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Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)

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For other buildings of the same name see Trump International Hotel and Tower

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Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)


Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago) on April 19 2008
Map
General information
Location401 North Wabash Avenue
Chicago, Illinois
Estimated completion2009
Opening2009 (est.)
Height
Antenna spire415 m (1,362 ft)
Roof356.9 m (1,170 ft)
Technical details
Floor count92
Floor area241,550 m²
2.6 million sq. ft.
Design and construction
Architect(s)Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
DeveloperTrump Organization

The Trump International Hotel and Tower is a skyscraper condo-hotel under construction at 401 N. Wabash Avenue in downtown Template:City-state named for famed real estate developer Donald Trump. It is located in the River North District of the Near North Side community area of Chicago in Cook County, Illinois, United States. The Trump International Hotel and Tower is expected to be 415 meters (1,362 feet w/Spire - 1,170 feet (360 m) w/o Spire) tall and contain 92 floors for various uses. Despite ongoing difficulties, construction is proceeding.[3] It is located on a jog of the main branch of the Chicago River with an unobstructed view of the entry to Lake Michigan beyond a series of bridges that cross the river. It is notable for the publicity it received in association with the first season of the The Apprentice when the winner, Bill Rancic, selected its construction as his job choice.[4] The building was designed by Adrian Smith of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill and is being constructed by Bovis Lend Lease.[5][6]

When designs for the building were first announced in 2001, the building was proposed to be the tallest building in the world.[7][8][9] After the September 11, 2001 attacks the building plans were scaled down.[10][11] Its design has undergone several revisions. Upon completion in 2009, according to the current design, it will be the second tallest building in Chicago behind the Sears Tower, rising above the current second and third-tallest, Aon Center and the Hancock Center respectively, as well as the second tallest building in the United States rising above the Empire State Building and the Bank of America Tower.[12] In 2010 and 2011, it will be surpassed by the Freedom Tower in New York City and by the Chicago Spire upon their respective completions. The building will surpass the Hancock Center for the world's highest residence from the ground.[13]

The design of the building includes retail, parking, a hotel and condominiums on top of each other in that order from the ground up.[2] The hotel section of the building was originally scheduled to open first in December 2007, but was delayed until January 2008.[14] The 339-room hotel opened for business at 11:00 A.M. on January 302008.[15][16][17] The building also hosts a restaurant which opened in early 2008 to favorable reviews for it cuisine, decor, location, architecture and view.[18][19]

Location

The tower occupies the site vacated by the Chicago Sun-Times, one of the city's two major newspapers. It is close to numerous Chicago Landmarks: it is located along Wabash Avenue and at the foot of Rush Street, just west of the Wrigley Building and the Michigan Avenue Bridge and just east of Marina City and 330 North Wabash. Sitting along a jog on the north side of the Chicago River, it is highly visible from locations to the east along the river such as the mouth at Lake Michigan, the Lake Shore Drive Overpass, and the Columbus Drive Bridge. The building is located across the Chicago River from the Chicago Loop, the city's business district. It is also located a block away from the Magnificent Mile portion of the Michigan Avenue, which starts at where the Michigan Avenue Bridge crosses the Chicago River. It's location in the River North Gallery District places it in the neighborhood with the most art galleries in the United States outside of Manhattan.[20]

Architecture

Early Construction
2006-05-22 from sales center
2006-04-15 behind Michigan Avenue Bridge
The 1.2 acre Riverfront Park & Riverwalk will be between Wrigley Building and the hotel.

Design

The design of the building incorporates three setbacks to give it a visual continuity with the surrounding skyline.[21] Each of the setbacks is designed to reflect the height of a nearby building: the first matches the Wrigley Building, the second setback aligns with the Marina City Towers, and the third setback matches the height of the 330 North Wabash (formerly known as IBM Plaza). The setbacks and rounded edges of the building will combat vortex formation.[22]

Layout

The building will contain 2.6 million gross square feet, rise to 92 stories, and house 486 super-luxury residential condominiums. These will include studios, and one to four bedroom units and five bedroom penthouse units. The tower will also feature a five-star luxury hotel condominium with 339 guest rooms.[23] Floors three through twelve will be used for lobbies, retail, and parking 3-12.[23] A health club and spa will be located on the 14th floor and Mezzanine.[23] Hotel condominiums and executive lounges will be located on floors 17 through 27M.[23] The tower's residential condominiums will be located from the 29th to 85th floors.[23] Penthouses will make up floors 86 through 89.[23] In the area surrounded by the hotel to the west, the Chicago River to the south, Rush Street and the Wrigley Building to the east and McDonald's and River Plaza to the north Trump will design a 1.2-acre (4,856.2 m2) Riverfront Park & Riverwalk along a space that is 500 feet (152.4 m).[24]

Restaurant

On the 16th floor, a restaurant named Sixteen drew immediate favorable reviews for its cuisine, decor and location upon opening as an elite entertainment venue,[18][25] although some consider it more of a place to impress clients and dates than a top notch dining experience.[26] It opened for breakfast and dinner in early February 2008 and began serving lunch on March 32008. Its terrace will open for outdoor dining in 2009.[27] Sixteen, which was designed by Joe Valerio, is described architecturally as a sequence of spaces that do not reveal themselves at once, but rather in "procession."[19] The foyer is T-shaped. The passageway to the hotel is lined with floor-to-ceiling architectural bronze wine racks in opposing red and white wine vaults.[27][28] The passageway leads to views of the Wrigley Building clock tower and Tribune Tower's flying buttresses that although not comparable to the Hancock Center's Signature Room are heartstopping.[27] Of course, the main part of the procession is the dining room, which has a West African wood dome-shaped ceiling that incorporates mirrors so that all diners can experience the view.[19] It also has Swarovski chandeliers.[25][26] The dining room actually has two sections: a large dining room, which has a 30 feet (9.1 m) ceiling,[25] and a smaller low-ceilinged dining room. In addition there is a bar with unspectacular views.[27] Pulitzer Prize winning critic, Blair Kamin, notes that although many are not as supportive of the structure as the restaurant architecturally, the restaurant provides an opportunity for people to emulate Guy de Maupassant who disliked the Eiffel Tower so much that he ate at the restaurant daily so as not to have to look at its iron monstrosity.[27] In addition to the restaurant's entrees and appetizers, the restaurant has both a six-course and ten-course tasting option.[25] Trump's use of zebra wood in the lobby is among the architectural foibles of the hotel lobby.[27]

Height

The building will break the record for the world’s highest residence, which has been held since 1969 by the nearby John Hancock Center.[13] Note that since the Trump Tower has both hotel condominiums (originally planned as office space) and residential condominiums it will not contest the record recently set by the Q1 Tower in Gold Coast, Australia which is 80 stories high as the tallest all-residential building. The Chicago Spire, however, is set to break the record of tallest all-residential building upon completion in 2011.

Development

History

2006-12-13
2007-09-14
2008-01-30
View from Richard J. Daley Center
2006-11-22
2007-05-02
2007-08-25
2008-04-02
View with 330 North Wabash and Wrigley Building from State Street

Design

In July 2001, when Donald Trump originally announced plans for this building on the site of the former seven-story Sun-Times building, it was estimated to reach a height of 1,500 feet (460 m), which would have made it the future world's tallest building and estimated to contain between 2,400,000 square feet (220,000 m2) and 3,100,000 square feet (290,000 m2) of space.[7][8][9] The first announcement of the project approximated that Trump would pay $77 million for the 77,000 square feet (7,200 m2) property.[29] Three architects were in consideration for the building design to achieve this title: Lohan Associates, Skidmore Owings & Merrill and Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates.[30] Trump selected Skidmore Owings & Merrill in August 2001 and Adrian Smith headed the Skidmore team.[5] Smith had previously designed the Jin Mao Tower and AT&T Corporate Center.[31] Skidmore Owings & Merrill had previously designed the Sears Tower and the Hancock Center.[2] After the terrorist acts of September 11, 2001, Trump had the plans scaled down hundreds of feet to 78 stories and 1,073 feet (327 m) to avoid being a potential target for similar terrorist attacks.[10][11][31][32] Time magazine reported that meetings about building the world's tallest building in Chicago were occurring during the September 11, 2001 attacks.[33] International media later claimed that the original plans were for a 150-story building that would reach 2,000 feet (610 m).[33][34] These claims are supported by ex-post 1999 computer renderings of the proposed skyscraper.[35] These same stories state that after the attacks the next revision of the tower was reported to be 900 feet (270 m).[33]

The building's 1,073-foot (327 m) design by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill was first released in December, 2001.[10] However, the first design did not meet well with architects and the residents of Chicago.[36] A subsequent revision in July 2002 resulted in an 86-floor version of the current established design for use as an office and residential structure.[37] In September 2003, a revised 90-story 1,125 feet (343 m) plan was unveiled for a building including condominiums, office space, a "condominium hotel," retail stores and restaurants.[38][39] In January, 2004, another revision changed floors 17 through 26 from offices into condominiums and hotel rooms.[40] In May 2004, it was revealed that instead of topping the building with communication dishes, which as broadcast antenna do not count toward building height, the building would include ornamental spires, which according to the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat count toward building height and raise the height to 1,300 feet (400 m).[41] At one point in 2005, Trump aspired to build a slightly taller building that would surpass the Sears Tower as the nations tallest building, but Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley was against the plan.[42][43] Eventually, the design settled on a height of 1,362 feet (415 m), which was the height of Two World Trade Center, the shorter of the former Twin World Trade Center Towers.[44]

Demolition and construction

On October 162004, Donald Trump and Hollinger International, the parent company of the Chicago Sun-Times, completed the $73 million sale of the former home of the newspaper a week after it relocated.[45] On October 282004 Trump held a ceremony to begin the demolition of the former Sun-Times Building.[46][47][48] The demolition and construction were financed by a $650 million dollar loan from Deutsche Bank and a trio of hedge fund investors who represented George Soros as one of their sources of funds.[49]

Construction began on March 172005, with the beginning of process of sinking the first caisson for the tower into the bedrock.[11] In April, Trump began the foundation below the Chicago River.[2] In July 2005, water from the Chicago River began to seeping into the building site, which is adjacent to and partly below the level of the river. The water was entering through crevices in a corner where the wall meets the Wabash Avenue bridge.[2] Divers discovered that leak could not be sealed from the water side. After several other attempts to correct the problem failed, they "drove a steel plate next to the gap, dug out the space between and filled it with concrete," according to Bovis Lend Lease Construction Manager, Paul James.[2]

In October 2005, a 30 concrete truck fleet made 600 trips to pour 5,000 cubic yards (3,822.8 m3) of concrete in a single 24 hour period to create the Template:Ft to m concrete "mat".[50] The mat serves as the base of the building from which its spine rises. Those involved with the construction referred to the day as the "Big Pour". James McHugh Construction Co is contracted for the concrete work on this job. They sourced the concrete from the Chicago Avenue and Halsted Street distribution site of the Template:City-state-based Prairie Material Sales Inc, the largest privately owned ready-mix concrete company in the United States.[50] Prairie used a formula of concrete that has never been used in the business to meet the 10,000 pounds per square inch (69,000 kPa) specifications, which exceeded the standard 7,000 pounds per square inch (48,000 kPa) conventional concrete.[50]

Trump International Hotel & Tower Michigan Avenue Kiosks
File:20080514 Trump Chicago Kiosk.JPG
Kiosk from south (2008-05-14)
File:20080514 Trump Chicago Kiosk1.JPG
Kiosk from north (2008-05-14)
File:20080514 Trump Chicago Kiosk2.JPG
Kiosk from street (2008-05-14)

In October 2006, controversy erupted over a Template:Ft to m street kiosk that advertised for the Building a full block away on Michigan Avenue at the foot of the Magnificent Mile in front of the Wrigley Building.[51] It turns out that two distinct pieces of legislation in 2002 and 2003 by the Chicago City Council had authorized the kiosk. Although there were demands from citizens organizations and the local Alderman Burton Natarus (who had voted in favor of the legislation) to remove the kiosk, Trump only agreed to remove pricing information from the signage.[52]

Donald Trump has been sued by former Chicago Sun-Times publisher, F. David Radler for rescinding all "friends and family" condominium purchases including Radler's.[53][54] Radler had negotiated the joint venture purchase of the property for the purpose of building the skyscraper and is noted for having testified as a government witness against Conrad Black. Radler’s daughters were also named in the lawsuit. The purchase price had been at a 10% discount and required only a 5% deposit instead of the standard 15%.[53] Radler and family were part of a group of 40 insiders who were able to purchase property at about $500/square foot. When the market value of the property eventually rose to over $1300/square foot, Trump nullified the "Friends and family" sales.[55] The insiders were people involved in the planning and designing of the building.[56] In January 2007 Trump cited both a clause about "matters beyond [the] seller's reasonable control" and the desired to "have more income to handle potentially higher construction costs."[56] Earlier in the same month, Ivanka Trump, his daughter who is an executive in the acquisitions and development division of the company along with her brothers, noted that the construction was $50 million under budget.[57] In addition to the Radler suit over the validity of the "Friends and family discount" contracts that he and his daughters had entered into, a group of four owners sued over revisions in the closing terms which both place limits on the owner occupancy of condo hotel units and exclude the meeting rooms and ballrooms from the common elements that the owners have an interest in.[58]

At the time of the soft opening, Trump had still not come to terms with the local hotel workers' union. It is, Local 1 of UNITE HERE, the same union he uses for three Template:City-state and one New York City hotel. The disagreement is over the inclusion of food and beverage workers in the bargaining collective.[59]

Other issues

On September 19, 2007, the Trump International Hotel and Tower was featured on the Discovery Channel series Build It Bigger entitled High Risk Tower.

The hotel had originally planned to do a "soft" open of three of its floors on December 32007 with a later grand opening to follow,[60] but the partial opening was delayed.[61] In January 2008, the city of Chicago granted occupancy approval for the hotel staff. The hotel, which occupies the first twenty-seven floors opened on January 302008. Construction on the exterior of the building had passed the fifty-third floor.[62] The opening included four floors of guest rooms.[63] The grand opening of the entire hotel and its full offering of amenities was scheduled for March 172008,[63] but the Trump family celebrated the official opening on April 282008.[64]

Construction

2006-12-05
2007-07-19
2008-04-02
View from Columbus Ave at Chicago River. (Also pictured: Michigan Avenue Bridge, Marina City, 330 North Wabash, 333 North Michigan, London Guarantee Building, Wrigley Building
2006-04-09
2007-01-31
2007-08-25
2008-01-27
2008-04-19
View from the Chicago River

Bill Rancic, The Apprentice season one winner, was originally hired to manage the project for a $250,000 salary as a result of his victory on the show on April 152004.[4][65] Rancic's title was President of the Trump International Hotel & Tower,[4] but the title was a bit of a misnomer because he was learning on the job as an "Apprentice."[66] Rancic's contract was renewed after his first year,[67] but in September 2005 during his second year, it appeared that Trump and Rancic would not renew their employment contract.[68] Donald Trump, Jr., who had been involved in the building since its earliest stages in 1999, was overseeing the construction with weekly visits in 2005, while Rancic worked on sales and marketing.[69] In December 2005, Rancic made it clear that he wanted to continue working for Trump,[70] and by April 2006 his contract was renewed for a third year.[71] In 2006, Donald Trump's children began to shine as top executives in the Trump Organization.[72][73] By January 2007 all three adult Trump children (Ivanka Trump, Donald Trump, Jr. and Eric Trump) were executives in the acquisitions and development division of the company.[57] By the time the hotel opened in the building in January 2008, Donald Trump and his three adult children were overseeing the construction and standing in the spotlight with their father.[74][75]

Bovis Lend Lease, noted for work on Disneyland Paris, Petronas Towers and the Time Warner Center, is the construction company.[6] James McHugh Construction Co, the concrete subcontractor is implementing a comprehensive formwork for the construction of the building. The building will be the tallest formwork structure in the world,[13] which follows in the footsteps of its neighbor, Marina City, as well as Chicago's Two Prudential Plaza as past recordholders.[50] Concrete moulding is being used, because using a traditional ironwork structure would require a building footprint that would be too big for the property size, proportional to the height of the designed building. A steel frame would have to be 25 feet (7.6 m) wider to support a building of this proportion. Concrete will counteract the force of wind with the force of gravity of the 360,000 short tons (330,000 t; 320,000 long tons) building.[22] A new chemical process that leverages more fluid liquid concrete facilitates pumping concrete up several hundred feet to the elevating construction site.[22] Although previous technology limited formwork to 700 feet (213.4 m), this technology permitted the pumping of concrete 1,700 feet (518.2 m) high.[2]

The building is cantilevered into a section of the 420 million-year old limestone formation that is 110 feet (33.5 m) underground in the earth's crust. It uses 4-foot (1.2 m)-wide stilt-like pillars that have been drilled beneath the building. Every 30 feet (9.1 m) around its perimeter, steel-reinforced cement was poured into these holes to form the structural support.[22] On top of these caisson shafts and pillars, an 8,400 short tons (7,600 t; 7,500 long tons) concrete pad foundation was built to support the building's spine.[22] The building has 241 caissons and the majority of the caissons only descend 75 feet (22.9 m) into hard clay. However, 57 of them go an additional 35 feet (10.7 m) into the ground, including 6 feet (1.8 m) of bedrock.[2] The concrete spine uses five (narrowing to two as the building rises) I-beam-shaped walls and exterior columns. Each floor is separated by a concrete slab, and stainless steel, glass and aluminum panels are attached to each floor.[22] The extensive use of concrete makes the building more fireproof. Of the $600 million construction budget, $130 million is earmarked for the James McHugh Construction Co who is handling the 180,000 cubic yards (137,619.9 m3) concrete-only portion of the job.[50]

A pair of business decisions by the Sun-Times saved a lot of construction time and money. During site preparation, the company avoided large cleanup costs because in the 1970s the newspaper switched from petroleum-based to soy-based ink which reduced ground pollution from the printing plant. Also, the original 1950's sea wall was built to bomb shelter thickness to withstand a Cold War attack and did not have to be broken down and rebuilt.[2]


See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago).

References

Further reading

  • Vaccaro, P.K. (2002). Modernist vocabulary: modernism is reemerging in what some consider a return to the true spirit of Chicago design. Urban Land, 61, 114-115, 118-121.
  • Rubin, S. (1984). Trump Tower. New Jersey: Lyle Stuart.
  • Keegan, E. (2005). Drama over Trump's Chicago tower. Architectural Record, 193, 37.

Notes

  1. ^ Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago) :: 401 North Wabash, Chicago, Illinois, United States :: Glass Steel and Stone
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Diesenhouse, Susan (2008-09-18, corrected 2008-09-28). "As Trump tower rises, worries pile up: Building battles challenges of nature, markets". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-05-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ "As Trump tower rises, worries pile up". Chicago Tribune. 2005. Retrieved 2006-10-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ^ a b c Davey, Monica (2004-04-17). "Chicago May Give 'Apprentice' Lesson in Reality". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-05-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ a b Finnegan, Tom (2001-08-06). "News: SOM to design Trump Chicago". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2008-05-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ a b Conklin, Mike (2005-05-11). "Outdoor theater: A spectacle in progress". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-05-09. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ a b Fountain, John W. (2001-07-28). "Eyes of Chicago Turn to Plan for a New Landmark". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-05-06. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ a b Corfman, Thomas A. (2001-07-18). "Trump, Sun-Times plan tower - Builder, paper's parent may erect tallest structure". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-05-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ a b Ford, Liam (2001-07-19). "Daley `excited' by Trump plan - Skyscraper won't be restricted in height, he says". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-05-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ a b c Kamin, Blair (2001-12-12). "Selling to The Donald ? - Trump is planning ritzy condos, hotel for Sun-Times site". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-05-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ a b c "Trump International Hotel & Tower". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
  12. ^ Janega, James and Blair Kamin (2005-02-10). "Daley to Trump: You're spired: The mayor wants a fancy top. The Donald disagrees. Guess who wins". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-05-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ^ a b c "Trump International Hotel and Tower Chicago, Illinois, USA". SPG Media Limited. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
  14. ^ "Opening of hotel in Trump Tower delayed". Chicago Business. Crain Communications, Inc. 19 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-20. {{cite news}}: |first= missing |last= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Text "last Schroedter" ignored (help)
  15. ^ "FTR: For The Record, week ened 1.11.08". Crain's Chicago Business. Crain Communications Inc. 2008-01-14. p. 12. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Text "volume 31, no. 2" ignored (help)
  16. ^ Sharoff, Robert (2008-02-13). "A Chicago Hotel's New Life in a Rising Area". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ^ Leo, Jen (2008-01-31). "Chicago - Donald Trump opens another hotel". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-05-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ a b "Sixteen soars with city's finest". Crain's Chicago Business. Crain's Communication, Inc. 2007-03-31. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. ^ a b c Slavid, Ruth (2008-03-03). "Architecture critic attempts to eat dinner, but is distracted by giant dome". The Architects' Journal. Emap. Retrieved 2008-05-06. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  20. ^ "From Greektown to Bronzeville, Chicago's Welcome Mats Are Out". Bank of America Chicago Marathon. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
  21. ^ "Trump International Hotel & Tower". Archived from the original on 2007-03-06.. Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (URL accessed 2 September 2006).
  22. ^ a b c d e f Janega, James (2005-03-27). "Rooted in bedrock, reaching for the sky: Trump tower will go far above --and far below-- its neighbors". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-05-09. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  23. ^ a b c d e f Trump Organization. (Unknown last update). Project overview. Retrieved May 9, 2007, from http://www.trumpchicago.com/tbrochure.pdf
  24. ^ "Project Overview" (PDF). Trump Organization. Retrieved 2008-05-18.
  25. ^ a b c d Vettel, Phil (2008-04-10). "Review: Sixteen: Bold and luxe, Trump restaurant lives up to the hype". Metromix. Retrieved 2008-05-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  26. ^ a b Shouse, Heather (2008-03-13-2008-03-19). "Restaurant review: Sixteen: Trump's Chicago debut finds a niche, but a tiny, tony one". Time Out Chicago. Retrieved 2008-05-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  27. ^ a b c d e f Kamin, Blair (2008-03-01). "Our architecture critic evaluates Trump's new restaurant: By design: Sweet Sixteen dining". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-05-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ^ "Sixteen". Trumphotels.com. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
  29. ^ Corfman, Thomas A. (2001-07-14). "Selling to The Donald ? - Trump is planning ritzy condos, hotel for Sun-Times site". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-05-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  30. ^ Finnegan, Tom (2001-07-18). "News: Trump Chicago narrows firms to 3". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2008-05-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  31. ^ a b Kieckhefer, Daniel (2001-12-14). "News: Design scheme unveiled for Trump Tower Chicago". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2008-05-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  32. ^ Lacayo, Richard (2004-07-25). "Tall Order". Time. Time, Inc. Retrieved 2008-05-06. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  33. ^ a b c Lacayo, Richard (2004-12-30). "Going Up ... and Up: When Height Is All That Matters". Time. Time, Inc. Retrieved 2008-05-06. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  34. ^ Arndt, Michael (2005-03-17). "The Donald Aims Higher in Chicago". Businessweek. The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Retrieved 2008-05-06. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  35. ^ "Getting to the Point: A Tower's Aspirations". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
  36. ^ Kamin, Blair (2001-12-19). "Trump 's skyscraper reaches for mediocrity". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-05-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  37. ^ Miller, Sabrina L. (2002-07-19). "City planners give their approval to Trump 's riverfront tower plan - New skyscraper would be 4th tallest in Chicago". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-05-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  38. ^ Umberger, Mary and Thomas A. Corfman (2003-09-24). "Trump unwraps building plan - Skyscraper would be city's 4th-tallest; completion set for 2007". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-05-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  39. ^ Kamin, Blair (2003-09-24). "Improved design wrapped in promises". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-05-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  40. ^ Corfman, Thomas A. (2004-01-23). "Trump erases tower's offices - Number of condos, hotel rooms to rise". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-05-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  41. ^ Kamin, Blair (2004-05-27). "Will Trump say: 'You're higher'?". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-05-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  42. ^ Kamin, Blair (2005-03-09). "Trump dumps lofty goal for tower's spire". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-05-06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  43. ^ Roeder, David (2005-03-09). "Trump curbs his soaring ambition". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-05-06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  44. ^ Kamin, Blair (2006-02-10). "It has emerged: Suddenly, the Trump Tower seems very real -- and even a little terrifying". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-05-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  45. ^ "Trump tower deal final". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. 2004-10-16. Retrieved 2008-05-06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  46. ^ Downes, Lawrence (2004-10-30). "Defacing the Skyline, a Heartless Act in the Heart of Chicago". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-05-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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  48. ^ Roeder, David (2004-10-29). "This Trump show is called 'Demolition'". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-05-06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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