Cephalocarida

Cephalocarida
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Crustacea
Class:	Cephalocarida Sanders, 1955
Order:	Brachypoda Birshteyn, 1960
Family:	Hutchinsoniellidae Sanders, 1955
Genera
Chiltonella Hampsonellus Hutchinsoniella Lightiella Sandersiella

Cephalocarida is a class inside the subphylum Crustacea that comprises only about nine shrimp-like benthic species. They were discovered in 1955, and are commonly referred to as horseshoe shrimps. Although a second family, Lightiellidae, is sometimes used, all cephalocaridans are generally considered to belong in just one family: Hutchinsoniellidae. Even though there is no fossil record of cephalocaridans, most specialists believe them to be primitive among crustaceans.

Description and anatomy

These crustaceans have a small (2 to 3.7 mm long) and elongate body. They have a large head, the hind edge of which covers the first thoracic segment. The second pair of antennae is located behind the mouth. In all other crustaceans the antennae are in front of the mouth at the adult stage, and only their larvae have antennae that have the same location as adult cephalocaridans. The mouth is located behind the large upper lip, flanked by mandibles. The first pair of maxillae is very small, and the second pair has the same structure as the following thoracic legs: a large basal part, equipped with outgrowths on the inner side, used in locomotion, a forked inner branch and two outer lobes - the pseudoepipod and the exopod. The structural and functional similarity between the maxillae and the legs may be a sign of primitive organization; the maxillae have not specialized as they did in other crustaceans.

The thorax consists of 10 segments, and the abdomen bears a telson but no other appendages.

Ecology

Cephalocaridans are found from the intertidal zone down to a depth of 1500 m, in all kinds of sediments. Cephalocaridans feed on marine detritus. To bring in food particles, they generate currents with the thoracic appendages like the branchiopods and the malacostracans. Food particles are then passed anteriorly along a ventral groove, leading to the mouthparts.