Synovial fluid

Synovial fluid is a thick, stringy fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints. With its egg-like consistency (synovial comes from Latin for "egg"), synovial fluid reduces friction between the articular cartilage and other tissues in joints to lubricate and cushion them during movement.

Overview

The inner membrane of synovial joints is called the synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid into the joint cavity. This fluid forms a thin layer (approximately 50 micrometres) at the surface of cartilage, but also seeps into microcavities and irregularities in the articular cartilage surface, filling any empty space . The fluid within articular cartilage effectively serves as a synovial fluid reserve. During normal movements, the synovial fluid held within the cartilage is squeezed out mechanically (so-called weeping lubrication) to maintain a layer of fluid on the cartilage surface.

Composition

Synovial tissue is composed of vascularized connective tissue that lacks a basement membrane. Two cells type (type A and type B) are present: type B produce synovial fluid. Synovial fluid is made of hyaluronic acid and lubricin, proteinases and collagenases. Synovial fluid exhibits non-Newtonian flow characteristics. The viscosity coefficient is not a constant, the fluid is not linearly viscous,and its viscosity increases as the shear rate decreases.

Normal synovial fluid contains 3-4 mg/ml hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid), a polymer of disaccharides composed of D-glucuronic acid and D-N-acetylglucosamine joined by alternating beta-1,4 and beta-1,3 glycosidic bonds . Hyaluronan is synthesized by the synovial membrane and secreted into the joint cavity to increase the viscosity and elasticity of articular cartilages and lubricate the surfaces between synovium and cartilage.

Synovial fluid also contains lubricin secreted by synovial cells. It is chiefly responsible for so-called boundary-layer lubrication, which reduces friction between opposing surfaces of cartilage. There is also some evidence that it helps regulate synovial cell growth.

Health and disease

Collection

Synovial fluid can be collected by syringe in a procedure termed arthrocentesis, also known as joint aspiration.

Classification

Synovial fluid can be classified into normal, noninflammatory, inflammatory, septic, and hemorrhagic:

Classification of synovial fluid in an adult knee joint

	Normal	Noninflammatory	Inflammatory	Septic	Hemorrhagic
Volume (ml)	<3.5	>3.5	>3.5	>3.5	>3.5
Viscosity	High	High	Low	Mixed	Low
Clarity	Clear	Clear	Cloudy	Opaque	Mixed
Color	Colorless/straw	Straw/yellow	Yellow	Mixed	Red
WBC/mm3	<200	200-2,000	2,000-75,000	>100,000	Same as blood
Polys (%)	<25	<25	>50	>75	Same as blood
Gram stain	Negative	Negative	Negative	Often positive	Negative

Pathology

Many synovial fluid types are associated with specific diagnoses :

• Noninflammatory (Group I)
  • Osteoarthritis, degenerative joint disease
  • Trauma
  • Rheumatic fever
  • Chronic gout or pseudogout
  • Scleroderma
  • Polymyositis
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus
  • Erythema nodosum
  • Neuropathic arthropathy (with possible hemorrhage)
  • Sickle-cell disease
  • Hemochromatosis
  • Acromegaly
  • Amyloidosis
• Inflammatory (Group II)
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Reactive arthritis
  • Psoriatic arthritis
  • Acute rheumatic fever
  • Acute gout or pseuodgout
  • Scleroderma
  • Polymyositis
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus
  • Ankylosing spondylitis
  • Inflammatory bowel disease arthritis
  • Infection (viral, fungal, bacterial) including Lyme disease
  • Acute crystal synovitis
• Septic (Group III)
  • Pyogenic bacterial infection
  • Septic arthritis
• Hemorrhagic
  • Trauma
  • Tumors
  • Hemophilia/coagulopathy
  • Scurvy
  • Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
  • Neuropathic arthropathy

Joints cracking

Main article: Cracking joints

When two parts forming a joint are pulled away from each other, the joint capsule increases in volume but the synovial fluid in the capsule no longer fills it all. Gases dissolved in the fluid quickly fill the empty space causing a sharp cracking sound. The general term for this is cavitation.

Additional images

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  Synovial joint

External links

• Warman W. "Delineating biologic pathways involved in skeletal growth and homeostasis through the study of rare Mendelian diseases that affect bones and joints." Arthritis Res. Ther. 2003, 5(Suppl 3):5 [1]
• Hyaluronan: structure and properties
• Synovial fluid analysis, from the American College of Rheumatology
• Template:FPnotebook
• Template:FPnotebook - white blood cell count
• Normal joint structure, from University College London