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Stanisław Orzechowski (11 november 1513 – 1566), Polish catholic preist of Ruthenian descent[1][2], canon of Przemyśl, historian, political and religious writer. Adventurer, advocate of the Golden Liberty and defender of the szlachta rights, pioneer of sarmatism and ideologist of the Golden Liberty.

Oksza coat of arms

Biography

Przemyśl

Early life

Stanisław Orzechowski was born in Przemyśl, sixth son of a rich nobleman and court referrent, Stanisław Okrza Orzechowski from Orzechowice and daughter of orthodox preist, Jadwiga Baraniecka. As Stanisław wrote once about his identity: "gente Ruthenus, natione Polonus". Since his childhood was adressed to the seminary, studyied at the Jagiellonian University in years 1526-1528, then went for foreign academyies. Till 1540 was getting education in Vienna, Wittenberg, Leipzig, Padua, Bologna, Venice and Rome. In Italy met Marcin Kromer and become his close friend, as Orzechowski said: "bed mate".

Controvercial Preisthood

In 1541 ordered himselve to priesthood, becomed parish of Żurawnica and Pobledno. Then remorsed himself and confessed that lived with a crowd of prostitutes. For sure he had one mistress, Anna from Brzozowa, probably wanted to continue his name, becouse since all of his brothers died, he was last male hier of Orzechowski family. Stanisław, Przemyśl catholic canon, announced in public that he wants to marry Anna. When published in 1547 controvecial "De lege coelibatus", theologic tract agains celibacy, was called on archbishop`s tribunal. Meanwhile Provincial Sejmik (conventiones particulares) of Lesser Poland[3] welcomed Orzechowski`s confession, but Przemyśl bishop, Jan Dziaduski, banished him. Case of banition was investigated by Sejm for 15 years. In 1550 Orzechowski`s speech, delivered in his own case, moved whole Sejm and made him famous. He remised his canon benefice and even suborned two clerics to take marriages. With accordance of whole deputys chamber and support of such figures like Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł, Marcin Zborowski and Rafał Leszczyński Orzechowski was announced innocent in 1562 and advised to wait for Papal dispensation before marriage.

Przemyśl cathedral

Orzechowski, however took marriage illegaly, it wasn`t Anna Brzozowa, but Magdalena Chełmska, Cracovian noble lady. This act made Przemyśl bishop even more disgusted and renewed, barely settled down, conflict, this time much harder. Jan Dziaduski, in fear of nobles, who standed up for just married cleric, needed to flee from Przemyśl. Orzechowski was banished, excomunicated and his property was seizured, avoided all of that thanks to his powerful supporters and his oratorical genius. Orzechowski went back to Przemyśl, entered cathedral at the momenth when was delivered his judgement, camed to the pulpit and spoke about freedom and injustice. Then went to the court and accuse his oppressors. Sejm of 1552 was a breaking point in church-state relations, clergy lost rest of its influence on the szlachta. Orzechowski was sending notes to Vatican to recognize his marriage, without any response. He had a six childs already.


Political activity

Orzechowski was in opposing to the King Zygmunt August party, defender of the nobility privilages, opponent of the execution movement and sympatheiser of lutheranism. This verry popular writer and orator in 1543 delivered famous speech, so called First Turcik, in which was calleing for anti-Turkish crusade. Year after published Second Turcik. Despite all of controversy, Orzechowski becomed a devoted catholic and counter-reformationist, he considered Papacy as a highest authority. Lost his protestant friends, catholicks didn`t forgot his marriage and herecy. Advocated Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, but was awared of political differences, criticised it by insulting Lithuanians in his "Quincunx, or a Design for the Polish Crown Arranged in a Pyramid".

Ideas

Religious

He was convinced to reform of catholic church and abolition of the celibacy. In his "De lege coelibatus...oratio" Orzechowski wrote:

Political

Orzechowski was a writer who did not eschew conflicts, who was gifted with an exceptional sense of readers’ needs and of the current political situation, and the author of dialogues that constitute, in their ideological layer, a kind of inverse of Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski`s concepts. In 1563 he printed "Conversation or Dialog on the Execution of the Law of the Polish Crown", followed one year later by "Quincunx, or a Design for the Polish Crown Arranged in a Pyramid". These two dialogs, plus an unfinished treatise meant to compliment them, "The Polity of the Polish Kingdom Portrayed in the Image of Aristotelian Politics", championed the arguments of the Catholic camp and of the author himself, who came out violently against the execution movement program, while at the same time propounding Orzechowski’s own almost theocratic agenda for reforming the Republic.

The Quinqunx of his second work’s title is a geometric figure denoted by the five corner points of a pyramid, representing the idea state. The four points of king, priest, altar, and faith form the foundation of the pyramid, while the fifth, the summit raised above them, is the Catholic Church.

In this Kingdom, there is a place for free Poles, among whom, thanks to their nobility...

By advocating a model of a religious state, a model upon which the myth of noble Poland as a nation chosen by God would later be built, Orzechowski at the same time drafted a plan for the noble liberties that would become the norm beginning in the 17th century. In so doing, he was not sparing in presenting catastrophic visions of the demise of the heresy-ridden Republic. His prophetic tone was coupled with his conviction of his own role as a writer and oracle.




Bibliography

("Conversation or Dialog on the Execution of the Law of the Polish Crown and Quincunx, or a Design for the Polish Crown Arranged in a Pyramid")

See also


Referrences

  1. ^ Karin Friedrich: The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty
  2. ^ Serhii Plokhy: The Origins of the Slavic Nations
  3. ^ Jerzy Kłoczowski: A History of Polish Christianity
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