List of names of European cities in different languages
Many cities in Europe have alternate names, either because they are known by different names in different languages, or because their names have been changed, or both. This articles attempts to give all known alternative names for all major European cities. It also includes some smaller towns that are important because of their location or history.
For the purposes of this article, Europe includes Turkey, Cyprus and all the republics of the former Soviet Union.
This article does not offer any opinion about what the "official," "real" or "correct" name of any city is or was. Cities are listed alphabetically by their current best-known name in English. The English version is followed by any other known linguistic variants, in alphabetical order by language, and then any historical variants and former names.
| English Name | Other name(s) or older name(s) | |
|---|---|---|
| Aachen | Cáchy (Czech), Aken (Dutch), Aix-la-Chappelle (French), Aachen (German), Akwizgran (Polish), Aquisgrán (Spanish) | |
| Adrianople | Adrianoupolis (Greek), Edirne (Turkish), Hadrianople (alternative spelling) | |
| Alexandroupolis | Alexandroupolis (Greek), Dedeagach (Turkish) | |
| Almaty | Almaty (Kazakh), Alma-Ata (Russian) | |
| Ankara | Ancyra, Angora (former names) | |
| Antioch | Antioche (French), Antioch (Greek), Antakya (Turkish), Antiochia (Polish), Antioquía (Spanish) | |
| Antwerp | Antwīrb (Arabic), Antverpy (Czech), Antwerpen (Dutch/Flemish, German), Anvers (French), Amvérsa (Greek), Anversa (Italian), Antwerpia (Polish), Antuérpia (Portuguese), Antverpen (Rissian, Ukrainian), Amberes (Spanish) | |
| Arnhem | Arnheim (German) | |
| Astana | Astana (Kazakh), Akhmolinsk (Russian) | |
| Athens | Athene (Dutch), Athènes (French), Athen (German), Athinai (Greek), Atenas (Spanish), Atene (Italian), Ateny (Polish), Atena (Romanian) | |
| Augsburg | Augšpurk (Czech), Augsbourg (French), Augsburg (German) | |
| Baku | Bākū (Arabic), Baku (Azeri, English, German, Russian), Bakoe (Dutch), Bakou (French), Mpakoú (Greek), Bakü (Turkish) | |
| Basle | Basilea (Spanish), Basilej (Czech), Bazel (Dutch), Bâle (French), Basel (German), Bazylea (Polish) | |
| Bautzen | Budyšín (Czech), Budziszyn (Polish) | |
| Belgrade | Bělehrad (Czech), Belgrado (Dutch), Belgrade (French), Belgrad (German, Polish, Romanian), Belgrád (Hungarian), Belgrado (Spanish), Beograd (Serbian) | |
| Berlin | Barlīn (Arabic), Berlín (Czech, Spanish), Berlijn (Dutch), Berlin (English, Franch, German, Hungarian, Romanian, Russian, Ukrainian), Berliini (Finnish), Berlino (Italian), Berlim (Portuguese) | |
| Berne | Berna (Spanish, Romanian), Berne (French), Bern (German, Dutch), Berno (Polish) | |
| Bishkek | Bichkek (French), Bishkek (Kyrgyz), Frunze (former name) | |
| Birmingham | Brummagem (old pronunciation, never official) | |
| Bologna | Bologne (French), Bolonia (Polish, Romanian, Spanish) | |
| Bolzano | Bozen (German) | |
| Brasov | Kronstadt (German), Brassó (Hungarian), Brasov (Romanian) | |
| Bratislava | Pressburg (German), Pozsony (Hungarian), Bratysława (Polish), Bratislava (Slovak) | |
| Bremen | Brême (French), Bréma (Hungarian), Brema (Polish) | |
| Brest, Belarus | Brest (Belarusian), Brześć Litewski (Polish), Brześć nad Bugiem (Polish 1918-1939), Brest-Litovsk (English version of Polish name) | |
| Brno | Brno (Czech), Brünn (German) | |
| Bruges | Brugy (Czech), Brugge (Dutch/Flemish, German), Brugia (Polish), Brujas (Spanish) | |
| Brunswick | Brunswijk (Dutch), Braunschweig (German), Brunszwik (Polish) | |
| Brussels | Brūksil (Arabic), Brjuksel (Bulgarian), Bruseŀles (Catalan), Brusel (Czech), Bryssel (Danish, Swedish), Brussel (Dutch/Flemish), Brysseli (Finnish), Bruxelles (French), Brüssel (German), Vryxélles (Greek), Brüsszel (Hungarian), Brusselle (Italian), Bréissel (Luxembourgish), Bruksela (Polish), Bruxelas (Portuguese), Brjussel' (Russian, Ukrainian), Bruselas (Spanish), Brüksel (Turkish) | |
| Bucharest | Bukurešť (Czech), Boekarest (Dutch), Bucarest (French, Spanish), Bukareszt (Polish), Bucureşti (Romanian) | |
| Budapest | Ofen (German), Budin (Turkish), Budapesta (Romanian) | |
| Budweis | Budweis (German), České Budějovice (Czech) | |
| Bydgoszcz | Bromberg (German), Bydgoszcz (Polish) | |
| Cardiff | Caerdydd (Welsh) | |
| Chemnitz | Saská Kamenice (Czech), Karl-Marx-Stadt (former name) | |
| Chisinau | Kischinew (German), Kishinev (Russian), Kiszyniów (Polish) | |
| Cleves | Kleve (German) | |
| Cluj | Kluž (Czech), Klausenburg (German), Kolozsvár (Hungarian}, Cluj or Cluj-Napoca (Romanian) | |
| Coblenz | Coblence (French), Koblenz (German), Koblencja (Polish) | |
| Cologne | Kolín nad Rýnem (Czech), Keulen (Dutch), Cologne (English, French), Kolōnía (Greek), Colonia (Italian, Spanish), Köln (German), Kelnas (Lithianian), Kolonia (Polish), Colónia (Portuguese), Kjol'n (Russian, Ukrainian) | |
| Copenhagen | Kūbinhāġin (Arabic), Kopengagen (Bulgarian, Russian), Kodaň (Czech), København (Danish), Kopenhagen (Dutch, German), Kopenhaagen (Estonian), Kööpenhamina (Finnish), Copenhague (French, Spanish), Kopenkhágē (Greek), Koppenhága (Hungarian), Kaupmannahöfn (Icelandic), Copenaghen (Italian), Kopenhaga (Polish), Copenhaga (Portuguese, Romanian), Köpenhamn (Swedish), Kopenhag (Turkish) | |
| Corfu | Corcyra or Kerkyra (Greek) | |
| Corinth | Corinthe (French), Korinthos (Greek) | |
| Cork | Corcaigh (Irish) | |
| Donetsk | Donieck (Polish), Donetsk (Russian, Ukrainian), Stalino (former name), Yuzovka (former name) | |
| Dover | Douvres (French) | |
| Dresden | Drážďany (Czech), Dresde (French), Drezno (Polish) | |
| Dubrovnik | Ragusa (Italian), Dubrovnik (Serbian) | |
| Dushanbe | Douchanbe (French), Dushanbe (Tajik, Russian), Hissar (former name) | |
| Dublin | Baile Átha Cliath (Irish) | |
| Dunkirk | Dunkerque (French) | |
| Edinburgh | Edimbourg (French) | |
| Flensburg | Flensborg (Danish) | |
| Florence | Florenz (German), Firenze (Italian), Florencia (Spanish), Florencja(Polish), Florenţa (Romanian) | |
| Flushing | Vlissingen (Dutch) | |
| Frankfurt | Francfort-sur-le-Main (French), Frankfurt am Main (German), Frankfurt nad Menem (Polish) | |
| Frankfurt | Francfort-sur-l'Oder (French), Frankfurt an der Oder (German), Frankfurt nad Odrą (Polish) | |
| Gallipoli | Kalipolis (Greek), Gelibolu (Turkish) | |
| Galway | Gaillimh (Irish) | |
| Gdańsk | Danzig (German), Gdańsk (Polish) | |
| Gdynia | Gdingen (German), Gotenhafen (German 1940-1945) | |
| Geneva | Ženeva (Czech), Genève (French), Genf (German), Ginevra (Italian), Genewa (Polish), Ginebra (Spanish) | |
| Genoa | Janov (Czech), Gênes (French), Genova (Italian), Genua (German, Dutch, Polish), Génova (Spanish) | |
| Ghent | Gent (Dutch/Flemish, German), Gand (French), Gandawa (Polish), Gante (Spanish) | |
| Grodno | Hrodna (Belarusian), Grodno (Polish, Russian), Hrodno (Ukrainian) | |
| Groningen | Groningue (French) | |
| Hamburg | Hambūrġ (Arabic), Hamburk (Czech), Hamborg (Danish, Swedish), Hampuri (Finnish), Hambourg (French), Hamburg (German), Amvoúrgo (Greek), Amburgo (Italian), Hamburgo (Portuguese, Spanish), Gamburg (Russian) | |
| Hanover | Hanovre (French), Hannover (Dutch, German), Hanovra (Romanian) | |
| Helsinki | Hilsīnkī (Arabic), Hel'sinki (Bulgarian, Russian, Ukrainian), Helsinky (Czech), Helsingfors (Danish, Swedish), Helsinki (English, Finnish, French, German, Spanish), Helsingi (Estonian), Elsínki (Greek), Helsinkis (Lithuanian), Helsínquia (Portuguese) | |
| Heraklion | Iraklion (Greek), Candia (Italian) | |
| Istanbul | Istanboel (Dutch), Istanbuł (Polish), Carogród (old-Polish), Istambul (Romanian), Istanbul (Turkish), Byzantion (Greek former name), Konstantinoupolis (Greek former name), Konstantinopel (German former name), Tsarigrad (Russian former name), Constantinople (English former name), Stamboul (Turkish former name), Constantinopel (Dutch former name), Estambul, Kostan, Kospoli, Koshta, Koshtandina, Konstantinopyla (other variants during Ottoman period) | |
| Izmir | Smyrna (Greek), Izmir (Turkish) | |
| Janina | Ioannina (Greek), Yanya (Turkish) | |
| Kaliningrad | Královec (Czech), Królewiec (Polish), Kaliningrad (Russian), Königsberg (former German name) | |
| Katowice | Kattowitz (German), Katowice (Polish) | |
| Kaunas | Kaunas (Lithuanian), Kowno (Polish) | |
| Kharkov | Kharkov (Russian), Kharkiv (Ukrainian), Charków (Polish) | |
| Kiel | Kilonia (Polish) | |
| Kiev | Kijów (Polish), Kiyev (Russian), Kyiv (Ukrainian) | |
| Kilkenny | Cill Chainnigh (Irish) | |
| Kláipeda | Memel (German) | |
| Krakow | Krakov (Czech), Krakau (German, Dutch), Kraków (Polish), Cracovia (Romanian), Cracow (former English spelling) | |
| Lausanne | Lozanna (Polish) | |
| Leghorn | Livorno (Italian) | |
| Leiden | Lejda (Polish) | |
| Leipzig | Lipsko (Czech), Lipcse (Hungarian), Lipsk (Polish), Lipsca (old Romanian) | |
| Liege | Lutych (Czech), Luik (Dutch), Liége (French), Lüttich (German) | |
| Limerick | Luimneach (Irish) | |
| Lisbon | Lisbonne (French), Lissabon (German, Dutch), Lisboa (Portuguese, Spanish), Lizbona (Polish), Lisabona (Romanian) | |
| Ljubljana | Laibach (German), Ljubljana (Slovene) | |
| London | Landan (Arabic), Londýn (Czech), Londen (Dutch), London (English, German, Russian, Ukrainian), Lontoo (Finnish), Londres (French, Spanish), Londhino (Greek), Londain (Irish), Londra (Italian, Turkish), Londyn (Polish), Londra (Romanian), Llundain (Welsh) | |
| Londonderry | Derry (former name) | |
| Louvain | Lovaň (Czech), Leuven (Dutch), Louvain (French), Lovaina (Spanish), Löwen (German) | |
| Lubeck | Lyypekki (Finnish), Lübeck (German), Lubeka (Polish) | |
| Lucca | Lucques (French), Lucca (Italian), Lukka (Polish) | |
| Lucerne | Lucern (Czech), Lucerna (Spanish), Lucerne (French), Luzern (German), Lucerna (Polish) | |
| Lunenburg | Lüneburg (German) | |
| Luxembourg | Lucemburk (Czech), Luxemborg (Danish), Luxemburg (German, Dutch, Romanian), Lëtzebuerg (Luxembourgish), Luksemburg (Polish) | |
| L'viv | Lemberg (German), Lwów (Polish), Lvov (Russian), L'viv (Ukrainian) | |
| Lyons | Lyon (French) | |
| Madrid | Madryt (Polish) | |
| Mainz | Mohuč (Czech), Mayence (French), Mainz (German), Moguncja (Polish) | |
| Mantua | Mantova (Italian) | |
| Marseille | Marsīliyā (Arabic), Marseille (English, French, German), Massalía (Greek), Marsiglia (Italian), Marsylia (Polish), Marselha (Portuguese), Marsel' (Russian), Marsella (Spanish), Marsilya (Turkish) | |
| Meissen | Míšeň (Czech), Miśnia (Polish) | |
| Milan | Milaan (Dutch), Mailand (German), Milano (Italian, Romanian), Mediolan (Polish) | |
| Minsk | Mensk (Belarusian), Minsk (Dutch, English, French, German, Russian, Yiddish), Minszk (Hungarian), Minńsk (Polish), Mins'k (Ukrainian) | |
| Mons | Bergen (Dutch), Mons (French) | |
| Moscow | Moskou (Dutch), Moscou (French), Moscú (Spanish), Moskau (German), Moskwa (Polish), Moscova (Romanian), Moskva (Russian) | |
| Munich | Miyūnikh (Arabic), Mjunkhen (Bulgarian, Russian, Ukrainian), Minhen (Croatian), Mnichov (Czech), München (German, Dutch), Mónacho (Greek), Monaco di Baviera (Italian), Miunchenas (Lithuanian), Monachium (Polish), Munique (Portuguese), Münih (Turkish) | |
| Naples | Napels (Dutch), Neapel (German), Neapolis (Greek), Napoles (Spanish), Nápoly (Hungarian), Napoli (Italian), Neapol (Polish) | |
| Nice | Niza (Spanish), Nizza (Italian, German), Nicea (Polish) | |
| Newport | Casnewydd (Welsh) | |
| Nicosia | Nīqūsiyā (Arabic), Nicosia (English, Italian), Nicosie (French), Nikosia (German), Lefkōsía (Greek), Nikozia (Hungarian), Nikozja (Polish), Nicósia (Portuguese), Nikosija (Russian, Ukrainian), Lefkoşa (Turkish) | |
| Nijmegen | Nimwegen (German) | |
| Nizhniy Novgorod | Nijni-Novgorod (French), Gorkiy (former name), Nowogród (Polish) | |
| Novi Sad | Ujvidek (Hungarian), Novi Sad (Serbian) | |
| Nuremberg | Norimberk (Czech), Neurenberg (Dutch), Nürnberg (German), Norymberga (Polish) | |
| Oldenburg | Starogard (Polish) | |
| Oslo | Christiania (former name), Kristiania (late version of former name) | |
| Ostend | Oostende (Dutch/Flemish) | |
| Padua | Padova (Italian) | |
| Palermo | Palerme (French), Palermo (Italian) | |
| Pamplona | Iruna (Basque), Pampelune (French) | |
| Perpignan | Perpinyà (Catalan), Perpiñán (Spanish) | |
| Paris | Bārīs (Arabic), Pariž (Bulgarian, Russian, Ukrainian), Pariz (Croatian), Paříž (Czech), Parijs (Dutch), Paris (English, French, German, Romanian), Pariis (Estonian), Pariisi (Finnish), Parísi (Greek), Párizs (Hungarian), Parigi (Italian), Parīze (Latvian), Paryžius (Lithuanian), Paryż (Polish), París (Spanish) | |
| Parma | Parme (French), | |
| Parnu | Pernau (German), Parnawa (Polish) | |
| Perugia | Pérouse (French), Perugia (Italian) | |
| Plovdiv | Plovdiv (Bulgarian), Philippopolis (Greek) | |
| Potsdam | Postupim (Czech), Poczdam (Polish) | |
| Poznań | Posen (German), Poznań (Polish) | |
| Prague | Birāġ (Arabic), Praha (Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian), Praag (Dutch), Prague (English, French), Prag (German) Prága (Greek, Hungarian), Praga (Bulgarian, Polish, Romanian, Russian), Prag or Prog (Yiddish) | |
| Pskov | Pihkva (Estonian), Psków (Polish) | |
| Riga | Riia (Estonian), Riika (Finnish), Ryga (Polish) | |
| Rome | Řím (Czech), Rom (German), Romi (Greek), Róma (Hungarian), Roma (Italian, Romanian, Spanish), Rzym (Polish), Rim (Russian) | |
| Saarbrücken | Sarrebruck (French) | |
| Samara | Kuybyshev (former name) | |
| San Sebastián | Donostia (Basque) | |
| Sarajevo | Sarāyīfū (Arabic), Sarajevo (Bosnian, Croatian, Dutch, English, French, Russian, Serbian, Ukrainian), Sarajewo (German, Polish), Sarágevo (Greek), Bosna Serai (Turkish) | |
| Schaffhausen | Szafuza (Polish), Schaffhausen (German) | |
| Seville | Séville (French), Siviglia (Italian), Sevilla (Spanish), Sevilia (Romanian) | |
| Shkodër | Scutari (Italian), Skadar (Serbian) | |
| Sienna | Sienne (French), Siena (Italian) | |
| Skopje | Shkupi (Albanian), Skopia (Greek), Skopje (Macedonian), Uskub (Turkish) | |
| Sligo | Sligeach (Irish) | |
| Sofia | Sūfiyā (Arabic), Sofija (Bulgarian, Russian, Ukrainian), Sofia (Dutch, English, French, German, Italian), Sófia (Greek, Portuguese), Szófia (Hungarian), Sofía (Spanish), Sofya (Turkish) | |
| Solothurn | Soleure (French), Solura (Polish) | |
| St Petersburg | Sankt-Peterburg (Russian), Leningrad (former name), Petrograd (former name) | |
| Stockholm | Tukholma (Finnish), Sztokholm (Polish) | |
| Strasbourg | Estrasburgo (Spanish), Straatsburg (Dutch), Strasbourg (French), Strassburg (German) | |
| Swansea | Abertawe (Welsh), Swansea (English) | |
| Syracuse | Syrakus (German), Siracusa (Italian), Syrakuzy (Polish) | |
| Szczecin | Štětín (Czech), Stettin (German), Szczecin (Polish) | |
| Tallinn | Tālīn (Arabic), Tallinn (English, Estonian, French, Italian, Spanish), Reval, Tallinn (German), Tallín (Greek), Tallin (Norwegian, Russian, Swedish), Tallinna (Finnish), Tallina (Latvian), Talinas (Lithuanian) Rewal, Tallin (Polish) | |
| Tampere | Tammerfors (Swedish) | |
| Tartu | Dorpat (German, Polish) | |
| Tashkent | Tachkent (French), Taszkient (Polish) | |
| Tbilisi | Tiflīs (Arabic), Tbilisi (English, Russian, Ukrainian), Tbilissi (French), Tiflis (German), Tyflída (Greek), Tbiliszi (Hungarian) | |
| Tekirdag | Rodosto (Greek), Tekirdag (Turkish) | |
| Teschen | Těšín (Czech), Cieszyn (Polish) | |
| The Hague | Den Haag, 's-Gravenhage (Dutch), La Haye (French), Haag (German), Haga (Polish), La Haya (Spanish) | |
| Thessaloniki | Soluň (Czech), Thessalonique (French), Saloniki (German), Thessaloniki (Greek), Salonic (Romanian), Selanik (Turkish), Salonica (former English name) | |
| Timisoara | Temešvár (Czech), Temeschwar (German), Temesvár (Hungarian), Timişoara (Romanian) | |
| Tirana | Tirana / Tiranë (Albanian, depending on context), Tiran (Turkish) | |
| Toruń | Thorn (German), Toruń (Polish) | |
| Trento | Trente (French), Trent (German), Trento (Italian), Trydent (Polish) | |
| Trier | Trevír (Czech), Trèves (French), Trewir (Polish) | |
| Turin | Turín (Czech), Turijn (Dutch), Turin (French), Torino (Italian), Turyn (Polish) | |
| Turku | Turu (Estonian), Aabo (Swedish) | |
| Tver | Kalinin (former name), Twer (Polish) | |
| Ulyanovsk | Simbirsk (former name) | |
| Vaasa | Vasa (Swedish) | |
| Valencia | Valence (French) | |
| Valletta | La Valette (French) | |
| Venice | Benátky (Czech), Venecia (Spanish), Venetië (Dutch), Venise (French), Venedig (German), Velence (Hungarian), Venezia (Italian), Wenecja (Polish), Veneţia (Romanian) | |
| Vienna | Beč (Croatian, Serbian), Vídeň (Czech), Wenen (Dutch), Vienne (French), Wien (German), Viénnē (Greek), Bécs (Hungarian), Wiedeń (Polish), Vena (Russian, Ukrainian), Viedeň (Slovak), Dunaj (Slovene), Viena (Spanish, Romanian), Viyana (Turkish), Vin (Yiddish) | |
| Vilnius | Wilno (Polish), Vilna (Yiddish) | |
| Vladikavkaz | Ordzhonikidzhe (former name) | |
| Volgograd | Stalingrad (former name), Tsaritsyn (former name), Carycyn (former Polish) | |
| Vyborg | Viiburi (Estonian), Viipuri (Finnish) | |
| Warsaw | Varšava (Czech, Slovak), Varssavi (Estonian), Varsova (Finnish), Varsovía (Greek), Varşovia (Romanian), Varsovia (Spanish), Varsovie (French), Warschau (German, Dutch), Varsó (Hungarian), Warszawa (Polish), Varšava (Russian), Varshe (Yiddish) | |
| Waterford | Port Láirge (Irish) | |
| Worms | Wormacja (Polish) | |
| Wrocław | Vratislav (Czech), Breslau (German, Dutch) | |
| Yekaterinburg | Sverdlovsk (former name) | |
| Yerevan | Yirīfān (Arabic), Yerevan (Armenian, English, French), Jerewan, Eriwan (German), Jereván (Hungarian), Erewan (Polish), Jerevan (Russian, Ukrainian), Yereván (Spanish), Erivan (Turkish) | |
| Zagreb | Zaġrib (Arabic), Zagreb (Bulgarian, Croatian, English, French, Russian), Záhřeb (Czech), Agram (German), Zágkremp (Greek), Zágráb (Hungarian), Zagabria (Italian), Zagrzeb (Polish), Zagrep (Turkish), Zahreb (Ukrainian) | |
| Zaragoza | Saragosse (French) |
See also: Latin names of European cities, List of cities in Finland