Donatism

The Donatists (founded by the Berber christian Donatus) were followers of a belief considered a heresy by the Roman Catholic Church. They lived in Roman Africa, and flourished in the fourth and fifth centuries.

Their primary disagreement with the rest of the Church was over the treatment of those who forsook their faith during the Persecution (303 - 305 AD) of Diocletian. The rest of the Church was far more forgiving of these people than the Donatists were. They refused to accept the sacraments and spiritual authority of the priests and bishops who had fallen away from the faith during the persecution. Many church leaders had gone as far as turning in Christians to the Roman authorities and had handed over sacred religious texts to authorities to be publicly burned. These people were called traditores ("people who had handed over"). These traditores had returned to positions of authority under Constantine, and the Donatists proclaimed that any sacraments celebrated by these priests and bishops were invalid. As a result, many towns were divided between Donatists and non-Donatists congregations. The sect had particularly developed and grew in North Africa. Constantine, as emperor, began to get involved in the dispute, and in 314 he called a council at Arles in France; the issue was debated and the decision went against the Donatists. The Donatists refused to accept the decision of the council, their distaste for bishops who had collaborated with Rome came out of their broader view of the Roman empire. After the Constantinian shift when other Christians accepted the emperor as the head of the church, the Donatists continued to see the emperor as the devil. In particular, the birth of the Donatist movement came out of opposition to the appointment of Caecilian as bishop of Carthage in 312 AD because of his pro-government stance. In 317 Constantine sent troops to deal with the Donatists in Carthage, for the first time Christian persecuted Christian. It resulted in banishments and even executions. It failed completely and Constantine had to withdraw and cancel the persecutions in 321.

Donatists were more than just an opposition movement. They also had a distinctive worship styles, emphasizing ‘mystical union of the righteous inspired by the Holy Spirit and instructed by the Bible.Template:Fn Anabaptists and other radical church traditions have looked to Donatists as historical predecessors because of their opposition to the union of state and church, their emphasis on discipleship and, in some cases, their commitment to nonviolence and social justice. Like those in the Radical Reformation in the 16th century, the Donatists saw the Catholics as impure and corrupted.

The Donatists also drew their beliefs from the writings of Tertullian and Cyprian.

Augustine campaigned against this heterodox belief throughout his tenure as bishop of Hippo, and through his efforts the Church gained the upper hand. His view, which was also the majority view within the Church, was that it was the office of priest, not the personal character of the incumbent, that gave validity to the celebration of the sacraments. This is the view that prevailed and has persisted to the present day. In 409, Marcellinus of Carthage, Emperor Honorius's secretary of state, decreed the group heretical and demanded that they give up their churches. They were harshly persecuted by the Roman authorities, and even Augustine protested at their treatment. Nevertheless, his successes were reversed when the Vandals conquered North Africa. Donatism survived the Vandal occupation and the Byzantine reconquest under Justinian I. It is unknown how long this belief persisted into the Muslim period, but some Christian historians believe the Donatist schism and the discord it caused in the Christian community made the takeover of the region by Islam easier.Template:Fn

Donatist Bishops

Donatist Bishops of Carthage

• Majorinus (311-315)
• Donatus II Magnus (315-355; exiled 347)
• Parmenianus (355-391)
• Primian (391-393), 1st time
• Maximianus (393-394)
• Primian (394-c. 400's), 2nd time

Donatist Bishops of Rome

• Victor (or Felix I)
• Bonifatius
• Encolpius
• Macrobius (c. 370's)
• Lucianus
• Claudianus (c. 378)
• Felix II (c. 411)

"Donatist" used as an epithet

During and after the Reformation, the word "Donatist" (sometimes "neo-Donatist") was commonly used by the Magisterial Reformers as an incriminating label to refer to the more radical reformers such as the Anabaptists. This usage is described at length in the first chapter of Leonard Verduin's book, The Reformers and Their Stepchildren, ISBN 0802837913.

See also

• Patriarchate of Carthage
• St. Cyprian

References

• Template:FnbMurray, Stuart, The Donatists - A fairly in-depth article on the origins of the Donatists, their fluctuating fortunes between 317 and 535 AD, and their beliefs.
• Template:FnbDonatus and Christian North Africa, from the Christian History Institute.

Bibliography

• The Donatist Church : A Movement of Protest in Roman North Africa, W. H. C. Frend, (1952) Oxford University Press, ISBN 0198264089.
• The Bible in Christian North Africa: The Donatist World, Maureen A. Tilley, (1997) Fortress Press, ISBN 0800628802.
• Donatist martyr stories : the Church in conflict in Roman North Africa / translated with notes and introduction by Maureen A. Tilley, (1996) Liverpool University Press, ISBN 0853239312.
• This Holy Seed : Faith, Hope and Love in the Early Churches of North Africa, Robin Daniel, (1993) Harpenden : Tamarisk Publications, ISBN 0952043505.

External links

• Donatus & the Donatist Schism - List of primary and secondary sources on the Donatists.
• Donatists in the Catholic Encyclopedia - goes into some detail about the politics in the early church that was the background for the rise and fall of Donatism.