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Newman's energy machine

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File:A Working Newman Machine Replica 3.jpg
The picture above shows a reluctance motor sharing some of the characteristics of a Newman machine including an electrical source, an electromagnet, a permanent magnet rotor, and something to switch the current on and off.
Specifications of a Newman Motor tested by the National Bureau of Standards in June 1986[1]
Battery pack
Battery type 9V batteries in series
Number of working batteries 115
Open circuit voltage 1000 and 800 Volts
Voltage drop when circuit is closed -50 to -150
Acts like an inductor
Alternating Current Frequency < 100 Hz
Inductance 2500 Henries
Act like a capacitor
Alternating Current Frequency > 1000 Hz
Capacitance 850 Picofarads

The Energy Machine of Joseph Newman is a singly-fed reluctance motor consisting of a permanent magnet field rotor that spins end-over-end inside an electromagnet that is both an stator and an armature.[2] In the 1980's, the U.S. District Court requested that Newman's machine be tested by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), now known as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The NBS test program was conducted and its results were published in June 1986. NBS concluded that the machine did not produce over-unity energy.[3] The tests measured the electrical output of the machine, which was less than the electrical input. However, the results did not include the mechanical energy of the rotor.[1][4]

Joseph "Westley"[5] Newman is the inventor of the machine. According to Roger Hastings, a proponent said to have tested numerous models of the Newman machine, voltage spikes appear when the magnetic field—produced by high voltage lining up the atoms of the conductor—collapses after the commutator breaks the circuit. Hastings claims the resulting current spike causes the permanent magnet rotor to turn—generating torque potential.[2] Newman's explanation of the machine's mechanical power rests on the assumption that magnetic fields consist of "gyroscopic particles" and that these particles are the fundamental element behind all matter and energy.[6] The inventor says he cannot get more mechanical energy out of the machine than the machine's mass-energy.[7] With this, he claims the mechanical output can exceed the electrical energy sent to the coil.[8]

Theoretically, of matter contains of energy (see Mass–energy equivalence). Nevertheless, critics skeptical of "free energy" claims maintain that his machine cannot give an power output exceeding the power from external or deliberately hidden electrical sources.[9] Claims of greater than 100% efficiency or greater are considered to be pseudoscience.

Preceding theory

Template:Perpetual motion machine Newman admitted he had never taken a physics course at the time he was developing his concepts.[10] Nevertheless, prior to developing his machine, he developed a mechanical model for matter, where particles consist of large numbers of gyroscopic particles that travel in spiral paths. The gyroscopic particles are said to move and spin at the speed of light. The classical momentum energy of a particle of mass and speed is . Since Newman hypothesized that the gyroscopic particle moves both longitudinally and rotationally at speed c, he assumed the total energy of such particles was . The model violates a rule of Special theory of relativity which says that any massive particle or object, however small it may be, cannot travel at the speed of light. The model asserts that mass can be converted into energy according to without the mass necessarily being a radioactive material.[11]

Magnetic fields, according to Newman, consist of clouds of gyroscopic particles that move and spin at the speed of light.[12] The atoms in the conductor, he says, hits each gyroscopic particle and deflects them like a gyroscope touched upon its axis.[13] Newman believes the difference between the machine's power output and its input power can be explained by the energy of gyroscopic particles released and that the energy they contain is environmentally-friendly, abundant, and inexpensive.[14]

In general, when internal energy is released, energy lost due to work can exceed the (non-internal) energy input. A clear example of this is striking and dropping a match to produce a forest fire. A difference between input power and output power does not violate the first law of thermodynamics, so as long as changes in internal energy make up for the difference. A perpetual motion machine assumes that no such energy is used to produce the difference between input and output power. Newman insisted that his device was not a perpetual motion machine, although his skeptics had deemed it as such.[7]

A retired professor who taught electrical engineering for 28 years in Kansas State University wrote a book on subjects including the Newman machine. In it, he said that the machine's over-unity claim would have been better understood as a coefficient of performance—abbreviated as . Coefficients of performances are used to describe heat exchangers. By exchanging more heat than heat consumed, heat pumps often have . The retired professor believed that using that term instead the word "efficiency" would have helped Newman and his advisors communicate his theory.[11]

See also: First law of thermodynamics

Description and operation

Diagram showing what directions the poles of the electromagnet and the permanent magnet would face in a Newman machine

The voltage source may consist of solar panels or of one or more batteries of various types, typically arranged in series to increase the voltage. The voltage source is connected to one end of the electromagnet. The other end of the electromagnet brushes against the bar that hangs the rotor consisting of one or more aligned permanent magnets. The bar spins relative to a commutator which provides an intermittent electrical link between the bar and the other end of the voltage source.[2]

Whenever the circuit is closed, electric current sent to the coil by the voltage source creates a magnetomotive force against the permanent magnet(s), which causes the rotor to turn.[15] For this to occur, the magnetic axes of the electromagnet and the permanent magnet(s) are set perpendicular to the bar. In a more developed version of the Newman machine, the commutator flips the current direction twice every magnet rotation and it also connects and disconnects the circuit 24 times for each rotation. A senior staff scientist from Sperry Corporation said that when the coil's magnetic field collapses, it produces a voltage spike and a current surge throughout itself. According to him, the surge serves as a "karate chop" to turn the rotor.[2]

Following U.S. patent battle

A United States Patent and Trademark Office patent application for Newman's electric motor was rejected, which set off a lengthy court battle involving conflicting expert opinions, eventually requesting that Newman's machine be tested by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), now known as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The NBS test program was conducted in 1986.[1] NBS concluded that the machine did not produce over-unity energy.[3]

In its final decision, the court gave this statement:

"We conclude that Mr. Newman had a duty to raise objection, before or during testing, to any defects in the test protocol that he knew or believed would impair the results. He had a clear chance to obtain a definitive test, and to the extent that he did not take it, he can not now impeach the results that were conducted by procedures of which he had advance knowledge. If there were flaws in the NBS protocol, we do not now give controlling weight to objections that could have been raised at a time when any errors could have readily been corrected. We conclude that Mr. Newman waived or acquiesced in any purported defect in the test procedure by remaining silent throughout the test period."[16]

The electrical output was measured in three ways: using active attenuators, using thermal elements and shunts, and lastly, using a pair of 200,000 ohm resistors. There was nothing in the NBS report that recorded the mechanical energy of the permanent magnet rotor—not part of the circuit—nor was the rotor being used to run an electrical generator.[1][4] According to a magnet design engineer from the Magnetic Engineering Co., in Atlanta, Georgia, the NBS tests may have failed to account properly for the generated mechanical energy. The engineer has built his own version of the Newman machine. However, he said that the motor is not as effective for generating electrical energy as it is for turning a fan.[2] Newman's lawyer, John P. Flannery II of Leesburg, Va., argued that NBS was not an "impartial testing laboratory." Flannery says that neither Newman nor his representative could afford to be present for the testing due to the long testing period.[2]

See also

Bibliography

  • Newman, J. (1st ed.).(1984). The Energy Machine of Joseph Newman. Scottsdale, AZ: Joseph Newman Publishing Company. 0-9613835-1-8
  • Newman, J. (2nd ed.).(1985). The Energy Machine of Joseph Newman. Scottsdale, AZ: Joseph Newman Publishing Company. 978-0961383527
  • Newman, J. (3rd ed.).(1986). The Energy Machine of Joseph Newman. Scottsdale, AZ: Joseph Newman Publishing Company. 978-0961383527
  • Newman, J. (4th ed.).(1986). The Energy Machine of Joseph Newman. Scottsdale, AZ: Joseph Newman Publishing Company. 978-0961383541
  • Newman, J. (7th ed.).(1995). The Energy Machine of Joseph Newman. Scottsdale, AZ: Joseph Newman Publishing Company. 0-9613835-7-7
  • Newman, J. (8th ed.).(1998). The Energy Machine of Joseph Newman. Scottsdale, AZ: Joseph Newman Publishing Company. 0-9613835-8-5

References

  1. ^ a b c d Experimental Approach, National Capital Area Skeptics. June 1986. Retrived 12 January 2008. Cite error: The named reference "Experimental Approach" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b c d e f Peterson, Ivars, Science News, Science News. 5 July 1986. Retrieved 24 December 2007.
  3. ^ a b Conclusions, National Capital Area Skeptics. June 1986. Retrieved 12 January 2008.
  4. ^ a b Experimental Results, National Capital Area Skeptics. June 1986. Retrieved 12 January 2008.
  5. ^ Gemperlein, Joyce, PUSHING FOR A PATENT, INVENTOR AWAITS TEST OF ENERGY MACHINE, Philadelphia Inquirer. 15 February 1986. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  6. ^ Joseph Newman's Theory, JosephNewman.com. Retrieved 23 October 2007.
  7. ^ a b Perpetual Motion: Still Going Around, The Washington Post. 12 January 2000. Retrieved 1 January 2007. (highlight)
  8. ^ Peterson, Ivars, A patent pursuit: Joe Newman's 'energy machine'., Science News. 1 June 1985. Retrieved 12 January 2008.
  9. ^ Hirsch, Jerry, ALCHEMY OR SCIENCE? ENERGY CRISIS ADDS ALLURE TO INVENTORS' POWER SOLUTIONS, Contra Costa Times. 4 March 2001. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  10. ^ Joseph W. Newman. The Energy Machine of Joseph Newman, p. 5.
  11. ^ a b Dr. Gary L. Johnson. Johnson Energy Corp (1997). The Search for a New Energy Source. (free book download at author's website)
  12. ^ Inventor speaks to LSU audience on controversial "energy machine', The Advocate. 26 February 1986. Retrieved 24 December 2007. (highlight)
  13. ^ Man's energy device mired in patent battle, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. 9 July 1985. Retrieved 24 December 2007. (highlight)
  14. ^ Energy Machine Inventor Joseph W. Newman to Hold News Conference at National Press Club in Washington, D.C. Monday, March 28., America's Intelligence Wire. 25 March 2005. Retrieved 12 January 2008. (highlight)
  15. ^ Will Joseph Newman's energy machine revolutionize the world?, Atlanta Journal-Constitution. 14 July 1986. Retrieved 13 December 2007. (highlight)
  16. ^ US Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit, Case #88-1312, Newman v Quigg.

Pictures of Newman machine replicas

Optimistic sources

Skeptical sources

Patents

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