigious films.

Recent work

Even in his eighties, Nielsen continues to have an active career. He performs serious roles on screen and stage (such as his one-man theatre show Darrow, playing Clarence Darrow), as well as providing voice-overs and on-camera appearances for commercials; cartoons like Zeroman where has the leading role/voice; children's shows, such as "Pumper Pups", which he narrates, in addition to comedic film roles. The sibling relationship with his elder brother, the Honourable Erik Nielsen, a former Deputy Prime Minister of Canada, serves as the premise of an HBO mockumentary entitled The Canadian Conspiracy in which Leslie Nielsen appears, along with other prominent Canadian born media personalities. Recently, he was a celebrity contestant on CBS's Gameshow Marathon, where he played The Price is Right, Let's Make a Deal, Beat the Clock and Press Your Luck for charity.[4]

Beginning in February 2007, Nielsen began playing a small role as a doctor in the humorous yet educational television show Doctorology. The show chronicles real-life medical techniques and technology, and airs on the Discovery Channel. In an interview, Nielsen admitted his admiration for the doctors on the show: "There are any number of things that you think about when you ponder if you hadn't been an actor, what would you be, and I've always said I'd like to be an astronaut or a doctor. I have such admiration for doctors. I just don't know how you go around to thank them enough for coming up with the world's most remarkable new discoveries."[8]

Upcoming work

Nielsen has several upcoming announced film and television projects between 2007-2008. He currently has two 2007 films, the drama Music Within and comedy Christmas in Wonderland. The following year, he will reprise his role as President Harris for a third time in Scary Movie 5 and will portray a kidnapped Mayor Jogen for Superhero!, a spoof of superhero films. He also will lend his voice to the direct-to-DVD animated film, The Waterman Movie which will be released in either late 2007 or early 2008.[24] For television, he has signed on to appear in the NBC comedy pilot Lipshitz Saves the World which currently has a 2007 release date.[25]

Personal life

File:Leslienielsen.jpg
Nielsen at his home for a 2004 radio interview

Nielsen has been divorced three times: Monica Boyer (1950-1956), Alisande Ullman (1958-1973), and Brooks Oliver (1981-1983).[12] In 2001, he married his fourth wife, Barbaree Earl, with whom he has been since 1983.[26][27] Nielsen also has two children from his second marriage, Maura Nielsen Kaplan and Thea Nielsen Disney.

Nielsen is a fan of golf, and plays it in his free time.[28] In an interview he stated that "I don't play golf to feel bad, I play bad golf but I feel good."[7]

Nielsen has stated in several interviews that he has few medical problems such as hearing impairment.[29] Because of this impairment, he has joined the International Better Hearing Institute and has become its president.

When reflecting on his career, Nielsen has stated "I'm afraid if I don't keep moving, they're going to catch me...I am 81 years old and I want to see what's around the corner, and I don't see any reason in the world not to keep working. But I am starting to value my down time a great deal because I am realizing there might be other things to do that I am overlooking."[8]

Achievements

Among his numerous awards, Leslie Nielsen received UCLA's Jack Benny Award for his comedic roles in 1995.[12] In 2001, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6541 Hollywood Blvd, and has been inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame.[30][31] The following year he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada, although he is also a naturalized U.S. citizen (like many celebrities, Nielsen maintains a residence in the Phoenix, Arizona area).[32] With his American status, he still maintains his Canadian heritage: "There's no way you can be a Canadian and think you can lose it...Canadians are a goodly group. They are very aware of caring and helping."[33] On May 19, 2005, during the centennial gala of his birth province, Saskatchewan, Leslie Nielsen was granted the honour of an introduction to HM Queen Elizabeth II.[34]

Selected filmography

Films

Year Title Role Notes
1956 Ransom! Charlie Telfer
Forbidden Planet Commander John J. Adams
1957 Tammy and the Bachelor Peter Brent
1965 Dark Intruder Brett Kingsford first television movie
Harlow Richard Manley
1967 The Reluctant Astronaut Major Fred Gifford
1972 The Poseidon Adventure Captain Harrison
1976 Project: Kill Jonathan Trevor
1977 Day of the Animals Paul Jenson Second movie directed by William Girdler
Viva Knievel Stanley Millard
The Kentucky Fried Movie Man in Feel-O-Rama Movie Uncredited cameo, Segment: Feel O Rama
1979 City on Fire Mayor William Dudley
1980 Airplane! Dr. Rumack first comedy role
Prom Night Mr. Raymond Hammond
1982 Creepshow Richard Vickers Segment: Something To Tide You Over
Wrong is Right Mallory
1986 Soul Man Mr. Dunbar
1987 Nuts Allen Green final non-comedy role
1988 The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad! Lt. Frank Drebin first starring role
1990 Repossessed Father Jebedaiah Mayii
1991 All I Want for Christmas Santa Claus family holiday film
1991 The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear Lt. Frank Drebin
1993 Surf Ninjas Colonel Chi
1994 Naked Gun 33⅓: The Final Insult Lt. Frank Drebin
1995 Dracula: Dead and Loving It Count Dracula
1996 Spy Hard Dick Steele, Agent WD-40
1997 Mr. Magoo Mr. Quincy Magoo
1998 Wrongfully Accused Ryan Harrison
1999 Pirates 4D Captain Lucky 3D Show
2000 Santa Who? Santa Claus
2001: A Space Travesty Richard 'Dick' Dix
2001 Camouflage Jack Potter
Kevin of the North Clive Thornton Also known as Chilly Dogs
2002 Men with Brooms Gordon Cutter
2003 Scary Movie 3 President Harris
2006 Scary Movie 4 President Harris
2007 Music Within Bill Austin completed
Christmas in Wonderland Gordon McLoosh pre-production
The Waterman Movie Ready Espanosa filming currently in production; direct-to-DVD
2008 Scary Movie 5 President Harris Announced
Superhero! Mayor Jogen filming currently in production

Television

Year Title Role Other notes
1958-1961 Alfred Hitchcock Presents Lloyd Ashley & DA Rudolph Cox Two Episodes
1959 The Swamp Fox Colonel Francis Marion
1961 The New Breed Lt. Price Adams
1964 The Alfred Hitchcock Hour Steven Grainger One Episode
1964-1969 The Virginian Ben Stratton Five Episodes
1969 The Bold Ones Deputy Police Chief Sam Danforth
1969-1974 Hawaii Five-O Brent & Colonel Faraday Two Episodes
1971-1975 Columbo Peter Hamilton & Geronimo Two Episodes
1973 M*A*S*H Col. Buzz Brighton Single episode
1982 Police Squad! Det. Frank Drebin
1985-1986 Murder, She Wrote Captain Daniels & David Everett Two episodes
1988 Day By Day Jack Harper One Episode
1989 Saturday Night Live Himself Episode 259
1992 The Golden Girls Lucas Hollingsworth Series finale
1994-1999 Due South Sgt. Buck Frobisher Four episodes
2000 Santa Who? Santa Claus television movie
2001 Scrubs cross-dresser uncredited
2002 Liocracy Terrence Brynne McKennie
2004 Zeroman Les Mutton/Zeroman
2007 Doctorology Himself
Lipshitz Saves the World Lipshitz's mentor post-production

Video

Writing

References

  1. ^ "nytimes.com". A Fall Guy as Antihero. Retrieved April 16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ "RogerEbert.com". Scary Movie 3. Retrieved April 4. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b c "NorthernStars.ca". Leslie Nielsen. Retrieved April 4. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b c "CBS". Leslie Nielsen. Retrieved April 16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ "AMG.com". Biography. Retrieved April 4. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ "Canadaswalkoffame.com". Leslie Nielsen, 2001 Inductee. Retrieved April 4. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ a b c "KJZZ Radio". Leslie Nielsen Interview (Radio). Retrieved April 17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ a b c "Yahoo News". Legendary Leslie Nielsen reluctant to slow down at 81. Retrieved April 16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ "AFI.com". AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes. Retrieved April 4. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ a b "The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel". 25 YEARS AND STILL LAUGHING; Airplane!' maintains its cruising. Retrieved April 16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ "Rotten Tomatoes". Airplane! (1980). Retrieved April 16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ a b c "thebiographychannel.com". Leslie Nielsen. Retrieved April 11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ "Rotten Tomatoes". The Naked Gun - From the Files of Police Squad! (1988). Retrieved April 16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ "RogerEbert.com". The Naked Gun. Retrieved April 4. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ "About.com". Leslie Nielsen Interview. Retrieved April 4. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ "Rotten Tomatoes". Repossessed. Retrieved April 17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ "Rotten Tomatoes". 2001: A Space Travesty (2001). Retrieved April 17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ "Rotten Tomatoes". Spy Hard. Retrieved April 17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ "Rotten Tomatoes". Wrongfully Accused. Retrieved April 17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ "Variety". Surf Ninjas. Retrieved April 16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ "Desert News". Surf Ninjas. Retrieved April 16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ "Houston Chronicle". Looking for laughs? `Magoo' loses its way. Retrieved April 4. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ "ReelViews". Scary Movie 4. Retrieved April 16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ "Union Leader". NH filmmaker gets actor Leslie Nielsen to voice a role in new animated film. Retrieved April 17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ "Zap2It". Leslie Nielsen Has 'World' in His Hands. Retrieved April 16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ "notablenamesdatabase.com". Leslie Nielsen. Retrieved April 13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ "yahoomovies.com". Leslie Nielsen. Retrieved April 14. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ "Tribute.ca". Leslie Nielsen. Retrieved April 13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ "AudiologyOnline.com". Interview with Leslie Nielsen Actor and Comedian. Retrieved April 5. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ "HollywoodChamber.com". Hollywood Icons. Retrieved April 5. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ "CityNews.com". Big Names Highlight This Year's Walk of Fame Inductees. Retrieved April 5. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ "Order of Canada". Order of Canada investiture ceremony to be held at the Château Laurier in Ottawa on Friday December 12. Retrieved April 5. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ "The Record". Comedian returning home to host fundraiser. Retrieved April 13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ "Centennial" (PDF). The Royal Homecoming. Retrieved April 5. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
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